茎瘤芥的气体射流冲击干燥动力学及多酚降解动力学特征

为了阐明气体射流冲击干燥过程中茎瘤芥的干燥动力学和多酚降解动力学特征,分别在40、50℃和60℃下对茎瘤芥进行气体射流冲击干燥,利用8个薄层干燥模型探究干燥动力学特征;利用4个反应动力学模型探究茎瘤芥多酚单体的降解动力学特征.结果 表明:与热风干燥相比,气体射流冲击干燥对茎瘤芥的干燥效率更高且所干燥茎瘤芥褐变程度更轻....     

Novel Data on the Polyphenol Composition of Italian Ancient Apple Cultivars

The pulp polyphenol composition of some Italian ancient apple cultivars, Dominici, Giachetta, Grigia di Torriana, Pom d'Aram, Ronzè, and Ros Borsetta, was studied in comparison with a Golden Delicious commercial variety, over a three-year period. Polyphenols were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and mass spectrometer detectors. The results showed that ancient varieties, such as Grigia di Torriana, Ros Borsetta, and Giachetta, constitute good sources of polyphenols, even without the peel. It was demonstrated that some representative apple phenolics, such as chlorogenic acid and phloridzin, were clearly affected by the harvesting year, whereas others, such as catechins and procyanidins, did not.     

Effect of l-ascorbic acid addition on quality, polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of cloudy apple juices

Polyphenols are one of the most important dietary antioxidants, and the apples, being a major source of polyphenolic compounds. There is increasing evidence that the consumption of fruit and their preserves, which are rich sources of vitamins and phenolics, is negatively associated with lung cancer and coronary heart disease. The influence of ascorbic acid addition on the quality, polyphenolic profile and antioxidant capacity in 14 selected varieties of apple juices during the 3 years of study was examined. Evaluation of changes of ascorbic acid content allowed to demonstrate the differences in susceptibility of apples on the enzymatic oxidation. The study shows that the variations of the least susceptible to oxidation of ascorbic acid are ‘Shampion’ and ‘Topaz’, and to a lesser extent, ‘Szara Reneta’, ‘Arlet’ and ‘Jonafree’ apples. A total of 17 kinds of polyphenolic compounds including catechins, procyanidins, hydroxycinnamates, flavonols, anthocyanins and dihydrochalcones were identified in apple tissues by HPLC with DAD analysis and after phloroglucinolysis and LC–MS. During the 3 years of study, the addition of ascorbic acid positively affects on the polyphenol compounds and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP), increasing their content in the analyzed samples by 65 and 433, 328 and 300 %, respectively. The correlation coefficient between DPPH, ABTS and FRAP antioxidant capacity and ascorbic acid was 0.71, 0.71 and 0.72, respectively.     

Effect of Dehydration on Raspberries: Polyphenol and Anthocyanin Retention, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antiadipogenic Activity

ABSTRACT:  Fresh and dried raspberries prepared by freeze drying (FD), microwave-vacuum (MIVAC), hot-air drying (HAD), and a combination of hot-air drying and microwave-vacuum (HAD/MIVAC) drying methods were evaluated for polyphenol retention, total polyphenol and anthocyanin contents, total antioxidant capacity, and antiadipogenic activity (the inhibition of fat cell development). Ellagic acid and quercetin were present in the largest concentrations in fresh and dehydrated raspberries. Dehydration led to a loss of polyphenols and anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity. Polyphenols (aglycone form) were retained in the greatest amount: 20% (freeze dried) to 30% (HAD/MIVAC) (fresh = 100%). A total of 30% of polyphenols (glycoside form) were retained in raspberries dried by the HAD/MIVAC methods with 5% of retention observed for raspberries dried by FD, HAD, or MIVAC. FD and MIVAC resulted in higher retention of anthocyanins (aglycone form) than other drying methods. It was also observed that antioxidant activity was reduced by dehydration. Adipogenesis was inhibited by polyphenolic glycosides (30%) and aglycones (30% to 40%) in fresh and HAD/MIVAC raspberries. Extracts from dried raspberries by HAD/MIVAC methods were relatively more effective at inhibiting adipogenesis compared to HAD and FD dried raspberries.     

