两段式低温真空烹饪对牛肉品质的影响

真空低温烹饪具有改善肉类品质、减少营养素损失和延长保质期等优势,然而该技术能否替代传统煎制牛排还未见报道.该文通过对牛排的烹饪损失、剪切力、色泽、挥发性风味物质以及电子鼻的风味分析,对比了传统煎制与两段式真空低温烹饪牛肉的品质.结果表明,经两段式真空低温烹饪的牛肉在烹饪损失、剪切力和红度等方面均优于传统煎制牛排,而传统...     

超高压结合低温处理对牛肉组织结构及理化特性的影响

以牛肉为研究对象,通过均匀试验设计研究高压(100～600MPa,5～30min)结合低温(20～60℃)处理对牛肉的组织结构和理化性质的影响。结果表明,牛肉的弹性在一定压力(100～600 MPa)和温度(20～54.3℃)范围内增大。当温度低于41.6℃时,pH值因压力(100～600 MPa)的上升而增加,但压力与温度结合处理对pH值的影响无叠加作用。随着压力、保压时间以及温度的上升,肌肉的L值和煮制率均有不同程度的增加。同时,压力可导致肌肉的硬度增大,保压时间(5～30min)和温度(20～60℃)的上升则可引起硬度下降。     

挤压对淀粉微观结构和理化性质影响的研究进展

挤压是一种常见的淀粉物理改性及食品加工方式,了解淀粉在挤压中及挤压后微观结构和理化性质的改变有利于淀粉类食品的创新生产和挤压机的有效应用。本文主要综述了挤压工艺对淀粉的直链淀粉含量、结晶特性、消化性、热特性、糊化特性、凝胶特性和流变特性的影响,以期为淀粉类食品加工的深入开发提供参考。     

豌豆蛋白对牛肉盐溶蛋白理化性质及二级结构的影响

以牛背最长肌为原料,研究豌豆蛋白对其盐溶蛋白十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)、溶解度、表面疏水性、巯基、二硫键含量、乳化性等理化性质及二级结构的影响,并探讨了豌豆蛋白与盐溶蛋白凝胶形成过程中化学作用力类型。结果表明,SDS-PAGE电泳中,豌豆蛋白中的vicilin(7S)、legA和legB分别与盐溶蛋白中的肌动蛋白、肌钙蛋白T和肌钙蛋白C结合。当豌豆蛋白添加质量浓度为0.08 g/mL时,盐溶蛋白的表面疏水性上升明显(P0.05);二硫键含量在豌豆蛋白添加浓度超过0.12 g/mL后,迅速上升(P0.05)。随豌豆蛋白添加浓度的增加,盐溶蛋白总巯基和表面活性巯基含量下降,浊度和乳化性上升;溶解度呈先升高后下降趋势,在添加浓度为0.04 g/mL时最大。豌豆蛋白添加质量浓度与α-螺旋、表面活性巯基含量等均呈显著负相关,与β-折叠、β-转角、无规则卷曲、二硫键含量、表面疏水性等呈显著正相关;疏水相互作用是豌豆蛋白-牛肉盐溶蛋白凝胶网络结构形成中最主要化学作用力。     

不同预处理对莲藕理化性质和微观结构的影响

目的 研究不同预处理对两种莲藕理化性质和微观结构影响的差异。方法 通过莲藕PME激活和灭活的条件, 结合钙离子作用, 确定了4种预处理方法, 考察不同预处理对两种莲藕相对硬度, 细胞壁各组分(WSF, NSF和CSF)含量以及微观结构的影响。结果 鄂莲1号(脆质藕)的相对硬度大于鄂莲8号(粉质藕); 相同预处理对两种莲藕的细胞壁各组分含量的影响不同; 40 ℃结合Ca2 浸泡预处理能使莲藕组织破碎程度降低, 保持细胞壁的完整性, 提高相对硬度。结论 细胞壁各组分的含量与组织完整性是决定莲藕硬度大小的关键因素, 不同预处理对两种莲藕理化性质和微观结构的影响也存在差异。     

