快速凝固Al-21Si-0.8Mg-1.5Cu合金时效析出行为

利用单辊旋转甩带法制备快速凝固过共晶Al-21Si-0.8Mg-1.5Cu合金条带,并对其进行时效处理,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜及XRD技术对快速凝固组织特征进行了表征,研究了时效温度对合金组织及硬度的影响.结果表明:在快速凝固条件下,试验合金中初生硅相的形核和析出受到抑制,α相领先析出,合金元素Cu、Mg全部固溶在过饱和α-Al固溶体中;大量的Si过饱和固溶于α中,其余部分以羽毛针列状共晶形式析出,形成微纳米级亚稳的亚共晶结构.时效处理时,随着时效温度的升高,硅元素从基体中脱溶析出并逐渐聚集长大,形成微小颗粒弥散基体之上;试验合金的显微硬度也发生了变化,出现时效硬化现象.     

机械锻件的热处理行为及对显微组织的影响

对Ti-3.5Al-4.5Mo-6V-2Cr-1.5Sn-0.4Fe合金机械锻件进行了固溶和时效处理,研究了固溶温度、时效温度和时效时间对锻态合金显微组织的影响。结果表明,两相区固溶处理后进行时效处理,合金主要由初生α相、次生α相和β相组成,合金中初生α相在一定程度上可以限制β晶粒的长大,随时效温度的升高,次生α相逐渐粗化和长大;单相区固溶处理后进行时效处理,合金组织主要由次生α相和β相组成,次生α相的体积分数随时效温度的升高而降低,而α相的宽度逐渐增加。     

固溶时效对Cu-4Ni-2Sn-Si合金组织及其性能的影响

采用OM、XRD、导电率和硬度测试等分析方法研究了固溶时效工艺对Cu-4Ni-2Sn-Si合金的显微组织及性能的影响。结果表明,热轧态Cu-4Ni-2Sn-Si合金中未溶解的第二相Ni2Si颗粒随着固溶温度的升高逐渐回溶,且发生再结晶,再结晶晶粒逐渐长大。当温度升高至900℃时,第二相粒子基本回溶到合金基体中。经时效处理后,合金的硬度受到析出相与再结晶的交互作用的影响。当时效温度低于450℃时,硬度值随时效时间的延长呈现先增大后减小的趋势;而时效温度升高至500℃时,合金硬度值随时效时间的延长而逐渐下降。而导电率则随时效时间的延长一直保持增大的趋势。热轧态Cu-4Ni-2Sn-Si合金经900℃×1 h固溶处理+68%冷轧变形+450℃×6 h时效处理后获得较优的综合性能,其硬度值为225 HB,导电率为24.5%IACS。     

Ti-5Al-10Cr合金棒材的时效响应研究

对固溶处理的近β型Ti-5Al-10Cr合金进行了不同温度和时间的时效处理,观察了时效处理后合金的显微组织,分析了合金的相组成,并对硬度及拉伸性能进行了测试分析。结果表明,随着时效温度的提高,析出α相的体积分数先增多后减少,合金的抗拉强度与α相体积分数有着同样的变化趋势;合金在低温长时间时效或高温时效时,会析出Ti Cr2相,时效温度较低时该相对合金硬度有一定贡献,随着时效温度升高,该析出相长大,对硬度的贡献下降。     

时效工艺对Ti-26合金棒材组织和拉伸性能的影响

对经过790℃固溶处理后的Ti-26合金棒材进行了不同温度及时间的时效处理，研究了时效温度和时间对Ti-26合金棒材显微组织和拉伸性能的影响。研究结果表明：在450-550℃范围内，随时效温度升高，合金组织有针状“相弥散物析出。升温至510℃，相同时效时间内析出α相数量最多，高于510℃，部分析出α相开始溶解。合金时效处理10h内，随时效时间延长，合金组织针状α相弥散物数量增加，且针状α相存在跨晶界长大现象。合金经510℃×10h时效处理，OL相形核和长大达到最佳匹配，Ti-26合金获得理想的强度和塑性匹配。     

