Corrosion of magnesium modified with different compounds in chloride solution

The surface of magnesium electrode was coated by immersing in phosphate, tungstate, molibdate and cerium solutions, after polishing with sand paper and abrading in 0.15 M HCl solution for 20 seconds. The corrosion of modificated magnesium with different compounds was investigated by electrochemical methods in 1 M NaCl solution. The results show that phosphate, tungstate, molibdate and cerium cations provide the corrosion protection for magnesium forming insoluble compounds on magnesium surface. The inhibition effect of protective layers prepared on magnesium surface were investigated by using potential-time, current-potential curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) spectra. The inhibition effect was calculated from corrosion rates and polarization resistance.     

Influence of electrolyte on corrosion properties of plasma electrolytic conversion coated magnesium alloys

The synthesis of oxides in a low-temperature electrolytic plasma allows to cover surfaces of magnesium and its alloys with multifunctional protective oxide-ceramic coatings. The corrosion properties of these layers are strongly dependent on their porosity. In order to minimize the porosity and to optimize the corrosion properties of the layers, the electrolyte concentration and composition (addition of CrO₃ as corrosion inhibitor) were varied, and the influences on layer structure, composition, and properties with a main focus on corrosion behaviour were studied.The corrosion properties of various layers thus generated were studied in 5% NaCl solution by measuring electrochemical polarization curves and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at pH 3 and 6. Using XRD, LM, SEM and EDX to evaluate the composition and microstructure of the modified surfaces, the corrosion results were related to the microstructure and composition of the specific layer. The better results were obtained for layers produced at higher electrolyte concentration, whereas the addition of CrO₃ had no significant beneficial effect.     

Evaluation of the corrosion behavior of the polyester-coated galvanized steel subjected to SO2 gas under different relative humidities

Evaluation of the corrosion behaviour of the polyester-coated galvanized steels exposed to different relative humidities was utilized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), anodic polarization curves and linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurement techniques. The samples were exposed to SO₂ gas in laboratory conditions that was adjusted to various relative humidities. The results obtained from current-potential curves indicate that, corrosion current density of polyester-coated samples increases as the relative humidity increases in SO₂ containing medium. The EIS results showed that polyester-coated samples exposed to relative humidity (RH) of 70% experienced defect-free coating, whereas the samples significantly lost their protection behaviour under relative humidities of 80, 90 and 100%.     

Statistical Process Control

Abstract

In order to improve the corrosion resistance provided by a micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy, a polypropylene film was prepared on its surface. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the surfaces of the coatings. The corrosion protective performance of the coatings was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarisation curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and immersion testing. The results show that the microdefects of the MAO coating can be filled by PP and the corrosion resistance of the AZ31 magnesium alloy is improved greatly.     

Evaluation of the corrosion resistance of different galvanized steels treated in a cerium salt solution

Analysis of polarization curves and impedance spectra has shown that the surface chemistry of galvanized steels plays an important role in determining their corrosion behavior. Zn‐Ni samples that were untreated or had been treated in a 10 mM Ce(NO₃)₃ solution had the lowest corrosion rates in 0.5 N NaCl. The efficiency of the surface modification process was the highest for electrogalvanized steel. Surface analysis showed that the protective layers on Zn‐Ni and electrogalvanized steel contained mainly cerium oxides/hydroxides, while the layer on hot‐dipped steel consisted mainly of zinc hydroxide.     

Study on laser surface melting of AZ31B magnesium alloy with different ultrasonic vibration amplitude

The laser surface melted layers were fabricated on AZ31B magnesium alloy by ultrasonic vibration-assisted using with different vibration amplitude. Microstructural evolution and corrosion resistance were studied systematically. The uniformity and compactness of the microstructure can be get further improved with the increase of vibration amplitude, while the coarse microstructure is observed at an even higher vibration amplitude. The melted layer with a reasonable vibration amplitude at the maximum outputs of 80% possess the highest microhardness, and the lowest corrosion current density as well as the minimal corrosion rate than the substrate. The results of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and corrosion morphology are in agreement with potentiodynamic polarisation measurements, the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and corrosion area of the sample at 80% vibration amplitude are highest and smallest, respectively. Experimental results revealed that the melted layer fabricated at 80% of the maximum vibration amplitude output value exhibit the best anti-corrosion performance.     

