胭脂虫红W/O/W乳液工艺

采用双乳化法制备胭脂虫红W/O/W复合乳液,以纯胭脂虫红酸水溶液作为内水相,大豆油为油相,司盘80、磷脂为亲油性乳化剂,将内水相、油相、亲油性乳化剂混合,在高剪切分散乳化机上以10 000 r/min的转速搅拌10 min,得到初乳。阿拉伯胶溶于水作为外水相,与初乳混合后用均质机均质后得到胭脂虫红W/O/W复合乳液。结果表明,采用双乳化法制备胭脂虫红W/O/W复合乳液,不仅能提高胭脂虫红在酸性条件下的稳定性,还能解决胭脂虫红在食品中形成色斑、不易涂抹问题,并能扩大胭脂虫红在食品领域的使用范围。     

第二步乳化工艺参数对W／O／W型复乳稳定性和胰岛素包埋率的影响

研究了用两步乳化法制备W/O/W型复乳时,第二步乳化的乳化工艺参数对复乳的稳定性和药物包埋率的影响规律.以胰岛素为模型药物,用两步乳化法制备W/O/W型复乳,用离心后的乳层保留率评价复乳的稳定性,用高效液相法测定胰岛素在复乳中的包埋率,用激光光散射法测定复乳的粒度分布.实验结果表明,随着第二步乳化过程中乳化强度的提高,复乳滴的粒径减小,复乳的离心稳定性提高而胰岛素包埋率降低.胰岛素包埋率与复乳的粒度分布的关系分为两个区域:当乳化强度较小时,复乳滴的粒径较大,比表面积较小,胰岛素包埋率与体积平均粒径成正比;当乳化强度增大时,复乳滴粒径减小,比表面积增大,胰岛素包埋率与比表面积成反比.在本研究中使胰岛素包埋率最高的第二步乳化过程工艺参数为:VirTishear高速分散均质机分散速度2 000 r/min,分散时间3 min,此工艺下胰岛素的包埋率达到55%.     

以南极磷虾油为天然乳化剂制备O/W型乳液的工艺优化

南极磷虾油(AKO)在HLB值为6～16时具有较好的乳化能力,且在HLB值为8～11时表现最佳,倾向于形成水包油(O/W)型乳液。以南极磷虾油为乳化剂,鱼油为油相,制备O/W型乳液。研究了剪切速率、油相含量、AKO含量对乳液体系的影响,并利用单因素实验优化制备条件。结果表明:在南极磷虾油含量为3%,剪切速率为12 000 r/min,乳化时间为5 min,鱼油含量为60%条件下制备的乳液综合表现最好。     

基于熊果酸的W/O/W型Pickering乳液制备方法

目的:提高熊果酸的应用范围和生物利用率。方法:以熊果酸为乳化剂,果胶为外水相,采用两步法制备W/O/W型Pickering乳液。通过单因素试验优化W/O乳液制备条件,研究果胶质量浓度对W/O/W型Pickering乳液理化性质、微观结构、流变学特性及长期稳定性的影响。结果:W/O乳液的最佳制备工艺为熊果酸质量浓度4 g/100 mL、水油质量比2∶3、均质转速9 000 r/min、均质时间5 min;以果胶为外水相制备的双层乳液粒径均在30～40μm,果胶质量浓度的增加使乳液的zeta电位绝对值、流变性能以及4℃贮藏稳定性有着显著性的提高。结论:果胶质量浓度为0.3,0.4,0.5 g/100 mL时能够制备稳定的Pickering双层乳液。     

一种水包油包胶型乳液的制备及其在乳化肠中的应用

以结冷胶和无水氯化钙为内水相凝固剂,酪蛋白酸钠为外水相乳化剂,制备一种水包油包胶（S/O/W）型 乳液。以多重乳液粒径和分布为指标,研究酪蛋白酸钠添加量对S/O/W型多重乳液加工适应性的影响。结果表明： 正交试验得到S/O型单重乳液最佳制备条件为：内水相中结冷胶添加量0.2%、无水氯化钙添加量0.5%;内水相乳化 剂聚甘油蓖麻醇酯添加量2.5%;油相为精炼猪油,油水体积比3∶2;剪切速率17 500 r/min,剪切时间1.5 min。将制 得的S/O型单重乳液与不同添加量酪蛋白酸钠混合制得S/O/W型多重乳液。当酪蛋白酸钠添加量0.1%时,S/O/W型 多重乳液粒径符合加工要求,且贮藏、热处理、剪切稳定性较好。以多重乳液替代猪脂肪制备的低脂乳化肠与高脂 （精炼猪油含量20%）乳化肠外观不存在明显差异;微观结构观察结果表明,多重乳液在乳化肠中包裹良好、分布 均匀。     