时效温度对Ti1023和Ti5553合金微观组织与析出硬化的影响规律

研究了Ti1023和Ti5553钛合金经过固溶与低温时效处理(ST-SQA)获得的微观组织和析出硬化行为。采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了不同温度时效处理后α相的析出形貌以及分布特点,统计了时效析出次生α相的析出密度和宽度随时效温度的变化情况,并测试了合金的维氏硬度。结果表明:Ti1023合金时效处理时次生α的析出温度低于Ti 5553合金。Ti1023合金在300℃时效时α相已经析出,400℃时效时α相析出密度到达峰值;Ti5553合金在450～500℃时效α相开始析出,在550℃时效α相的析出密度达到峰值。Ti1023合金硬度随着时效温度的增加先升后降,400℃时效硬度最高;在相同的时效温度范围,Ti5553合金硬度变化出现双峰规律,硬度峰值分别对应于350和550℃时效温度。2种合金的硬度变化规律源于合金时效中第二相的析出行为:时效温度低于400℃,Ti1023合金的硬度取决于α相和ω相,而Ti5553合金的硬度取决于ω相;时效温度高于400℃,2种合金的硬度均主要取决于次生α相的数量与尺寸。     

时效温度对Ti1023和Ti5553合金a相析出行为与力学性能的影响规律

本文研究了Ti1023和Ti5553钛合金经过固溶与低温时效处理(ST-SQA)获得的微观组织和析出硬化行为。采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了不同温度时效处理后α相的析出形貌以及分布特点,统计了时效析出次生α相的析出密度和宽度随时效温度的变化情况,并测试了合金的维氏硬度。结果表明： Ti1023合金时效处理时次生α的析出温度低于Ti 5553合金。Ti1023合金在300℃时效时α相已经析出,400℃时α相析出密度到达峰值;Ti5553合金在450-500℃时效α相开始析出,在550℃时效α相的析出密度达到峰值。Ti1023合金硬度随着时效温度的增加先升后降,400℃时效硬度最高;在相同的时效温度范围,Ti5553合金硬度变化出现双峰规律,硬度峰值分别对应于350℃和550℃时效温度。两种合金的硬度变化规律源于合金时效中第二相的析出行为：时效温度低于400℃,Ti1023合金的硬度取决于α相和?相,而Ti5553合金的硬度取决于?相;温度高于400℃,两种合金的硬度主要取决于次生α相的数量与尺寸。     

挤压变形对Sr+Sb联合变质Mg-5Sn-1.5Al-1Zn-1Si合金时效硬化效果的影响

对比分析了铸态和挤压态Sr+Sb联合变质Mg-5Sn-1. 5Al-1Zn-1Si合金在时效过程中的组织与硬度的异同,讨论了产生差异的原因。结果表明:挤压变形合金的时效硬化效果明显强于铸态合金的时效硬化效果。铸态合金随着时效温度的升高和保温时间的延长,析出的化合物增多,特别是Mg_(17)Al_(12)和Mg_2Sn相。铸态合金经固溶和时效处理后的最大平均硬度为92. 12 HBW,比未经固溶时效处理时的硬度仅提高了7. 78%,且硬度测量误差范围波动较大。挤压变形合金随着时效温度的升高和时效时间的延长,大量颗粒状析出相均匀分布在基体上,析出相明显长大。挤压变形合金经固溶时效处理后的最大平均硬度为116. 94 HBW,比未固溶时效处理时的硬度提高了21. 4%,且硬度误差波动范围较小。挤压后合金经过固溶时效处理后,材料的性能稳定性明显提高。     

快速凝固Al－Cu－Mg合金的时效特征

对离心雾化法制得的快速凝固Ａｌ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｇ合金的时效特征进行了研究。结果表明,随时效温度的升高,快速凝固Ａｌ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｇ合金的时效硬度峰值增加,且达峰值后硬度下降缓慢。在连续加热时效过程中,快速凝固Ａｌ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｇ合金有Ｓ”相形成过程,且Ｓ’相形成长大过程比较缓慢。从时效析出激活能、连续加热过程分析等方面进行了解释和验证。     

时效处理对Cu-Ni-Si合金电阻及组织的影响

采用带有同步水淬功能的原位电阻测量装置结合OM、XRD及TEM分析等方法,研究了等温时效处理对Cu-Ni-Si合金电阻及组织的影响。结果表明,Cu-Ni-Si合金时效阶段电阻随时间变化趋势表现为先下降后趋于稳定。随着时效温度的升高,合金电阻在时效初期急剧下降,这是由于时效时沉淀相在过饱和固溶体中析出所致。时效阶段Cu-Ni-Si合金中沉淀析出相为δ-Ni2Si,初始形态为点状,随着时效时间的延长,沉淀析出相长大,形态逐渐变为针状。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。