Aluminium electroplated from ionic liquids as protective coating against steel corrosion

The protective action of thin layers of aluminium electroplated on a carbon steel (UNI Fe360B) has been studied. The coatings were obtained via electroreduction, at room temperature, from an ionic liquid constituted by 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium heptachloroaluminate. Coatings of different thickness, ranging from 10 to 40 μm, were obtained. Their morphology and chemical composition were investigated using SEM microscopy coupled with EDX microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical tests (potentiodynamic polarization curves, open-circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) were performed in order to characterise the corrosion resistance of the coating in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution. Visual investigation of the samples during long term of exposition to neutral salt spray gave an evaluation of their free corrosion properties. It was found that the aluminium layers deposited from ionic liquids significantly protect the substrate from the general corrosion and this action increases with the coating thickness.     

载波钝化对AZ91D镁合金锡酸盐化学转化膜耐蚀性能的影响

用载波钝化方法控制AZ91D镁合金锡酸盐转化膜成膜过程,用扫描电镜（SEM）观察该转化膜的表面形貌,用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究载波钝化对该转化膜耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明, 载波钝化使AZ91D镁合金表面生成一层颗粒直径略大于传统浸泡处理的锡酸盐转化膜,其耐蚀性能显著提高。     

Vergleich des elektrochemischen Verhaltens der Stähle CrMnN 18 12 und CrNi 18 10 in Salpetersäure

Comparison of the electrochemical behaviour of the steels CrMnN 18 12 and CrNi 18 10 in nitric acid The electrochemical behaviour of the steels CrMnN 1812 and CrNi 18 10 in nitric acid has been studied by current-potential curves atomic absorption analysis of the solution and impedance spectroscopy. It has been found that in nitric acid solutions the corrosion resistance of the steel CrMnN 18 12 is comparable with that of the steel CrNi 18 10. Passivation of the steels starts at the corrosion potential. The two-step passivation range is probable attributable to a phase transformation in the oxidelayers formed on the steel surface. The analysis of the impedance curves allowed the establishment of an equivalent circuit for the passivation process. The double layer capacity, the polarization resistance, the Ohmic resistance and the capacity of the passive layer have been calculated.     

Variation of carbon steel corrosion rate with flow conditions in the presence of an inhibitive formulation

This work is an extension of studies into the mechanism of inhibition of a carbon steel by a non-toxic multicomponent inhibitor (fatty amines associated with phosphonocarboxylic acid salts) used for the treatment of water in cooling circuits. In a previous work [N. Ochoa, F. Moran, N. Pébère, B. Tribollet, Corros. Sci. 47 (2005) 593], it was shown that the properties of the protective layers formed on the metal surface were dependent on the electrode rotation rate. Moreover, two distinct surface areas were visualised on the metal surface and the ratio between the two zones was dependent on the flow conditions. The present study focuses on the measurement of the corrosion rate from impedance diagrams obtained at the corrosion potential for different electrode rotation rates. The measured polarisation resistances correspond to the anodic process. A non-monotonic variation of the corrosion current densities was observed and explained by the variation of the ratio between the two layers, which each have different intrinsic protective properties. From the polarisation curves plotted in the same conditions, the non-monotonic variation was not shown. Independently of the electrode rotation rate, the corrosion current densities remained low. This study brought an original approach to the influence of flow on the corrosion rate in the presence of inhibitors.     

