基于k-ωSST模型的DES方法在空化流动计算中的应用

基于试验结果评价了基于k-ωSST两个方程的DES湍流模型在空化流动中的应用,分别计算了绕Clark-y型水翼云状空化与Hydronautics型水翼超空化流动,获得了随时间变化的空穴形态与流场结构细节。通过与试验结果对比发现,DES方法对于高雷诺数的绕水翼空化流动的预测是合理的,可以准确地模拟出空穴形态的非定常特性和空泡团交替脱落的非定常细节。     

绕水翼空化非定常的动力特性

采用试验的方法研究绕水翼空化流动的非定常流体动力特性。试验在一闭式空化水洞针对一Clark-y型水翼进行。采用高速摄像技术观测不同空化阶段的空穴形态;应用自开发软件分析空穴形态随时间的变化;测量翼型所受的升阻力和升力方向的加速度;对上述的数据进行频谱分析。试验结果表明,绕水翼空化流动中,空穴形态及其对应的动力特性随时间的变化过程存在两种不同的模式。当4σ/2α6时,空穴平均相对长度为l/c0.7,由空穴形态和升力系数得到的功率谱峰值对应的斯特劳哈尔数大于0.3;当σ/2α4,空穴平均相对长度为0.7l/c1.0,绕水翼空化流动呈现明显的非定常性,翼型吸力面出现了大量空泡团周期性的脱落,升力系数功率谱峰值对应的斯特劳哈尔数在0.18左右,空泡团脱落频率不随空化数的变化而改变。     

不同温度水体空化水动力脉动特性的试验研究

为研究热力学效应对空化水动力脉动特性的影响,采用试验的方法研究温度为279 K、298 K和318 K时绕水翼的非定常空化流动特性。试验在闭式水洞中进行,采用高速摄影的方法观察不同温度下绕水翼的空穴形态,采用测力系统测量水翼受到的升阻力,并对升力信号进行频谱分析,得到水翼升力在非定常空化阶段的频率特征。结果表明,相同空化数条件下,随着温度的升高,平均升阻力系数降低,升力系数波动程度降低;温度对升阻力系数的影响随着空化数的升高而降低。在不同的空化发展阶段下,温度对升力系数影响的规律不同,空化形成和片状空化阶段,温度对升力系数影响较小;云状空化阶段,温度对升力系数影响较大。之所以出现上述规律是因为在同一空化数下,随着温度的升高,空化区域减小;而空化区域越大,温度对空化流动的影响则越大。     

791翼型非定常空化流动数值计算研究

采用DES湍流模型对791翼型在2°攻角及雷诺数为2.1×105的来流条件下,空化初生以及片状空化阶段三维非定常流动的结构进行了数值模拟,初步揭示了其流动特征。在空化初生阶段,空化初生的起始位置位于翼型最大厚度处,且展向外缘处的小空泡脱落呈周期性变化。片状空化空穴U型结构演变阶段,其空穴长度演变呈现出回缩-生长-回缩的明显特征。片状空化空泡脱落时,在指向翼型前缘发展的回射流和指向翼型展向中间截面的侧向射流相互耦合下,U型结构的两侧中部部分空泡开始脱离主体,向中间截面流动。U型结构两侧上的回射流是导致U型空穴回缩的主要原因。     

FBM湍流模型在云状空化流动数值计算中的应用与评价

为评价一种基于滤波函数湍流模型在非定常空化流动计算中的应用,分别采用基于标准RNGk-ε的滤波器模型(Filter based model,FBM)、修正RNGk-ε模型、基于修正RNGk-ε的FBM模型对绕Clark-y翼型云状空化流动进行模拟,研究云状空化流动现象,获得了随时间变化的空化形态、压力场和升、阻力等流场和动力特性。通过与试验结果的对比发现,不同湍流模型的选取对计算所得的空穴长度、压力场和升阻力均有影响,而对流场动力特性的主要频谱分布影响不明显。采用基于修正RNGk-ε的FBM模型可更准确的模拟出云状空化形态与空化区尾部涡团交替脱落的非定常细节。     

