移动WiMAX硬切换时延性能优化研究

介绍了约束移动WiMAX硬切换时延优化的理论解决方案,并提出一种新的结合关联2且利用R6信令进行参数协商的硬切换机制。最后模拟了真实实验环境用于测试新的硬切换机制,结果表明该机制可以有效减小硬切换时延,满足移动WiMAX较高服务质量的要求。     

移动WiMAX系统中的切换优化方案分析

IEEE和WiMAX论坛相继针对移动WiMAX系统定义了标准的切换机制.为实现全移动的目标,应尽量减少移动WiMAX系统的切换时延,同时保证切换过程中数据的完整性.本文简单介绍了WiMAX系统基本原理和移动性管理机制,详细分析了在移动WiMAX系统中如何优化切换时延,同时提出了一种合理的保证数据完整性的切换方案.     

CSN切换移动检测与数据完整性的研究

移动检测是支持移动终端进行切换的先决条件,数据完整性是移动终端在切换过程中不丢失分组的重要指标。针对WiMAX网络技术规范中基于IPv6的CSN锚点移动性管理场景的移动检测方案与IETF的移动检测方案不一致和切换过程中不能保证数据完整性的问题,提出了改进的增强型CSN锚点移动性管理方案。该方案没有增加新的网络实体和信令消息,解决了WiMAX规范和IETF规范在移动检测方面的兼容性,保证了CSN锚点移动性管理过程中的数据完整性,完善了CSN锚点移动性管理机制,提高了CSN锚点移动性管理性能。     

WiMAX移动性的改进与增强

基于IEEE 802.16协议族的WiMAX网络将按照固定、游牧、移动的趋势发展,其中802.16e协议是面向全面移动性的。分析了802.16e协议空中接口媒体接入控制层(MAC)在切换方面的改进和物理层(PHY)针对移动性的改进并进行参数选择。针对802.16e网络架构对移动场景支持的不足,提出一种新的适合移动性的WiMAX网络增强型体系架构。     

WiMAX网络快速切换研究

WiMAX网络支持VOTP和多媒体通信等实时性很强的业务,如何快速切换,降低切换时延和丢包率一直是移动WiMAX网络研究热点问题,这关系到WiMAX网络能否大规模部署。本文在研究802．16e标准定义的MAC切换机制和移动IPv6基础上．提出了基于F—HMIPv6的WiMAX网络的快速切换方案。     

异构重叠网络下MIP移动检测方法性能比较

未来的通信网络将融合、协同多种异构网络。IETF提出的移动IP(MIP)能够将各种网络统一到单一的IP信息平台。本文重点分析了影响MIP切换时延的移动检测机制:LCS,ECS。提出了异构重叠网络下跨层优化快速检测机制。理论分析和仿真均表明由于得到了来自链路层信息的辅助,该方法能有效地降低切换时延,减少丢包,提高通信服务质量。     

移动数据通信讲座第二讲移动性支持协议

本文针对移动数据网中移动性问题对网络选路和服务质量(QoS)的影响,介绍了支持移动性的两类协议的基本原理,一种是支持宏移动性的移动IP协议,另一种是支持微移动性的IP微移动性协议。最后对三种微移动性协议的切换性能进行仿真比较。     

WiMAX网络快速切换技术研究

如何快速切换，降低切换时延和丢包率一直是移动WiMAX网络大规模部署所面临的关键问题。本文在研究802．16e标准的MAC切换机制和移动IPV6基础上提出了一种新的基于F—HMIPv6（快速分级移动IPv6）的WiMAx网络快速切换方案，它具有时延低、链路开销小等特点。     

移动数据通信讲座——第二讲 移动性支持协议

本文针对移动数据网中移动性问题对网络选路和服务质量（QoS)的影响；介绍了支持移动性的两类协议的基本原理，一种是支持宏移动性的移动IP协议，另一种是支持微移动性的IP微移动性协议。最后对三种微移动性协议的切换性能进行仿真比较。     