O/W型焙烤专用脱模剂的特性研究

O/W型焙烤专用脱模剂作为一种乳化油脂有着特殊的性质.研究了各实验因素对O/W型焙烤专用脱模剂的粘连率、液滴直径和黏度的影响,分析O/W型焙烤专用脱模剂的脱模性和稳定性.结果表明,在Tween80-单甘酯比例1∶4,Tween80-单甘酯添加量3％,乳化时间1min,油水比例4∶6,乳化温度70℃,搅拌速率10 000 r/min,酯化磷脂添加量3％,黄原胶添加量0.30％的条件下,O/W型焙烤专用脱模剂的液滴直径最小,为1.39 μm,黏度为5 090 mPa·s,焙烤蛋糕和面包粘连率均为O,粒度分布较均匀,体系较稳定.     

各相体积比对W/O/W复合乳状液性质的影响

目的：研究用两步乳化法制备W／O／W型复合乳状液时，第一相体积比（内水相与油相的体积比）、第二相体积比（初乳与外水相的体积比）对W／O／W型复合乳状液性质的影响；方法：采用两步乳化法制备W／O／W型复合乳状液，固定制备工艺条件，改变第一相体积比和第二相体积比的数值制备初乳和复乳，用离心分层稳定性评价复乳的稳定性，初乳的离心稳定性、黏度和复乳的粒度分布被测定；结果：随着第一相体积分数增大，初乳黏度增大，初乳和复乳的离心稳定性都提高，但是内水相的体积分数达到65％时，初乳表现出凝胶的外观，所制备的复乳的稳定性反而降低，当内水相的体积分数增加到70％的时候，初乳转相形成O／W型乳状液，不能进一步制备复乳；随着第二相体积分数的增大，复乳黏度线性增大，复乳滴的体积平均粒径减小，复乳的离心稳定性提高。初乳中内水相与油相的适宜的体积比及复乳中初乳和外水相的适宜体积比皆为1：1左右。     

亲脂性乳化剂的性质和用量对W/O/W型复合乳状液稳定性的影响

研究了亲脂性表面活性剂的性质和用量对W/O/W型复合乳状液稳定性的影响,采用两种类型的亲脂性表面活性剂：新型的聚合型高分子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯（30）二聚羟基硬脂酸脂（Arlacel P135）和传统的小分子表面活性剂Span80和Tween80的混合物（质量比9∶1,HLB=5.4）制备复乳。采用离心保留率、光学显微镜和黏度等方法评价初乳和复乳的稳定性。结果表明,与小分子表面活性剂Span80和Tween80的混合物相比,大分子聚合表面活性剂Arlacel P135可以显著地提高复合乳状液的稳定性,在优化的条件下复乳的稳定性可以达到2000r/min离心15min不分层。     

壳聚糖包裹柑橘精油微胶囊的制备工艺

以壳聚糖为壁材,研究壳聚糖包裹柑橘精油微胶囊的制备工艺。以乳化液稳定性为指标,选取乳化剂为单甘酯和Tween-60按质量比1∶1复合添加,优化得到壳聚糖包裹柑橘精油微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件为乳化剂用量1.6%、壁芯质量比4∶1、搅拌速度500 r/min、包埋温度50℃。上述工艺条件下柑橘精油微胶囊的包埋率为92.0%。     

蛋白种类对大豆皂苷-蛋白W/O/W型乳液稳定性的影响

将大豆皂苷添加至内水相（W1）,大豆蛋白添加至外水相（W2）,以玉米油为油相（O）,两步乳化法制备W/O/W型多重乳液。探究乳液的整体稳定性、粒径特性、电位特性、微观结构、流变学特性、界面张力以及长期稳定性的变化情况。结果表明：随着时间的延长,乳液的稳定性动力指数值呈上升趋势,粒径集中在6 μm附近,大豆分离蛋白乳液的电位绝对值最大（－30.2 mV）,该体系表现出假塑性的剪切稀化行为,大豆分离蛋白乳液的黏度值最大（0.029 Pa?s）;15 d后,所有蛋白乳液都出现了一定的分层现象,大豆分离蛋白乳液的稳定性动力指数最小（21.51）。在1%蛋白质量分数下,大豆分离蛋白制备的W/O/W型乳液稳定性优于大豆11S和7S蛋白。     