Stress corrosion behavior of 6082 aluminum alloy

Stress corrosion tests of 6082 aluminum alloy were carried out by using a three-point bending fixture while holding at 50% of yield strength state through different immersion times in 1.5% NaCl electrolyte solution. The electrochemical impedance spectra and dynamic electric potential polarization curves were measured to indicate the stress corrosion behavior of the alloy. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy spectrum analysis were applied for microstructural investigations. The results show that all of the Nyquist electrochemical impedance spectra consisted of high- and low-frequency double capacitive arcs. However, an increase in immersion time while holding at 50% of yield stress resulted in a corresponding increase in the corrosion current density, leading to gradual corrosion depth growth, and a decrease in the corrosion resistance of the alloy. 6082 Aluminum alloy included AlMnFeSi, Mg₂Si, and Si secondary phases. The different secondary phases presented different stress corrosion behaviors. Stress corrosion cracks were generated at the boundaries of AlMnFeSi and matrix or within the AlMnFeSi phase. Crack direction is always perpendicular to the tensile stress applied. Mg₂Si secondary phase was self-corroded as its corrosion potential is lower than that of the matrix. As the electric potential of Si is higher than that of the matrix, corrosion occurred at the matrix side of the boundary between Si and matrix.     

PREPARATION OF MICROARC OXIDATION COATING ON (Al2O3-SiO2)sf/AZ91D MAGNESIUM MATRIX COMPOSITE AND ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS\par

在硅酸盐电解液体系中, 采用交流微弧氧化方法在增强体体积分数为33%的 (Al₂O₃-SiO₂)_sf/AZ91D镁基复合材料表面制备出完整的保护性氧化膜. 利用SEM, EDS和XRD分析了氧化膜的形貌、成分和相组成, 测量了膜层的显微硬度分布. 采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)评价了微弧氧化表面处理前后复合材料的电化学腐蚀性能, 确立了不同浸泡时间对应的等效电路. 结果表明, 微弧氧化膜主要由MgO和Mg₂SiO₄相组成, 最大硬度达到1017 HV. 氧化膜电化学阻抗模值|Z|与镁合金基体相比大幅度提高, 耐腐蚀性能明显高于基体. 在3.5%NaCl溶液里浸泡96 h后, EIS出现感抗弧, 显示膜内部开始出现点蚀破坏. 氧化膜耐蚀性由膜内致密层特性所决定.     

Influence of pitting and iron oxide formation during corrosion of carbon steel in unbuffered NaCl solutions

The corrosion evolution over time of a carbon steel rotating disk immersed in aerated NaCl solutions was analyzed using a superposition model. Using this approach, partial polarization curves for iron oxidation and oxygen reduction were synthesized from experimental current-potential data at different corrosion time in order to determine the kinetics parameters, corrosion potential and current density of the underlying anodic and cathodic subprocesses. The distinctive features of the polarization curves are well described in terms of the simplifying assumptions of the model. In particular, the time evolution of the corrosion current density was linked to the morphology of the corroding surface under different NaCl concentrations.     

In vitro corrosion behaviour of Ti‐5Al‐2Nb‐1Ta alloy in Hanks solution

Electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of Ti‐5Al‐2Nb‐1Ta alloy in Hanks solution at different immersion periods (0 h, 120 h, 240 h and 360 h). The impedance spectra are fitted using a non‐linear least square (NLLS) fitting procedure. The EIS spectra exhibited a two time constant system, suggesting the formation of two layers on the metal surface. The surface morphology of the alloy has been characterized by SEM and EDAX measurements.     

在优化Na2SiO3电解液制备的镁合金陶瓷膜的防护性能

    优化镁合金微弧氧化常用的Na₂SiO₃电解液并制备了白色陶瓷质微弧氧化膜,采用动电位极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗(EIS)等方法研究其防护性能.结果表明,与常用的Na₂SiO₃电解液制备的试样相比,优化的Na₂SiO₃电解液所制备试样的自腐蚀电流降低了3个数量级,并表现出较高的阻抗值;在3.5% NaCl溶液中浸泡发生点蚀的时间从24 h延长到240 h.SEM和XRD分析结果表明,在优化的Na₂SiO₃电解液中制备的AZ91D的陶瓷膜层孔隙减少,孔径也较小,且增加了低溶解度的Mg₅F₂(SiO₄)₂相和起钝化作用的MgAl₂O₄相.     