Osmotic-Convective Dehydrofreezing Process for Drying Kiwifruit

Osmotic and convective dehydrofreezing were studied to determine sugar concentration, ascorbic acid loss, and texture changes in dried and dehydrofrozen kiwifruit. Two concentrations of sucrose (60° and 72° Brix) were used as osmotic solutions after convective air drying. Time needed to reach desired moisture was reduced with combined drying compared with osmotic drying. Firmness was evaluated by the maximum force from a back extrusion test. A reduction in maximum force was observed after freezing, as compared with fresh and dried fruit. Addition of ascorbic and citric acid as antioxidants in the osmotic solution prevented browning, and significant loss of ascorbic acid during osmotic drying. Air drying at 30°C produced distinguishable color changes.     

热风干燥温度对新疆红肉苹果粉品质的影响

红肉苹果风味独特,花青素和多酚类物质含量高,拥有较高的食用价值。本研究采用对流式热风薄层干燥设备,探究热风温度（40～80 ℃）对红肉苹果粉理化性质、感官品质、营养成分及抗氧化性等的影响。结果表明：低温、长时（40 ℃、210 min）或高温、短时（80 ℃、90 min）干燥均对红肉苹果粉营养成分、感官品质及抗氧化活性造成不同程度破坏,而相对适中的干燥温度和时间（50 ℃、180 min）可使干燥后红肉苹果粉的色泽、溶解性、多酚含量及抗氧化性更佳。综合考虑,50 ℃可作为红肉苹果粉对流式热风薄层干燥的最佳干燥温度,在此温度下获得的红肉苹果粉具有最佳的综合品质。     

干制速度对无核白葡萄酚类物质和多酚氧化酶细胞化学定位及褐变的影响

为了探索脱水速度对干制过程中无核白葡萄酚类物质和多酚氧化酶细胞化学定位的影响及其与褐变的关系。利用透射电镜技术观察快速和缓慢脱水过程中的无核白葡萄细胞中酚类物质和多酚氧化酶的精确定位观察及褐变指数的变化。结果表明:酚类物质主要分布于液泡中,多酚氧化酶主要分布于细胞质、叶绿体膜、线粒体膜、液泡膜、细胞膜上。缓慢脱水质量损失40%时和快速脱水质量损失60%时,液泡膜破裂,区室化作用打破,酚类物质流出,与多酚氧化酶反应引起褐变,褐变指数上升,表明无核白葡萄褐变与细胞区室化作用相关。与缓慢脱水相比,快速脱水的无核白葡萄能更好的保持细胞完整性,降低褐变程度。研究结果为快速脱水技术在无核白葡萄干制中的应用提供理论依据。     

The kinetics of polyphenol degradation during the drying of Malaysian cocoa beans

The main objective of the study was to determine the kinetics of the polyphenol oxidation reaction in cocoa beans during air drying at various air temperatures and humidities. The temperatures used were between 40 and 60 °C and the relative humidities were between 50 and 80%. The higher the temperature and relative humidity of the drying air, the lower the amount of polyphenol residue in the cocoa beans, because of enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols. At higher drying temperatures, non‐enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols could also occur. Computer simulation results gave rate constants for the polyphenol oxidation reaction (k₁) and the condensation reaction (k₂), at various air conditions, in the range of 0.055–0.200 and 0.136–0.155 h^?1 respectively. The activation energies obtained for the polyphenol oxidation reaction were in the range of 27 800–30 312 J K^?1 mol^?1. The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic browning reaction fitted a pseudo first‐order reaction.     

Changes of quality characteristics of pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum Ait) during convective drying

Quality assessment of pepino fruit preserved through convective dehydration was investigated in this work. The effect of process temperature (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C) on physicochemical properties, colour, non‐enzymatic browning, vitamin C, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and firmness of the fruit were considered. When comparing the fresh with the corresponding dehydrated pepino samples, it was shown that the drying conditions resulted in important reductions of proteins and crude fibres. Discoloration of fruit was noticeable for all treatments due to effects of non‐enzymatic browning and changes in chromatic coordinates leading to a modification of the original colour. Regarding vitamin C and total phenolic content, an increase of drying temperature resulted in a considerable reduction of both initial compounds contents. Antioxidant activity showed an important decrease especially at low temperatures (e.g. 50 °C). Softening of the dried product was observed for all the treatments indicating structural modifications of the fruit due to thermal process.     

