建筑细部系列丛书之单户住宅（中文版）2008年即将面世

Aesthetically pleasing and well thought out solutions, in detail. The private single family house is still the most popular residen- tial alternative. Recently, however, a changing demographic structure and personal expectations, together with continually rising energy costs and the depletion of our natural resour- ces, tend to make this traditional housing solution somewhat impractical. Topics such as multi-functionality, the application of innovative building materials and low-energy, sustainable construction techniques are subsequently gaining in relevance. In order to keep abreast of changes and developments in the field, DETAIL has now released the fully revised and extended second edition of “in DETAIL Single Family Houses”. The custo-     

Design Drivers for Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Developing Countries

Current demand for housing worldwide has reached unprecedented levels due to factors such as human population growth, natural disasters and conflict. This is felt no more so than in developing countries which have experienced disproportionate levels of demand due to their innate vulnerability. Many current approaches to housing delivery in developing countries continue to utilize inappropriate construction methods and implementation procedures that are often problematic and unsustainable. As such affordability and sustainability are now vital considerations in the international development debate for housing the poor in developing countries in order to meet the long term sustainable development goals and needs of housing inhabitants. This paper utilized an extensive scoping study to examine the various facets impacting on design decision making relative to sustainable and affordable housing delivery in developing country contexts. Aspects of affordability, sustainability, design decision making, appropriate technology use, cultural awareness, as well as current barriers to affordable and sustainable construction in developing countries are examined in detail. Results highlighted the capability of indigenous knowledge, skills and materials as well as selected appropriate technology transfer and cultural awareness by foreign bodies can be utilized in innovative ways in addressing current housing needs in many developing country contexts.     

斯洛伐克私营建筑业的体制改革问题及其住房建设状况

The new housing production and modernization of the existing housing stock play an important role in the market economy. They contribute to the growth of GDP by increased mobility of the population, expansion of related industries, employment generation, fulfillment of social needs and by making the cities attractive. Unfortunately, the housing sector in Slovakia has failed to achieve these goals over the past 10 years. In fact, the rate of new housing production hit the lowest numbers in 1995 since the Second Wodd War and, although some growth was witnessed, this was far from ideal. This paper introduces restructuring problems of private building sector and its housing production in Slovakia.     

Guidelines for Low-Cost,Energy-Efficient House in Iraq

The goal of this study is to determine specific guidelines for Iraqi architects to contribute to the design and composition of energy-efficient housing units within the limits of a normal budget, locally available materials and technologies. These units can provide comfort despite the current energy situation in Iraq. The study is based on a computer simulation for a reference building in Baghdad, which has been selected according to the urban conditions, building legislations, housing market and statistics. The final results displayed the main recommendations and the possibility to achieve up to 50% energy reduction with a pay-back period not exceeding two years in some cases. There are some measures that have big energy saving potential. Yet, some of the measures may require big investment or have some bad environmental impacts. Some other good measures are already being implemented.     

Private Housing in U.S.A.

The United States is among the few countries which have the highest percentage of private housing ownership. This article is divided to three parts to tackle the various aspects of private housing: finance and market; design and construction. The figures of new construction house become the thermostat of American economy, and the home building is seen as the locomotive of US national economy. Measured by the housing price and annual income ratio (PIR)     

nArchitects,美国

Design Concept An environmentally responsive exterior street configuration is proposed as a relevant, sustainable model for housing in Wuhan's sub-tropical climate. This strategy allows for cross ventilation, minimises the thermally conditioned envelope,and enfolding the building in a tempering layer that reduces heat gain to the units. Pre-fabricated structural steel components are kept small for ease of transport and assembly, and the design maximises the use of local trades and craftspeople.     

Economy of RHA （Rice Husk Ash） in Concrete for Low-Cost Housing Delivery in Nigeria

Delivery of housing units in adequate quantity and quality has been the pursuits of individuals and successive governments in Nigeria. Still, the gap between demand and supply is becoming wider on daily basis due to exorbitant cost of building materials that is beyond the reach of average Nigerians. Concrete being the most acceptable construction material is expensive due to high cost of cement. Efforts made to reduce the cost of cement were to no avail, thus there is need to look elsewhere. Past researches showed that substituting cement with 15% of RHA （rice husk ash） in concrete improves the performance of concrete and reduces global warming as a result of emissions from cement production. This paper looks into the effect of using RHA as partial substitute of cement on the cost of a low-cost housing unit. Results showed that cement based construction materials are responsible for 82.58% of the total cost in which cement is responsible for 42%. When 15% RHA was used to substitute cement over N90,000 was saved, amounting to about 7% of the total cost of the building. In addition, depletion of natural resources was reduced.     