涂层对绕水翼云状空化的运动特性及动力特性影响的试验研究

采用多种试验技术方法讨论了不同涂层水翼云状空化的空穴形态、运动特性和动力特性。三种涂层分别为光滑环氧涂层(模型A)、光滑氟碳涂层(模型B)和表面粗糙氟碳涂层(模型C)。研究表明:(1)涂层的粗糙度和材质共同影响绕水翼云状空化流动特性;(2)不同涂层水翼的空穴形态不同:附着在模型A的空穴厚度更小,空穴长度随时间变化更快,空穴脱落周期更短。且模型A透明空穴区透明性更好,变化范围最小,模型B其次,模型C最大。(3)涂层影响云状空化运动特性:绕不同涂层水翼的局部低速区和涡量区位置的各不相同导致透明空泡堆积位置也不同,局部正涡量区位置的不同导致出现旋涡水汽混合区位置的差异,模型A的旋涡水汽混合区位置距离水翼头部最近,B其次,C最远;(4)与粗糙度相比,涂层材质对绕水翼云状空化的动力特性影响更为明显。不同涂层水翼升力系数急剧下降区不同,升力的主导频率也不同,但与云空化流动结构中空化的变化周期相一致,此外绕模型B空穴转变为云状空化的空化数比模型A、C的要小,因此模型B涂层能够抑制云状空化发生。     

汽车冷却水泵小流量工况下非定常空化特性研究

针对汽车冷却水泵的空化问题,对小流量工况下非定常空化特性及其对压力脉动的影响进行了研究。采用SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri (ZGB)空化模型,对水泵在典型空化状态下的流场进行了数值模拟研究,得到了小流量工况下叶轮内的非定常空化流动特征和空泡的时空演变规律;对蜗壳上的压力脉动进行了频谱分析,得到了不同空化条件对压力脉动的影响;通过泵的空化实验,对数值模拟结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:随着空化余量的减小,各监测点压力脉动峰的峰值和主频幅值逐渐增大,特别是隔舌位置处的压力脉动变化最为显著;泵内的空泡表现为不对称分布,主要集中在叶片前缘位置以及后盖板靠近叶轮进口位置,并随着空化的加剧,空泡体积分数逐渐增大。     

磁致伸缩仪超声空化流的三维非定常数值模拟

采用Singhal完全空化模型和SST k-ω湍流模型结合动网格技术对磁致伸缩仪超声空化流进行三维非定常数值模拟。计算结果表明,由于变幅杆高频振动,在靠近试样表面附近局部流场的压力和空泡体积组分变化具有周期性,压力波动的最低值可达到汽化压力,该局部流场可发生空化。由于空化,试样表面压力波动具有脉冲特征。压力和空泡体积组分在试样表面近似呈环形分布。在同一环形区域内,压力和空泡体积组分存在无规律断续脉动。试样表面中心区域空泡经历两次振荡后溃灭,产生强烈脉冲压力,最大脉冲压力可达约14MPa。脉冲压力在试样表面按间隔环形区域分布,且随试样振动在相邻环形区域上交替出现。在磁致伸缩仪超声空化流场中,试件表面可近似多个声波发生源,各声波传播时相互叠加和干扰。在声波传播的过程中压力衰减很快,只是在距试样表面约20mm内,压力有明显波动。     

大流量工况下离心泵非定常空化流动特性分析

为了研究在大流量工况下离心泵的空化现象,以及该工况下的空化与压力脉动关系,通过实验测试,在蜗壳内建立监测点进行数值分析,研究了大流量工况下,不同空化阶段离心泵的压力脉动情况,并且对离心泵的非定常空化流动特性进行了分析。首先,通过搭建离心泵闭式管路实验台,对离心泵外特性及不同程度空化情况进行了测试;然后,应用RNG k-ε湍流模型和全空化模型,对一台单级单吸悬臂式离心泵进行了数值计算,得到了空化流场和蜗壳上监测点P1～P5的压力脉动时域和频域特征;最后,基于数值计算结果,分别对叶轮内不同空化状态下,蒸汽体积分数、中间截面速度矢量分布以及监测点的压力脉动进行了分析。研究结果表明：随着空化的加剧,叶片吸力面的空泡区域不断扩大,对流道进口的堵塞作用逐渐增强,而蜗壳上各压力脉动监测点的主频也随之发生显著变化;因此,对泵蜗壳上压力脉动的监测和分析可为空化现象的判断提供参考。     