果蔬褐变及其影响因素研究进展

果蔬贮藏、加工过程中的褐变包括酶促褐变和非酶褐变(Maillard反应、焦糖化反应、抗坏血酸氧化变色和多酚类氧化缩合)。发生酶促褐变必须具备酚类物质、酚酶和氧3个条件,影响因素有pH、温度和O2等。非酶褐变的影响因素因褐变类型的不同而存在差异。     

Polyphenol oxidase activity and implications on the quality of intermediate moisture and dried apples

This study aimed at investigating the water activity threshold for the polyphenol oxidase activity in Golden Delicious apple. Freeze-dried powders obtained from blanched and unblanched apples were equilibrated and stored at four water activity levels, ranging from 0.11 to 0.56, at 20 and 40 °C, to differentiate between nonenzymatic and enzymatic browning. The contents of hydroxycinnamic acids, phloridzin, catechin, epicatechin, polymeric flavan 3-ols, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, the antioxidant activity values, and the Hunter colorimetric parameters of apple products were analyzed. Results showed that no polyphenol oxidase activity occurred in unblanched dehydrated apples stored at water activity levels between 0.11 and 0.32. In this water activity range, blanching pre-treatment accelerated the Maillard reaction in the products stored at 40 °C, as observed from both higher 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation and more intense red color development in blanched apples with respect to the unblanched ones. At the water activity level of 0.56, both increased redness and higher antioxidant degradation were observed in the unblanched apples with respect to the blanched apples, indicating that the threshold water activity for polyphenol oxidase was in the range 0.32–0.56. Among apple antioxidants, epicatechin was mostly affected by polyphenol oxidase activity, either by direct oxidation or by a coupled oxidation mechanism. Therefore, “mild” pre-heating treatments or no pre-treatments could be proposed when the apple is to be stored and used at water activity ≤0.32, whereas blanching should be applied for intermediate moisture apples or in food applications where moisture transfer from other ingredients could bring apples above this critical water activity level.     

Polyphenols in chocolate: is there a contribution to human health?

Recently, polyphenols have gained much more attention, owing to their antioxidant capacity (free radical scavenging and metal chelating) and their possible beneficial implications in human health, such as in the treatment and prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other pathologies. Cocoa is rich in polyphenols particularly in catechins (flavan-3-ols) and procyanidins. Polyphenol contents of cocoa products such as dark chocolate, milk chocolate and cocoa powder have been published only recently. However, the data vary remarkably due to the quantity of cocoa liquor used in the recipe of the cocoa products but also due to the analytical procedure employed. For example, results obtained by a colourimetric method were 5–7 times higher for the same type of product than results obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In 1994, the per head consumption of chocolate and chocolate confectionery in the European Union ranged from 1.3 kg/year in Portugal to 8.8 kg/year in Germany. In general, consumers in the Northern countries consume on average more than people in the South. Thus, chocolate can be seen as a relevant source for phenolic antioxidants for some European population. However, this alone does not imply, that chocolate could be beneficial to human health. Some epidemiological evidence suggests a beneficial effect to human health by following a polyphenol-rich diet, namely rich in fruits and vegetables and to a less obvious extent an intake of tea and wine having a similar polyphenol composition as cocoa. In many experiments cellular targets have been identified and molecular mechanisms of disease prevention proposed, in particular for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases as well as for alleviating the response to inflammation reactions. However, it has to be demonstrated, whether polyphenols exert these effects in vivo. One pre-requisite is that the polyphenols are absorbed from the diet. For monomeric flavonoids such as the catechins, there is increasing evidence for their absorption. For complex phenols and tannins (procyanidins) these questions have to be addressed for the future. Some indication for the absorption of procyanidins derive from studies with the human colon cancer cell line Caco-2, believed to be a valuable model for passive intestinal absorption as proposed for polyphenols. However, it has to be clarified which concentration is effective and what concentrations can be expected from food intake. Another open question is related to polyphenol metabolism. For example, much effort has been invested to show antioxidative effects of free unbound polyphenols, especially of catechins and the flavonol quercetin. However, only a very small part can be found in plasma in the free form but conjugated or even metabolised to several phenolic acids and other ring scission products. From the papers reviewed, it is as yet to early to give an answer to the question, whether chocolate and/or other sources rich in catechins and procyanidins are beneficial to human health. Even though some data are promising and justify further research in the field, it has to be shown in future, whether the intake of these functional compounds and/or their sources is related to measurable effects on human health and/or the development of diseases.     