WiMAX／Wi—Fi网络融合结构设计

1系统架构及总体方案 为了提供移动性支持,实现用户在WiMAX和Wi—Fi之间的无缝切换,以下提出了一种基于移动IPv4的松耦合结构——企业级WiMAX／Wi—Fi融合网络结构。该结构主要由WiMAX网关、WiMAX基站、Wi—Fi网关、Wi—Fi接入点、家庭网络服务提供者、二层交换设备以及移动终端等组成,如图1所示。     

Fuzzy Logic Based Self-Adaptive Handover Algorithm for Mobile WiMAX

It is well known that WiMAX is a broadband technology that is capable of delivering triple play (voice, data, and video) services. However, mobility in WiMAX system is still a main issue when the mobile station (MS) moves across the base station (BS) coverage and be handed over between BSs. Among the challenging issues in mobile WiMAX handover are unnecessary handover, handover failure and handover delay, which may affect real-time applications. The conventional handover decision algorithm in mobile WiMAX is based on a single criterion, which usually uses the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) as an indicator, with the other fixed handover parameters such as handover threshold and handover margin. In this paper, a fuzzy logic based self-adaptive handover (FuzSAHO) algorithm is introduced. The proposed algorithm is derived from the self-adaptive handover parameters to overcome the mobile WiMAX ping-pong handover and handover delay issues. Hence, the proposed FuzSAHO is initiated to check whether a handover is necessary or not which depends on its fuzzy logic stage. The proposed FuzSAHO algorithm will first self-adapt the handover parameters based on a set of multiple criteria, which includes the RSSI and MS velocity. Then the handover decision will be executed according to the handover parameter values. Simulation results show that the proposed FuzSAHO algorithm reduces the number of ping-pong handover and its delay. When compared with RSSI based handover algorithm and mobility improved handover (MIHO) algorithm, respectively, FuzSAHO reduces the number of handovers by 12.5 and 7.5 %, respectively, when the MS velocity is <17 m/s. In term of handover delay, the proposed FuzSAHO algorithm shows an improvement of 27.8 and 8 % as compared to both conventional and MIHO algorithms, respectively. Thus, the proposed multi-criteria with fuzzy logic based self-adaptive handover algorithm called FuzSAHO, outperforms both conventional and MIHO handover algorithms.     

Mobile Station Movement Direction Prediction (MMDP) Based Handover Scanning for Mobile WiMAX System

Mobile WiMAX is a broadband technology that is capable of delivering triple play services (voice, data, and video). However, mobility in mobile WiMAX system is still an issue when the mobile station (MS) moves and its connection is handed over between base stations (BSs). In the handover process, scanning is one of the required phases to find the target BS. During the handover scanning process, the MS must synchronize with all the advertised neighbour BSs (nBSs) to select the best BS candidate for the incoming handover action. Without terminating the connection between the SBS and MS, the SBS will schedule the scanning intervals and sleep-intervals (also called interleaving interval) to MS for the handover scanning. However, during the scanning interval period, all the coming transmissions will be paused. Therefore, the redundant or unnecessary scanning of neighbouring BS cause delay and MAC overhead which may affect real-time applications. In this paper, the MS movement direction prediction (MMDP) based handover scanning scheme is introduced to overcome the mobile WiMAX handover scanning issue. It based on dividing the BS coverage area is into zones and sectors. According to the signal quality; there are three zones, no handover (No-HO), low handover (Low-HO) and high handover (High-HO) zones respectively and six sectors. In this scheme, only two BSs can become candidates; the two that the MS moves toward them will be chosen as the candidate for the handover scanning purpose. Hence, the handover scanning process repetition will be reduced with these two shortlisted BS candidates instead of scanning all nBSs. Thus, MMDP will reduce scanning delay and the number of exchange messages during the handover scanning comparing to the conventional scanning scheme. Although, the MMDP may need an extra computational time, the prediction and scanning process will be finished before the MS reach the High-HO zone, which mean the end-user’s running application will be affected. Simulation results show that the proposed MMDP scheme reduces the total handover scanning delay and scanning interval duration by 25 and 50 % respectively. Also, the size of scanning message is reduced, which leads to reduced signalling overhead.     