油炸对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响

为选择鹅肉合适的油炸条件,采用常规物化特性测定方法,研究油炸对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响。结果表明,随油炸温度升高、时间延长,油炸损失率逐渐增加,135℃油炸5 min比120℃油炸2.5 min的损失率增加了12.87%(P0.05);p H值与剪切力的变化规律相似,呈现出了总体上升趋势,120℃与135℃油炸5 min时,剪切力值分别为40.432 N与55.783 N(P0.05);油炸后,鹅肉L*值降低,a*值与b*值逐渐增加,135℃油炸5 min的a*值与b*值分别比油炸2.5 min的增加了27.85%与32.95%;油炸后鹅肉硬度、咀嚼性总体变大,弹性、凝聚力、黏性及恢复性总体变小。120℃油炸3.5 min时,肌束膜内出现少许颗粒,125℃油炸3.5 min时,肌束膜变形严重,部分溶解,至135℃油炸5 min时,肌细胞结构已十分模糊。130℃油炸3 min是鹅肉较好的油炸条件,在此条件下,鹅肉损失率为38.24%、剪切力值为41.897 N、色泽金黄、质构特性良好。     

加热温度对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响

采用常规物化特性测定方法,考察了不同加热温度对鹅肉理化性质、质构与微观结构的影响。结果表明,随加热温度升高,鹅肉损失率呈上升趋势。损失率由55℃的8.14%上升为95℃的35.07%,增加了26.93%;鹅肉pH值55~60℃显著上升(P0.05),70~85℃显著下降(P0.05),90~95℃又显著上升(P0.05),最高为6.622;L*值总体均上升,a*值总体下降,b*值先上升后下降;随加热温度的升高,鹅肉剪切力先增大后减小,至85℃时,剪切力最大为43.255N,与其他温度的剪切力相比,差异显著(P0.05);硬度与咀嚼性变化规律相似,均为先上升后下降,85℃达到最大;55~60℃加热,鹅肉肌纤维发生收缩,65~75℃加热,肌内膜和肌束膜与肌纤维发生分离,随加热温度的继续升高,肌纤维结构受到越来越严重破坏,至95℃时,肌内膜几乎全部消失。90~95℃是鹅肉较为适合的加热条件。     

喷雾干燥温度对酪蛋白胶束粉理化性质及微观结构的影响

研究了喷雾干燥温度对酪蛋白胶束粉(MCP)理化性质和微观结构的影响。分别采用不同的进、出口温度130℃/65℃,160℃/78℃,180℃/90℃对酪蛋白截留液进行喷雾干燥处理。结果表明:喷雾干燥温度为130℃/65℃时,得到的MCP分子表面平整,微观结构变化不明显,粉末流动性好。当温度从130℃/65℃上升至180℃/90℃时,MCP表面变得粗糙,粒径D50从14.13μm降到10.47μm,溶解度从84.14%降到60.44%,水分含量从4.07%降到3.20%,粉末的流动性指数从4.16减到1.27。综合来看,130℃/65℃是合适的喷雾干燥温度。     

液氮速冻温度对黄羽肉鸡微观结构和理化性质的影响

以黄羽肉鸡为研究对象,探究不同液氮速冻温度(-70、-90、-110℃)对冷冻贮藏90 d后肉鸡鸡胸肉的微观结构、持水性、丙二醛含量、肌原纤维蛋白理化性质的影响,并以采用常规速冻(-35℃)处理的肉鸡样品作为对照组.结果表明:液氮速冻最优处理温度为-90℃;经过-90℃液氮速冻处理后,肉鸡样品微观组织结构中肌束间隙更小...     

真空干燥对鲟鱼肉理化品质及微观结构的影响

为探究干燥条件对预腌制鲟鱼肉理化品质及微观结构的影响,该文以常压热风干燥为对照,研究经不同温度(50、60、70℃)和不同时间(3、5、7、9、11、13 h)真空干燥后的预腌制俄罗斯鲟鱼肉的色泽、水分含量、脂质氧化、蛋白含量及微观结构的变化。结果表明,随着干燥时间的延长,鲟鱼肉的脂质氧化程度增加,且真空干燥可以有效延缓脂质氧化。经真空60℃干燥7 h后,鲟鱼肉的水分含量有效减少,同时微观结构破坏较小,色泽变化被延缓,具有较高的感官评分。十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDSPAGE)显示,真空干燥过程中29.0 kDa的条带比较稳定且明显。     