米糠蛋白O/W及W/O/W乳液制备及界面稳定性

为对比不同米糠蛋白质量浓度下O/W及W/O/W乳液的稳定性,以米糠蛋白作为基料,采用双乳化法制备O/W及W/O/W乳液,考察不同米糠蛋白质量浓度下乳液的微观形态和稳定性并探究其界面稳定机理。结果表明：W/O/W乳液的贮存稳定性显著优于O/W乳液;与相同蛋白含量的O/W乳液相比,W/O/W乳液的黏度显著提高;当米糠蛋白质量浓度为0.4 g/100 mL时,W/O/W乳液的稳定性较O/W乳液提高了1 倍以上;乳液内部包裹更多的W/O液滴,W/O/W乳液的粒径较大;而此时静电斥力也较大,起到稳定乳液的目的。同时,米糠蛋白质量浓度不小于0.4 g/100 mL时,O/W及W/O/W乳液中蛋白质的吸附率较高,达到78%以上。本研究为天然米糠蛋白质在食品级乳液中的开发提供参考,为粮食副产物的综合利用提供了新思路。     

Construction of a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion system based on oyster peptides and characterisation of freeze-dried products

In order to broaden the range of applications for oyster peptides in the food field, the amino acid composition of oyster peptide was analysed, after which the peptide sequence was identified using liquid-mass spectrometry technology. A W₁/O/W₂ double emulsion was prepared by the two-step shear emulsification method. The W₁/O/W₂ double emulsion was further freeze-dried after addition of alginate to obtain the final product, and the characteristics of the related product were analysed. The results show that oyster peptides are mainly composed of short peptides with molecular weights between 459.3 Da and 2716.3 Da. Polyglycerol polyrinoleate (PGPR) was selected as the emulsifier and added at 5% of the mass of the oil phase. The mass ratio of the oil phase to the water phase was O:W = 6:4, and optimal stability of the W₁/O emulsion was obtained by shearing and emulsifying for 2 min at 12 000 rpm. A superior W₁/O/W₂ double emulsion can be obtained by secondary emulsification in which the hydrophilic emulsifier Tween 80 was added at 0.8% (w/w) of the mass of the external water phase (W₂). The mass ratio of the emulsion to the external water phase was 5:5. The lyophilised product has good re-solubility, with the reconstituted emulsion maintaining the double-emulsion structure. Electronic nose results showed that the peculiar smell of the reconstituted emulsion was significantly lower than that of the oyster peptide solution. The results of this research provide a reference for the development and application of oyster peptides in the field of functional health foods.     

The characterization of the semi-solid W/O/W emulsions with low concentrations of the primary polymeric emulsifier

Semi-solid multiple W/O/W emulsions with low concentrations (0.8, 1.6 and 2.4% w/w) of lipophilic polymeric primary emulsifier PEG-30-dipolyhydroxystearate (PDHS) have been formulated. Both emulsions, primary and multiple, were prepared with high content of inner phase (Phi1 = Phi2 = 0.8). All the formulations differ only in the lipophilic emulsifier concentration. Evaluating several parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic aspect, droplet size, accelerated stability under centrifugation and flow and oscillatory rheological behaviour, assessed the multiple systems. It is possible to formulate the semi-solid W/O/W multiple emulsions with low concentrations of PDHS as the primary emulsifier. It appeared that the highest long-term stable multiple emulsion with the lowest droplet size, the highest apparent viscosity and highest elastic characteristic, was the sample with the highest concentration (2.4% w/w) of the primary emulsifier.     