A Fast Authentication Scheme for WiMAX–WLAN Vertical Handover

In view that authentication has made a significant determinant in handover delay, this paper presents a fast authentication mechanism for mobile stations roaming within a WiMAX–WLAN interconnected environment. Incorporating a key reuse design that prevents repeated transactions at a remote server, our mechanism distributes security contexts ahead of handover to a local trusted key holder which manages several sites. A target site, upon receiving a mobile station, retrieves the contexts locally for authentication purpose and thus completes handover efficiently. While employing a target prediction algorithm as an option, our mechanism distributes the contexts to target candidates as dictated, which further improves handover performance if target prediction hits and maintains its advantage even in a miss. In addition, the handover optimization design specified in WiMAX is extended to support WiFi-to-WiMAX handovers. We reason that the proposed mechanism does not compromise the system in any sense as well. Analytical and simulation results show that, despite key pre-distribution misses, our mechanism leads to marked improvement over counterpart schemes in terms of handover delay and packet loss, meeting delay-sensitive application requirements.     

Seamless integration of mobile WiMAX in 3GPP networks

As the wireless industry makes its way to the next generation of mobile systems, it is important to engineer solutions that enable seamless integration of emerging 4G access technologies within the currently deployed and/or evolved 2G/3G infrastructures. In this article we address a specific case of such a seamless integration, that of mobile WiMAX in evolved 3GPP networks. In this context we investigate the architecture and the key procedures that enable this integration, and we also introduce a novel handover mechanism that enables seamless mobility between mobile WiMAX and legacy 3GPP access, such as UTRAN or GERAN. The core characteristic of this novel handover mechanism is that mobile terminals do not need to support simultaneous transmission on both WiMAX and 3GPP accesses; therefore, it mitigates the RF coexistence issues that exist otherwise and improves handover performance. In addition, we provide a brief overview of mobile WiMAX and the evolved 3GPP network technologies, and we set the appropriate background material before presenting our proposed handover mechanism. Our main conclusion is that integrating mobile WiMAX in evolved 3GPP networks is a compelling approach for providing wireless broadband services, and mobility across WiMAX and 3GPP access can become seamless and efficient with no need for mobile terminals to support simultaneous transmission on both types of access.     

New efficient cross‐layer and multihoming mechanisms at layer 2 for inter‐radio access technology handover between UMTS and WiMAX

Next generation mobile networks will provide seamless mobility between existing cellular systems and other wireless access technologies. To realize a seamless vertical handover (inter‐radio access technology handover) among these different access technologies, a multi‐interfaced mobile station (i.e., multihomed) is a good approach to provide better handover performance in terms of packet loss rate and handover latency. In this article, we propose a novel layer 2 multihoming approach for inter‐radio access technology handover between Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) in both integrated and tight coupling architectures. This layer 2 multihoming approach has the ability of enabling either soft handover or make‐before‐break handover to adapt to mobility scenarios for the sake of a lossless and short latency handover procedure. Our simulation results show that, in case of handover from UMTS to WiMAX for transmission control protocol (TCP) traffics, the layer 2 multihoming approach can achieve a lossless and zero latency handover procedure by enabling soft handover. In case of handover from WiMAX to UMTS, because of the fact that the performance gain of soft handover is more affected by the differences of bandwidth and transmission delay between these wireless links, the make‐before‐break handover is preferred to achieve lossless and short latency handover procedure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancing the performance of secured handover protocols in UMTS-WiMAX interworking

Interworking UMTS and WiMAX networks offers global roaming and cost effective broadband wireless Internet access. Designing efficient Intra and Inter WiMAX handovers in the interworking architecture is a challenging problem. Handovers must be instantaneous and secure at the same time. We attempt to solve this problem by designing Intra and Inter WiMAX handover protocols which are capable of operating in the UMTS-WiMAX interworking architecture and perform mutual pre-authentication between the mobile station and the target network prior to handover. Due to the pre-authentication procedure, our proposed handover protocols outperform standard handover protocols by dispatching fewer handover signaling messages, experiencing less handover delay and preserving computation resources of critical nodes in the interworking architecture. Furthermore, our proposed handover protocols meet essential security requirements and defend against common attacks affecting handover protocols.     

