放射性废物的焚烧处理

本文论述了放射性废物焚烧处理的意义、焚烧工艺、设计考虑和发展动态，并对发展我国放射性废物焚烧技术进行了讨论。     

Solidification of radioactive wastes by fusion in basalt

It is shown that fused bagalt is suitable for immobilizing radioactive wastes having high specific activity. It has been found that recrystallization of the vitreous fused basalt phase improves the properties of the material, principally the mechanical strength and the chemical stability. The calculated diffusion coefficients vary from 10^–15 to 10^–17 cm²/sec at temperatures of 30–70°C.Institute of Nuclear Studies, Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, Rzhezh near Prague, Czechoslovakia. Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 285–289, October, 1966. The scientific research work on this subject is being done under an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency.     

Basic problems of radiogeoecology in storing radioactive wastes

Conclusion The basic problem of radiogeoecology is providing the capability for storing radioactive wastes in geological formations. Geological data on underground storage of radioactive elements indicate that this problem is solvable in principle. Therefore, development scientifically based solutions requires a whole program of research, and combining the strengths of specialists in various fields of knowledge: geologists, physicists, chemists, mathematicians, radiobiologists, etc.Developing a program of radiogeoecological research, however, depends on an overall concept of safety in working with radioactive wastes. Such a concept should consolidate legislative safety standards and incorporate regulations on the whole effort of storing radioactive wastes as a condition of safely developing nuclear energy [26]. An example is a U.S. law, adopted by Congress in 1982 [17], on policy in the field of nuclear wastes, which defines a strategy for working with wastes, and sets out responsibility, organization, and financial efforts. The absence of an analogous law in our country cannot be considered normal. In some cases it leads to ignoring hazard factors and unwarranted risks; in others to overcaution and disbelief in the validity of adopted solutions. Therefore development of a law on working with radioactive wastes and their actual storage is now one of the important problems of radiogeoecology.Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Academy of Sciences, USSR (IGEM). Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 523–534, December, 1991.     

Use of polymers to preserve radioactive wastes

Scientific-Research and Design Institute of Electron-Ion Technology. Translated from Atomnya Énergiya, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 127-129, February, 1993.     

Ecologically safe storage for radioactive alkali-metal wastes

Power Physics Institute. Red Star Cooperative. The Kurchatov Atomic Energy Institute. Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 307–310, May, 1991.     

Using microorganisms to process liquid radioactive wastes

Kurchatov Institute, Russian Scientific Center. Microbiology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 123-127, February, 1993.     

Transmutation of long-lived radioactive wastes from nuclear power

Conclusion The need to provide ecologically clean and safe nuclear power in the future requires intensive study of a wide range of technological problems today. The most important one is the reprocessing of radioactive nuclear plant wastes through atomic transformation. Whether there will be transmutation plants based on more or less traditional varieties of power reactors, or whether there will be hybrid systems using powerful accelerators, will be shown by further developments, and not just in the field of the physics and technology of reactors and accelerators. A thorough examination should be conducted at every stage of the fuel cycle, using data from radiochemistry, biology, economics, and possibly other disciplines. However, it is already clear that the complex problems of creating an ecologically clean and safe form of power production, in view of their worldwide scale, can be solved only by international efforts based on the close cooperation of specialists from various countries.Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 70, No. 6, pp. 380–386, June, 1991.     

Nuclear safety in handling radioactive wastes containing fissile materials

Nuclear safety in disposal and reprocessing of solid and liquid radioactive wastes produced during the production of nuclear reactor fuel elements was investigated. The results of this work made it possible to determine the parameters which must be limited in handling wastes in order to avoid the occurrence of a self-maintaining fission chain reaction. The numerical values of these parameters are obtained for the new and conventional technology for handling wastes. 3 tables, 5 references. State Science Center of the Russian Federation-A. I. Leipunskii Physics and Power-Engineering, Institute. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 362–370, May, 2000.