Preparation and Characterization of Water/Oil/Water Emulsions Stabilized by Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate and Whey Protein Isolate

ABSTRACT: In this study we tried to prepare stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as a hydrophobic emulsifier and whey protein isolate (WPI) as a hydrophilic emulsifier. At first, water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions was prepared, and then 40 wt% of this W/O emulsion was homogenized with 60 wt% aqueous solution of different WPI contents (2, 4, and 6 wt% WPI) using a high-pressure homogenizer (14 and 22 MPa) to produce W/O/W emulsions. The mean size of final W/O/W droplets ranged from 3.3 to 9.9 μm in diameter depending on the concentrations of PGPR and WPI. It was shown that most of the W/O/W droplets were small (<5 μm) in size but a small population of large oil droplets (d > 20 μm) was also occasionally observed. W/O/W emulsions prepared at the homogenization pressure of 22 MPa had a larger mean droplet size than that prepared at 14 MPa, and showed a microstructure consisting of mainly approximately 6 to 7-μm droplets. When a water-soluble dye PTSA as a model ingredient was loaded in the inner water phase, all W/O/W emulsions showed a high encapsulation efficiency of the dye (>90%) in the inner water phase. Even after 2 wk of storage, >90% of the encapsulated dye still remained in the inner water phase; however, severe droplet aggregation was observed at relatively high PGPR and WPI concentrations.     

Water/Oil Emulsions Prepared by the Membrane Emulsification Method and Their Stability

We developed and tested a simple method to measure dispersed droplet size of W/O emulsions. Then, using a microporous glass membrane treated with oil phase, we produced a W/O emulsion with high water content (40% w/w) at a high emulsification rate by the membrane emulsification method, and assessed its stability. In comparison with emulsions by the stirring methods, variations in dispersed droplet size and viscosity of emulsions by membrane method were small and the emulsions were more stable. Droplet size was not related to the stability of the W/O emulsion prepared by membrane emulsification.     

石蜡乳液的制备及其在表面施胶中的应用

采用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚和十八烷基三甲基氯化铵为乳化剂,羧甲基纤维素为增黏剂,制备出一种性能良好的、应用于造纸工业表面施胶剂中的石蜡乳液;讨论了乳化剂用量、搅拌速率和乳化温度等因素对石蜡乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明：当脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚与十八烷基三甲基氯化铵质量比为1：4．5,搅拌速率为800-500r／min,乳化温度为85℃时,可制得稳定的石蜡乳液。     

艾蒿油乳液稳定性的油相离心系数法表征

以N-十二烷基亚氨基二丙酸二钠(NCNA)和失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)为乳化剂,采用界面复合物生成法制备艾蒿油乳液,通过油相离心系数对艾蒿油乳液的稳定性进行表征.讨论了搅拌速度、乳化温度、乳化时间、乳化剂质量分数、乳化剂配比等因素对乳液稳定性的影响.结果表明:搅拌速度为3 000 r/min、温度为60℃、乳化时间为15 min、乳化剂质量分数为5%、m(Span80)/m(NCNA)=8/2时油相离心系数为0,乳液最稳定.通过多媒体显微镜和透射电镜观察了乳液液滴的分布及大小形态,在最佳条件下制备的乳液液滴粒径集中分布在20～50 nm.     

壳聚糖W/O型乳状液的超声辅助制备及其稳定性

以非牛顿假塑性大分子壳聚糖溶液为水相,棕榈油为油相,Span-80为乳化剂,采用单因素试验及响应面试验优化超声协助制备W/O型乳液工艺,并考察优化条件下制备的乳液稳定性.结果表明:内水相含量是影响乳液粒度大小的关键因素,且超声功率对乳液的粒度及其分布存在过处理现象.优化工艺为超声功率300 W、超声时间15 min、内...     

Production of reduced-fat whipped toppings by solid fat-based W/O/W double emulsions: proof of concept

Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions present a reduced-fat alternative to conventional O/W food emulsions, as part of the dispersed oil phase is replaced with water. In this study, the concept of a reduced-fat whipped topping produced by W/O/W technology was proven. Whipping of a W/O/W emulsion, containing only 20% oil phase and a solid fat content of 78%, produced a superior whipped topping, in terms of firmness and overrun, compared to its whipped O/W emulsion counterparts. The presence of PGPR in the oil phase increased structure formation during whipping, while the additional dispersed-phase volume resulted in a better air inclusion. Two commercial monoacylglycerols (saturated and unsaturated) were investigated to improve the whipping properties of the produced W/O/W double emulsion. Both increased the susceptibility towards partial coalescence, thereby reducing whipping time and overrun, while increasing firmness of the produced whipped topping. Furthermore, the effect was stronger for the unsaturated than for the saturated monoacylglycerol.