使用IEEE 802.21的WLAN与WiMAX网的融合与切换

为了给移动用户提供最好的无所不在的无线宽带接入,不同无线网的融合是当前通信领域的热点研究。而切换管理又是解决无线网无缝融合的最具挑战性的问题。文中讨论了IEEE 802.11WLAN与IEEE 802.16e移动WiMAX网的融合与切换管理。描述其结构和应用场景,介绍了IEEE802.21,它为介质独立的异类网切换提供了一个信令框架,提出了如何使用IEEE802.21解决WLAN与移动WiMAX网之间的切换,并给出了详细的切换过程。说明了使用IEEE 802.21解决WLAN与移动WiMAX网之间的切换是可行有效的。     

Energy‐efficient network selection with mobility pattern awareness in an integrated WiMAX and WiFi network

To provide wireless Internet access, WiFi networks have been deployed in many regions such as buildings and campuses. However, WiFi networks are still insufficient to support ubiquitous wireless service due to their narrow coverage. One possibility to resolve this deficiency is to integrate WiFi networks with the wide‐range WiMAX networks. Under such an integrated WiMAX and WiFi network, how to conduct energy‐efficient handovers is a critical issue. In this paper, we propose a handover scheme with geographic mobility awareness (HGMA), which considers the historical handover patterns of mobile devices. HGMA can conserve the energy of handovering devices from three aspects. First, it prevents mobile devices from triggering unnecessary handovers according to their received signal strength and moving speeds. Second, it contains a handover candidate selection method for mobile devices to intelligently select a subset of WiFi access points or WiMAX relay stations to be scanned. Therefore, mobile devices can reduce their network scanning and thus save their energy. Third, HGMA prefers mobile devices staying in their original WiMAX or WiFi networks. This can prevent mobile devices from consuming too much energy on interface switching. In addition, HGMA prefers the low‐tier WiFi network over the WiMAX network and guarantees the bandwidth requirements of handovering devices. Simulation results show that HGMA can save about 59– 80% of energy consumption of a handover operation, make mobile devices to associate with WiFi networks with 16–62% more probabilities, and increase about 20–61% of QoS satisfaction ratio to handovering devices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvements to seamless vertical handover between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP UTRAN through the evolved packet core - [LTE part II: 3GPP release 8]

Recent mobile devices are integrated with multiple network interfaces. Users want their devices connected to the network anytime anywhere. It is highly feasible for a user to change connection to another network for users that leave the service area of its current serving network, where handover needs to be executed seamlessly such that ongoing service sessions are not interrupted. The handover operation not only requires switching the interfaces within a device but also involves seamless reconfiguration of the supporting networks. In this article, an improved IP-based vertical handover technology for mobile WiMAX [1, 2], 3GPP legacy systems (i.e., Global System for Mobile communications and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) [3, 4], and 3G Long Term Evolution [5, 6] is presented, which is based on existing optimized handover techniques between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP accesses [7?9]. Formerly proposed 3GPP WiMAX optimized VHO solutions introduced new elements, such as the forward attachment function and access network discovery and selection function. The ANDSF supports the discovery of target access, and the FAF provides the functionality that authenticates the UE before the execution of VHO. However, the previous technique has limitations that result in data loss and abnormal disconnection to the source access [7?9]. This article provides a solution by introducing an additional network element called the data forwarding function (DFF) that eliminates the data loss during VHO execution. In addition, the DFF resolves the problem of abrupt disconnection to the source network. The simulation results show that the proposed VHO technique is effective in minimizing data loss during VHO execution between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP networks. As the proposed solution of this article is an IP based handover solution, it can be similarly applied to other communication networks.