低温热处理对牦牛肉理化性质及感官特性的影响

该文探究低温条件下不同温度(55、65、75、85℃)和时间(20、30、40 min)的热处理对牦牛肉理化性质和感官特性的影响.结果表明,随加热温度升高和加热时间延长,蒸煮损失增大(P<0.05),水分含量减小(P<0.05),pH值增大(P>0.05),扫描电子显微镜观察发现肌纤维显著收缩.质构分析可知,牦牛肉的硬...     

Effects of cooking temperatures on the physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of chicken stock

As a base for sauces, soups, and cooking liquids for meats, grains, and vegetables, stocks can be integral to the overall quality of restaurant menu items, however, science-based studies on the effects of cooking methods on the physiochemical and sensory properties of stock are lacking. The effects of starting (22 °C, 85 °C, and 99 °C) and cooking temperatures (85 °C and 99 °C) of chicken stock on clarity, color, viscosity, protein content, amino acid content, mineral content, and overall liking were measured. Protein content and viscosity were significantly higher for stocks cooked at 99 °C, but no effect on amino acid content, color, or clarity was observed. Calcium concentration in stocks cooked at 99 °C was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower (9.3 and 10.1 mg/mL, for stocks started at temperatures of 22 and 99 °C, respectively) than stock cooked at 85 °C (16.6 and 17.5 mg/mL for stocks started at temperatures of 22 and 85 °C, respectively). Stocks prepared at 99 °C scored higher on overall liking compared to commercial samples and those cooked at 85 °C (P= 0.0101). These data can be used by culinary scientists and professionals to develop more efficient techniques in the kitchen, and by product developers to optimize the overall quality and acceptance of stock. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This work documents the effects of preparation method on the physical and chemical properties, and consumer acceptance of chicken stock. This information can be used by product developers, culinary scientists, and professional chefs to optimize stock-based products. Culinary educators can use this information to provide students with objective evidence-based rationale for the techniques underlying a celebrated culinary tradition. This is also an example of how research can facilitate collaboration between culinary and food science professionals.     

3种传统中式高温烹饪工艺对牛肉食用品质的影响

为研究烤、炸、煎3种传统中式烹饪工艺对牛肉食用品质的影响,采用分光测色仪、质构仪测定牛肉制品的色泽、剪切力和硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性、回复性等指标,从而综合评定其食用品质。结果表明:3种烹饪工艺对牛肉的食用品质影响显著(P0.05)。对于烤制工艺,牛肉的L*与c*值随烹饪时间的延长显著减小(P0.05);160℃与180℃比200℃处理组的牛肉h°值大(P0.05);160℃与200℃烤制的牛肉b*值小于180℃处理的b*值(P0.05)。对于剪切力,160℃与180℃处理组显著小于200℃处理组(P0.05)。烹饪温度对牛肉的硬度、咀嚼性、回复性有显著影响(P0.05);160℃与180℃处理组的牛肉弹性、内聚性显著小于200℃的处理结果(P0.05)。对于炸制工艺,牛肉L*、b*值随烹饪时间的延长逐渐减小,c*与h°值逐渐增大;3min处理组的牛肉L*与c*值显著不同4 min与5 min的处理结果;3 min与4 min处理组的牛肉b*、h°值显著不同于5 min的处理结果(P0.05)。对于剪切力,3 min处理组显著小于5 min处理组(P0.05)。4 min与5min处理组比3 min处理组的牛肉硬度、咀嚼性大(P0.05);4 min处理组的牛肉弹性、内聚性、回复性显著小于3 min与5 min的处理结果。对于煎制工艺,牛肉a*值随烹饪时间的延长逐渐增大,其他肉色指标逐渐减小;2min与4 min处理组间的牛肉L*、a*、c*值差异性显著(P0.05);2 min与3 min处理组比4 min处理组的牛肉h°值大(P0.05)。对于剪切力,2 min与3 min处理组显著小于4 min处理组(P0.05)。2 min与3 min处理组比4 min处理组的牛肉咀嚼性小(P0.05);2 min煎制的牛肉弹性显著小于3 min与4 min的处理结果(P0.05)。综合分析发现,牛肉在160℃下烤制40 min以及在226~228℃下炸制3 min、煎制2~3 min均具有较高的食用品质。     