Antioxidant activity of different phenolics fractions isolated in must from Pedro Ximenez grapes at different stages of the off-vine drying process

The evolution of total phenolics, flavonoids and flavonols in the white grapes of Pedro Ximénez were determined during the off-vine drying process. Phenolics compounds determined, browning index and total antioxidant activity increased during the off-vine drying process. The analysis by gel filtration chromatography showed that compounds of high molecular weight are formed during the off-vine process and are partially responsible for the antioxidant activity and browning of grapes. Musts were separated by solid phase extraction in four fractions (I–IV) and the phenolics and antioxidant activity determined. Fraction III containing catechins and procyanidins, and fraction IV containing polymeric procyanidins were greatly enhanced during the off-vine drying process. Lastly, ethanolic extracts from grape pomaces at different drying stages were fractionated and analysed. The antioxidant activity showed similar values to those obtained in musts at the end of the drying process; however total phenolics and the browning index showed a 30% and 50% reduction, respectively, in comparison to those observed in the corresponding musts. This indicates that the ethanolic extracts could be used as a source of phenolic compounds without enhancing browning and as a way to increase the antioxidant activity of wines from dried grapes.     

Changes of hydrogen peroxide and radical-scavenging activity of raspberry during osmotic, convective, and freeze-drying

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different drying treatments on antioxidant (AO) activity and phenolic content of raspberry (Rubus idaeus), cultivar Willamette. Whole raspberry fruits were dried convectively (air-drying), osmotically, and freeze-dried. Acetone-water extracts of fresh and dried raspberries were assessed for total phenolic content by standard Folin-Ciocalteau method. Two AO assays were applied, a recently developed direct current (DC) polarographic assay based on decrease of anodic oxidation current of hydrogen peroxide and widely used radical scavenge against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Strong correlation has been obtained between both AO assays and total phenolic content. In addition, some individual phenolic compounds present in raspberry have been assessed using DPPH and DC polarographic assay. Comparison and evaluation of drying methods has been based on preservation of AO activity and total phenolic content. Obtained results confirmed superiority of freeze-drying; convective drying caused slight changes while osmotic dehydration showed a significant decrease of phenolic compounds and AO activity.     

Suitability for minimal processing of non‐melting clingstone peaches

Clingstone non‐melting peach cultivars (Prunus persica L. Batsch) are used primarily for canning, but their processing as fresh‐cut products is also of interest. Four clingstone peach cultivars (‘Andross’, ‘Babygold 8′, ‘Calante’ and ‘Romea’) were evaluated for their suitability for minimal processing (washing, peeling and slicing) followed by storage for 9 days at 4 °C in a modified atmosphere using microperforated films. Romea cultivar, which has low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymatic activity, proved to be the most suitable cultivar for minimal processing, given its lower degree of browning as well as the results from a sensory evaluation. Maturity indicators varied slightly during storage at a different degree depending on cultivars. We have found that PPO activity and browning potential are adequate indicators for surface browning in fresh‐cut non‐melting peaches.     

State of Polyphenols in the Drying Process of Fruits and Vegetables

This review presents an overview of drying technologies and its impact on the polyphenol content of vegetables and fruits. Polyphenols contribute to many health benefits and can act as antioxidants. Specifically an increased intake of polyphenols has been shown to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular disease; furthermore, it has been shown to help reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Many researchers have reported on the effect of different drying techniques on the polyphenol content in fruits and vegetables. Polyphenol degradation mechanisms proposed in literature and pretreatments that potentially lead to higher retention of polyphenols during drying are also discussed.     