离心泵蜗壳内非定常流动特性的数值模拟及分析

基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,对离心泵内部非空化和空化工况下的非定常流动特性进行数值模拟,分析空化模型中凝结项经验系数对数值模拟结果的影响,并根据试验结果修正离心泵空化流动数值模拟中凝结项经验系数;数值模拟得到的离心泵扬程随有效空化余量的变化曲线与试验结果吻合较好,验证数值计算模型和方法的准确性和可靠性。数值模拟结果表明：离心泵非定常流动中,非空化、临界空化和充分发展空化工况下,蜗壳内监测点的压力脉动主频均为叶片通过频率;空化对离心泵蜗壳内压力脉动的影响较大,非空化时压力脉动最大幅值在蜗舌处,空化时压力脉动最大幅值在第1断面附近,其原因是离心泵出现空化时第1断面处旋涡强度增强,且随时间变化剧烈,对流动产生强烈扰动。     

Numerical investigation of three-dimensional cavitation evolution and excited pressure fluctuations around a twisted hydrofoil

Unsteady cavitating turbulent flow around a twisted hydrofoil was analyzed to illustrate the physical mechanism of the cavitygenerated pressure fluctuations. The numerical simulations of cavitating flow were based on the Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) method and a mass transfer cavitation model. The validity of PANS model has been evaluated and confirmed in cavitation simulations by present authors using three different cases, 2D hydrofoil (Ji et al. 2012 [37]), 3D hydrofoil (Ji et al. 2013 [31]) and marine propeller (Ji et al. 2012 [38]), which shows that the PANS model with f _k = 0.2 and f _ε = 1 can obtain more accurate estimates of unsteady cavitating flows with large-scale fluctuations at a reasonable cost. In present paper we intended to shed light on the physical process responsible for the pressure fluctuations excited by cavitation. The cavity volume was analyzed to illustrate the relationship between the cavitation evolution and the pressure fluctuations. The results show that the cavity volumetric acceleration curve tracks remarkably well with the main features of the time-dependent pressure fluctuations except for the high frequency component. Thus, the cavity volumetric acceleration is the main source of the excited pressure fluctuations by cavitation. It is noted that the cavitation induced pressure fluctuations are transmitted along the suction surface of the hydrofoil and are synchronized with those on the pressure surface at the midplane of the twisted hydrofoil. Further, the pressure fluctuations on the pressure surface decrease towards the center from both the leading and trailing edges of the hydrofoil, with a minimum at 60% chord length from the leading edge.     

Relationship between cavitation structures and cavitation damage

A study of visual and erosion effects of cavitation on simple single hydrofoil configurations in a cavitation tunnel was made. A two-dimensional hydrofoil with circular leading edge was used for the experiments. In addition, the hydrofoil geometry was modified to obtain some three-dimensional cavitation effects. A thin copper foil, applied to the surface of the hydrofoil, was used as an erosion sensor. Cavitation phenomenon above hydrofoils at different flow conditions (system pressure, water gas content) was observed. Images of vapour cavities from above and from side view were taken. A statistical evaluation of cavitation structures was made. Images of damaged copper coated hydrofoil surface were taken under sufficient magnification. A pit-count method, based on computer-aided image processing, was used for direct measurement of the cavitation erosion by evaluating the damage of the surface of the hydrofoil. A relation between characteristics of cavitation structures and cavitation damage was established.     

The characteristics investigation under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump

Numerical simulation and experimental method are combined to investigate the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations, the vibration characteristics and the internal flow instabilities under the unsteady cavitation condition in a centrifugal pump. It is found that the unsteady cavitation starts to generate as the NPSHa is lower than 5.93 m. Apparent asymmetric and uneven cavity volume distribution on each blade and in the impeller can be observed as the NPSHa decreases from 4.39 m to 1.44 m, which includes the cavitation develops from cavitation surge, rotating cavitation to asymmetric cavitation. The flow vortexes in each blade channel are produced in the cavity trailing edges by the shedding and collapse of cavitation, which interfere with each other and aggravate the flow instabilities. The dominant frequencies of the pump inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations are the shaft frequency and blade passing frequency under the unsteady cavitation conditions, respectively. Broadband pulses are obtained from both the pump inlet and outlet pressure pulsations, which results from the random shedding and collapse of unsteady cavitation bubbles. Obvious corresponding relationship between the root mean squares of the vibration measured in different positions and the suction performance curve is found under both the non-cavitation and unsteady cavitation conditions.