解冻方式对猪肉品质、理化性质与微观结构的影响

目的：探究冷冻猪肉最佳解冻方式。方法：考察了低频电场解冻、空气解冻、静水解冻3种解冻方式对解冻后猪肉的汁液损失率、水分含量、持水力、pH值、色差、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、质构特性、脂肪氧化和蛋白质氧化程度的影响。结果：低频电场解冻后汁液损失率（1.09%）、剪切力（2 600.15 N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）增加量（62.50%）较低,色泽好,pH值接近鲜肉,蛋白质氧化程度较小,滋味物质丰富,对肉的微观结构破坏小,肌肉组织和肌纤维结构保持较好;静水解冻后菌落总数较少、对蛋白质氧化巯基值的影响较小。结论：低频电场解冻下猪肉的品质、理化性质与微观结构要优于其他两种解冻方式。     

Ohmic cooking of ground beef: Effects on quality

Conventional cooking tends to be slow and the surface of the food always receives a much more severe heating treatment than the rest of the food. Ohmic heating has the potential to be much faster and produces even more cooking. In this work cylindrical ground beef samples having different initial fat contents (2%, 9% and 15%) were cooked ohmically (20, 30 and 40 V/cm) and conventionally. Ohmic cooking was faster than the conventional cooking (p < 0.05). Ohmically cooked samples were firmer than those conventionally cooked but yield and fat retention was similar. However, the reduction in volume during cooking was significantly smaller from 5.36% to 6.97% in ohmic cooking than the conventional system which was measured from 26.01 to 31.59. The voltage gradient applied during ohmic cooking was not related to the quality of the cooked meat. These results show that ohmic cooking could be a fast-alternative method for meat products.     

Sous vide pretreatment in cooking sturgeon fish burger: Effects on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics

The effect of sous vide (SV) pretreatment on the physicochemical (texture, water holding capacity (WHC) and protein modifications) and sensory (appearance, odour, flavour and overall acceptability) properties of sturgeon fish burgers cooked by four common methods (steaming, baking, microwaving and frying) were investigated. The texture analysis results showed that SV combined with transglutaminase could make the structure of cooked fish burgers denser and increase the springiness (ranging from 3.60 to 4.97 mm) and chewiness (ranging from 4.50 to 9.57 N), especially in microwave-cooked samples. In terms of sensory quality, on the one hand, SV could effectively inhibit off-flavours from oxidation and prevents evaporative losses of flavour volatiles (nitrogen oxides, organic sulphur and aromatic compounds) during cooking. On the other hand, the overall acceptability of microwave-cooked sample pretreated with SV was higher than that of other cooking methods, especially compared with steaming (P < 0.05). The above results indicate that it is feasible to obtain common cooked fish burgers with improved physicochemical and good sensory properties using SV pretreatment.     

Influence of cooking method,fat content and food additives on physicochemical and nutritional properties of beef meatballs fortified with sugarcane fibre

This study explored effects of different cooking methods, pork fat addition and food additives on physicochemical and nutritional attributes of beef meatballs fortified, or not, with 3% sugarcane fibre. TPA hardness of meatballs with fibre, cooked in boiling water, was lower compared to oven-baked and pan-fried (47.11, 56.24 and 59.22 N, respectively). Hardness also decreased with increasing fat content (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% fat; 62.07, 56.96, 54.02 and 45.51 N, respectively). Tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate provided similar results for all parameters except ash content where cooked meatballs with the latter were higher (1.98% and 2.22%, respectively). Cooking loss of 20% fat meatballs with fibre was lower (17.14%) compared to without fibre (20.28%). Loss of nutrients after cooking was lower for oven-baked compared to boiling. Using different ingredients to manipulate quality traits of meatballs is an alternative to manufacture suitable products for different market requirements, for example for elderly consumers.