住房财政

Housing may be acquired through purchase, rental, self-help or cooperative construction and inheritance. Subsidies are provided in many developed countries to households which purchase as well as those which rent.Creation of self-sustaining finance systems to meet the need for affordable finance of the people when purchasing,building or improving their dwelling units has been an important component of national and local policies for the achievement of the goal of shelter for all. Housing finance enables households to become owners, but the variation of the level of owner-occupation between countries is not only related to the majority of the national housing finance system or national prosperity. This article briefly introduces the global housing finance.     

The Forecast of the Targets for the Urban Housing for a Relatively Comfortable Standard of Living in China

To attain a relatively comfortable standard of living by year 200O is the strategic target ofChina＇s economic development.We should first make it clear what is the pattern and standard forhousing for a relatively comfortable. Through our study in the present housing conditions andthe life pattern in 2000.analysis of lowest area limit for one housing unit and macro-analysis ofhousing economy.and study on the inevitability of multiple and multi-level targets for housing ofrelatively comfortable standard of livng,as well as using the analysis of indexes for judging hous-ing conditions in other countries as reference.we set multiple and Mlti-level Targets for Housingfor a Relatively Comfortable Life and Use Them as Reference and Basis for Drafting the GeneralSystem of Housing for a Relatively Comfortable Life and for the Development of HousingProducts.     

土耳其的合作住房业

The housing cooperatives as non-profit home builders are NGOs providing freehold housing for their members.There are now about 40,000 housing cooperatives in Turkey with some 1.8 million members, which contribute to a big part of the total housing construction in Turkey. The author demonstrates the current situation and significance of cooperatives in providing affordable housing for moderate and lower income families and the financial support they‘ve acquired from public funds, especially Housing Development Fund, and analyses the difficulties Turkey is facing in developing a sustainable housing finance system within the financial market.     

低收入群体住房：克罗地亚转型经济展望

The transition process in the housing and construction industry has embraced deep structural changes on the side of both suppliers and buyers. As a new independent country, Croatia has been undergoing a complex process of transition towards a market environment. The country was exposed to war in the early 1990s, that has resulted in targeting major portion of its potentials towards the reconstruction of destroyed/damaged property.A comprehensive reconstruction should involve all forms of market-friendly, social, environmental, and economic policy to ensure good quality of life as well as regional and sustainable development. However, it is important to notice that the efficient privatization and establishing an effective private sector is an unavoidable pre-condition for the overall economic development as well as an efficient housing industry. Therefore, the increasing role of the private sector strongly correlates with the successful market transformation and the time needed to catch up with the needed growth. This paper introduces low-income housing as the perspective of the Croatian transition economy.     

世界城市住房状况

More than one billion of the world‘s city residents live in inadequate housing, mostly in the sprawling slums and squatter settlements in developing countries. The lack of adequate housing in the cities of developing countries is one of the most pressing problems of the 21 st century. During the 1990s, some developing countries achieved an improvement in urban housing conditions, though many were unable to cope even with current needs. The situation may become even worse, as household sizes decrease in most countries, and the number of urban households grows considerably faster than urban population. Below is a brief introduction of housing conditions throughout the world.     

A Study on the Architectural Application of Aerogel

As the building energy saving is more and more important, high-performing insulation like aerogel will be required in buildings to improve their thermal environment and to save building energy. This study conducted the literature survey on the aerogel blanket and presents the architectural application considering its high-insulating property. If aerogel is applied to a building as an envelope insulation, its thickness could be reduced to as half as that of existing insulation such as polystyrene foam board or glassfiber. Currently, aerogel is largely used as a thermal breaker in thermal bridges in buildings. It is still too expensive to be used as a main insulation of whole building envelopes. Thanks to the advantages of aerogel blanket such as low thermal conductivity, broad temperature range for use, excellent water repellent property and fire resistance, easiness of moving and applying, it has much possibility in the respect of its building application.     