AZ91D镁合金在模拟酸雨溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)的方法研究了AZ91D镁合金在不同pH值的模拟酸雨溶液中的腐蚀行为,并用扫描电镜观察了试样腐蚀后的表面形貌。结果表明:随着溶液pH值升高,AZ91D镁合金的极化电阻变大,腐蚀电流密度减小;当pH值为2.7和3.0时,EIS由两个容抗弧组成,随着pH值的继续升高,EIS转变为单一容抗弧,镁合金表面形成了完整的表面膜,对基体金属具有一定的保护性;在模拟酸雨溶液中AZ91D镁合金整个表面受到腐蚀,腐蚀程度随着pH值的升高而变小,白色腐蚀产物主要由镁、铝、硫和氧元素组成。     

Influence of inorganic acid pickling on the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet

Surface contaminants as a result of thermo-mechanical processing of magnesium alloys, e.g. sheet rolling, can have a negative effect on the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. Especially contaminants such as Fe, Ni and Cu, left on the surface of magnesium alloys result in the formation of micro-galvanic couples and can therefore increase corrosion attack on these alloys. Due to this influence they should be removed to obtain good corrosion resistance.In this study, the effect of inorganic acid pickling on the corrosion behaviour of a commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was investigated. Sulphuric, nitric and phosphoric acids of different concentrations were used to clean the alloy for various pickling times. The surface morphology, composition and phases were elucidated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, spark discharge-optical emission spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The effect of surface cleaning on the corrosion properties was studied using salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental results show that acid pickling reduces the surface impurities and therefore enhances the corrosion resistance of the alloy. The cleaning efficiency of the three acids used and the corrosion protection mechanisms were found to be remarkably different. Best corrosion results were obtained with nitric acid, followed closely by phosphoric acid. Only the sulphuric acid failed more or less when cleaning the AZ31 sheet. However, to obtain reasonable corrosion resistance at least 5 μm of the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet have to be removed.     

空蚀对20SiMn在3%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为的影响

利用带电化学测试系统的磁致伸缩空蚀试验机研究了 20SiMn低合金钢在3%NaCl水溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为，通过空蚀和静态条件下的自腐蚀电位变化以及交流阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线的比较，分析了空蚀加速20SiMn低合金钢电化学腐蚀的机理.结果表明，空蚀使20SiMn低合金钢的自腐蚀电位正移200 mV，并显著降低电荷转移电阻和线性极化电阻，使电化学腐蚀速率增大约54倍；随着空蚀的进行，电荷转移电阻和线性极化电阻减小，空蚀3 h后逐渐趋于稳定.     

Effect of alternating voltage treatment on the corrosion resistance of pure magnesium

Pure magnesium was treated by alternating voltage (AV) treatment technique. The optimal AV-treatment parameters for greatly improving corrosion resistance were determined by the orthogonal experiments. Polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) were performed to understand the effect of AV-treatment on the corrosion resistance of pure magnesium. AFM, contact angle measurement and XPS were employed to further investigate the influence of AV-treatment on the properties of the surface film formed on pure magnesium after AV-treatment. The results showed that a uniform and stable film was formed and the corrosion resistance of pure magnesium was greatly improved after AV-treatment. This was caused by the noticeable change of chemical structure and semi conducting properties of surface film after AV-treatment.     

Inhibition of corrosion of AZ91 magnesium alloy in ethylene glycol solution in presence of chloride anions

The influence of chloride ions on the corrosion of AZ91 magnesium alloy in water/ethylene glycol solutions and the inhibiting effect of lactobiono‐tallowamide (LTA) were investigated using electrochemical and surface analysis methods. Potentiodynamic polarization curves in aqueous solution of ethylene glycol (50:50w%) containing 0.1 g.L⁻¹ chloride and up to 0.5 g.L⁻¹ LBT were obtained at room and at elevated temperatures. The chloride anions showed a distinct deteriorating effect as they caused pit initiation and accelerated the dissolution of the tested alloy. The selected organic compound demonstrated good protective properties against corrosion of AZ91 magnesium alloy and behaved as inhibitor of mixed type hindering both the cathodic and the anodic partial reactions. It showed inhibition efficiency of 77% at relatively low concentration of 0.2 g.L⁻¹ and was considered as a promising corrosion inhibitor. The mechanism of inhibition was discussed on the basis of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and XRD analysis of the surface.