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and osmotic dehydration in Granny Smith apple

Osmotic dehydration (OD) permits the preservation of foods via a decrease in water content and an increase in solute concentration. Osmotically dehydrated fruits such as apple are suitable for the manufacture of desserts, cakes, salads, yoghurts, etc. Different microstructural and engineering aspects of OD are already known, but its effects on enzymatic activity are still unknown. This study analyses the activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in fresh Granny Smith apples and the effect that OD by immersion in sucrose‐saturated syrup has on this activity. The low PPO activity found in the edible parenchyma of osmotically dehydrated apples is attributed to penetration by the osmotic agent and flooding of the intercellular spaces, which produces a low moisture content and a limited O₂ concentration in the immediate environment of the enzyme. These results show that OD prevents enzyme–substrate interaction. Thus the low PPO activity would reduce browning of this type of product. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Osmodehydration assisted by ohmic heating/pulse vacuum in apples (cv. Fuji): retention of polyphenols during refrigerated storage

Apples are a widely consumed fruit and have a high polyphenol content. The aim of this study was to analyse the combined effects of osmotic dehydration (OD) and ohmic heating (OH) with a pulsed vacuum (PV) on polyphenol retention during the stored refrigeration of apple cubes. Treatments were performed using a 65°Brix sucrose solution at 30, 40 or 50 °C for 120 min, and then, samples were stored for 28 days at 5 °C. OH provides an electric field of 13 V cm^?1, and a pulsed vacuum was applied for 5 min at the beginning of the process. The results indicated that a lower temperature process (30–40 °C) resulted in the retention of more polyphenol compounds after treatment than a higher temperature process (50 °C). Nevertheless, during refrigerated storage, we observed that 50 °C preserved these compounds better due to polyphenol oxidase inactivation. PVOD/OH treatment at 50 °C was determined to be the best retention of polyphenols from the fresh apple for dehydrating apples.     

Determination of phenolic compounds in wines: Influence of bottle storage of young red wines on their evolution

Various analytical methods based on the HPLC-DAD technique were used to determine 38 phenolic compounds in red wines. While anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids were determined by direct injection of wine samples, hydroxybenzoic acids, catechins, procyanidins and flavonols required an analytical pretreatment involving liquid–liquid partitioning with ethyl ether followed by solid-phase extraction on C₁₈ mini-columns. The proposed analytical methods were used to establish the phenol composition of Mencía and Brancellao, two varietal young red wines, and its influence on colour stability during storage in bottles for one year. At the end of malolactic fermentation, Mencía wine was found to contain much greater amounts of anthocyan pigments than was Brancellao wine. This resulted in a higher colour density but a weaker hue in Mencía wine than in Brancellao wine. Phenolic compounds evolved similarly in both wines during storage; changes in such compounds involved a decrease in the levels of monomeric anthocyanins, phenolic acids, epicatechin and flavonols, and an increase in those of procyanidins. The absence of a relationship between the changes in colour density and monomeric anthocyanins in both wines suggests that copigmentation and polymerization with other phenolic compounds (viz. phenolic acids, catechins and/or flavonols) prevail over degradation of the pigments.     

黄茶加工中主要品质成分的动态变化

以茶树品种碧香早夏季一芽一叶鲜叶为原料,按照摊放、杀青、揉捻、闷黄、干燥的传统黄茶加工工艺,将其加工成黄茶,通过对其中11 个有代表性的工艺点取样,并进行茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、水浸出物、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、黄酮含量检测,以及感官审评和香气品质成分分析,探讨黄茶加工过程中主要品质成分的动态变化。结果表明,在黄茶加工过程中,滋味物质茶多酚、儿茶素总量、水浸出物、可溶性糖、咖啡碱以及黄酮含量均在整体上逐渐降低,其足干茶样含量相对茶鲜叶的降幅分别为30.12%、24.08%、10.97%、61.34%、33.20%、25.55%,而游离氨基酸含量则有所增加,其足干茶样含量相对茶鲜叶的增幅为19.46%,其中茶多酚、咖啡碱、黄酮以及氨基酸含量在摊放过程中有所上升;香气物质中,足干茶样的醇类、酮类、烯烃类、酯类化合物的相对含量相较于茶鲜叶分别减少了17.18%、5.51%、5.77%、2.10%,而醛类、酚类化合物的相对含量则分别增加了35.35%、4.06%;从加工工艺看,黄茶滋味品质主要受摊放与闷黄工序的影响,摊放过程中氨基酸含量随着摊放时间的延长而增加,而闷黄过程可使酯型儿茶素转化为简单儿茶素,并在此工艺中产生茶黄素,是黄茶醇鲜爽滋味及“黄汤黄叶”品质形成的主要因素,同时闷黄时间为8 h时,滋味品质较好;香气品质则主要受摊放、闷黄和干燥工序影响。