     

Experimental Study on Influences of Surface Materials on Cavitation Flow Around Hydrofoils

In order to resist on the cavitation erosion, many researchers try to change the solidity and tenacity of the coatings,but ignore the influence of surface characteristics of materials on cavitation flow and the interaction with each other.In this paper, high speed visualization system is used to observe the cavitation flow patterns in di erent stage. After comparing the characteristics of cavitation flow around hydrofoils made of aluminum(Foil A), stainless steel(Foil B)and the hydrofoil painted with epoxy coating(Foil C), the study shows that material has a significant e ect on the cavitation flow. Firstly, when the incipient cavitation occurs, cavitation number of Foil A is highest among three hydrofoils, generating horseshoe vortex randomly. For Foil B and Foil C, it shows in the form of free bubbles. When the sheet cavitation occurs, Foil A has the highest cavitation number and shortest period, which is contrary to Foil C. And cavity consists of lots of small finger-like cavities. For Foil B and Foil C, it both constitutes with many bubbles. Compared with the high-density and small-scale cavities over surface of Foil C, the cavity of Foil B has larger scale and less density,which causes a minimal scope of influence of the re-entrant jet and strong randomness. When the cloud cavitation occurs, Foil C has the lowest cavitation number and shortest period. Secondly, compared with aluminum, both of stainless steel and epoxy coating restrains the occurrence and development of cavitation, and stainless steel and epoxy coating performs better than aluminum. For inception and sheet cavitation, stainless steel performs better than epoxy coating and aluminum. For cloud cavitation, epoxy coating performs better than stainless steel and aluminum.The objective of this paper is applied experimental method to investigate the e ect of surface materials on cavitation around Clark-Y hydrofoils.     

NUMERICAL VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR SHEET CAVITATING FLOWS

A computational modeling for the sheet cavitating flows is presented. The cavitation model is implemented in a viscous Navier-Stokes solver. The cavity interface and shape are determined using an iterative procedure matching the cavity surface to a constant pressure boundary. The pressure distribution, as well as its gradient on the wall, is taken into account in updating the cavity shape iteratively. Numerical computations are performed for the sheet cavitating flows at a range of cavitation numbers across the hemispheric headform/cylinder body with different grid numbers. The influence of the relaxation factor in the cavity shape updating scheme for the algorithm accuracy and reliability is conducted through comparison with other two cavity shape updating numerical schemes. The results obtained are reasonable and the iterative procedure of cavity shape updating is quite stable, which demonstrate the superiority of the proposed cavitation model and algorithms.     

Experimental study on unsteady characteristics of the transient cavitation flow

The characteristics of unsteady cavitation flow under different cavitation numbers are investigated experimentally. An optical test rig is designed to visualize the cavitation flow and the cavity length is defined based on high-speed camera technology. The development of cavitation flow can be divided into inception and fusion region, expansion region and collapse region. Due to the interaction between the re-entrant jet and the cavity interface, the cavitation bubbles near the solid wall collapse earlier than them in the downstream. The cavitation number is also the important factor determining the cavity length pulsation. Further analysis shows that the smaller the cavitation number, the smaller the frequency of cavity length fluctuations and the larger the mean cavity length. The cavitation intensity is stronger at lower cavitation number. Meanwhile, the cycle collapsing frequency of cavitation is around 220–320 Hz. With the decrease of cavitation number, the amplitude of cavitation pulsation increases while the corresponding collapsing frequency decreases.     

空化水喷丸工艺中空化行为的数值模拟与验证

空化水喷丸工艺是用于金属材料表面改性的一项新技术,该工艺中的空化行为涉及高速、高压、相变、湍流、非定常特性等复杂多变情况,对该工艺中的空化行为及冲击压力场分布规律的探索一直是该领域的重点和难点。利用FLUNET6.3流体计算软件对淹没式空化射流中喷嘴内外的流场特性进行模拟分析,获得流场内的速度、静压和汽含率分布规律,同时使用Fujifilm压敏纸对空化水喷丸工艺中沿空化射流方向上的冲击压力场的分布规律进行试验测定。研究结果表明空化水喷丸工艺中的淹没式空化射流在缩放型喷嘴内外形成剧烈的空化现象,空泡群溃灭瞬间产生的冲击波压力高达300 MPa以上。     

离心泵空化余量分析研究

许多泵长期运行处在临界空化工况与初生空化工况之间,会造成叶片表面出现坑蚀和穿孔等破坏,从而使泵因空化而达不到预期寿命.由此选用一种单级单吸离心泵为研究对象,基于湍流模型k-ε和空化模型Zwart,进行非定常空化数值计算结果分析.对于初生空化的判定,以σ≥1.0时叶片表面刚刚发生空化,产生的汽泡对外特性无影响,且以汽体体...