住房合作社在西班牙住房市场中的重要意义

The Spanish housing cooperatives are temporary organizations aiming at building homes for their members with the help of professional agents to ensure a price which covers only the actual costs, without any profit of the private development company and, consequently a lower price than the market price, and affordable for the people. Houses produced in cooperative regime constitute a considerable part of the subsidized housing in Spain, which are graded into three categories according to the ratio of the beneficiary‘s income to the minimum wage. Their percentage in the overall houses built has also been increasing in recent years. The reason of the growth lies not only in its cost efficiency but also in some other advantages including the social cohesion of theusers who have organized the mselves in this regime. The author gives an example of the “L‘illa“ building to demonstrate these advantages.     

The Trend of Housing Marginalization of Low and Lower-Middle Social Groups in Large Cities and Its Planning Countermeasures:Taking Chengdu as an Example

As low and lower-middle social groups account for a great proportion of the total population in China and their status in society is special,it is of great social and practical significance to study their housing conditions and characteristics.Based on research at home and abroad,this paper defines the basic characteristics of low and lower-middle social groups in China,and elaborates the definition and connotation of housing marginalization,thereby proposing that these residents in the Chinese city are facing a problem of housing marginalization.According to data from the fifth and sixth population census and statistical yearbooks of Chengdu,it reveals changes in housing location,housing tenure structure,and housing quality of the study group between 2000 to 2010 by means of spatial and statistical analysis,which indicates that the low and lower-middle social groups are facing the three trends of "living in outskirts," "predicament in tenure selectivity of housing," and "impoverishment of housing quality." In response to these trends,three planning suggestions are proposed:① to establish "housing policy areas" suitable for the group of residents to reside and work;② to innovate policy measures to support the low and lower-middle social groups to rent and purchase houses within these areas;③ to guide the residents to integrate into the community life circle in these areas so as to avoid poverty concentration.     

Renovation Project of No.50 Shi Zi Jie Street in Suzhou

This article discusses a renovation project of an old residential building which is typical oftraditional Chinese architecture and in fair condition.The principle of“maintaining traditionalmoods and meanwhile modern facilities”was adopted here.This approach in housing renewalhas proved to be protecting the old townscape,economizimg investment.and meeting the resi-dents'effective in living aspiration and and requirements.     

澳大利亚珀斯的新生活项目

It is now recognized that many mistakes were made in the planning and design of high density public housing estates in the city of Perth, capital of Western Australia. The New Living Program is the first urban renewal program of its kind to take place in Western Australia. Established by the state government‘s housing ministry, it involves a neighbourhood-wide approach to urban renewal and redevelopment. A combination of dwelling improvement, demolition, new building and sales to existing tenants has encouraged a mix of tenures and has helped to provide accommodation that is more appropriate to current needs and expectations. It also addresses many key community concerns through improving local amenities and helping build a sense of community identity and pride.     

Design and Management of Building＇s Resources

The developed modem control systems and buildings management resource systems would be effective if they are based on previously established optimal conditions during the building design. This is one of the key issues for a responsible architecture. The focus of this paper is on sustainable design methods and techniques for saving resources and their management throughout the building lifecycle. The main subject of the present article is the characteristics of these methods and their fundamental role in sustainable resource management during the building operation. The results which are based on conducted case studies of European and international practice in the construction of sustainable buildings are implemented here. Key features of a comprehensive approach for design and construction are outlined via comparative analysis, as well as various systems for the evaluation of sustainability for already constructed buildings. The mostly used criteria and indicators for sustainability are systematized, including those related to resource consumption. By analyzing a specific example, the role of sustainable design methods is justified as an important prerequisite for effective management of building resources in the process building maintenance. According to the conducted studies, during the longest life cycle period of a building, by implementation of control systems and resource management of building, the costs are successfully optimized. Specific directions that prove the effectiveness of such systems are systematized in the paper. Innovative approaches, complex methods and measures for design and management of buildings resources are presented as results of this study.