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氯丙醇酯类污染物主要形成于植物油精炼过程的脱臭工序,在食品加工过程中其含量也可能会变化。不同种类的油脂中污染物含量水平不同,不同工艺生产的同种油脂中污染水平也有较大差异,通过改善生产工艺可在较大程度上减少该污染物的含量。精炼植物油是婴配食品中脂肪的重要来源,在迚行产品配方设计时,不仅应考虑使其脂肪及脂肪酸在含量与结构上与母乳匹配,还应考虑可能引入的氯丙醇酯类污染物含量水平,尽可能从源头上减少此类污染物的带入。本文通过介绍氯丙醇酯的形成机制、婴配食品中脂肪来源及生产工艺及氯丙醇酯类污染物的主要类型,以确定该污染物的来源,幵提出可采取的延缓措施,从而帮助生产企业从理论和实践水平上控制此类污染物的暴露水平。 相似文献
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氯丙醇酯作为食品中的一类新型污染物,得到世界各国和地区的广泛关注和研究。氯丙醇酯类物质种类繁多,其反应机制、毒理学和代谢转化研究尚不成系统,目前研究表明氯丙醇酯类物质具有一定的肾脏、生殖毒性及潜在的致癌性。国内外对氯丙醇酯的检测方法、污染水平和暴露评估等研究主要集中在3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯,且主要集中在婴儿配方奶粉、油炸和烘焙食品等脂肪含量较高的食品上。通过研究发现,普通消费者从日常饮食中摄入氯丙醇酯类物质一般是无风险的,但对于一些年轻群体和仅食用配方奶粉的婴幼儿来说风险较高。国内外已相继开展了对氯丙醇酯的研究和监控,以减少食品中氯丙醇酯类物质污染水平。目前只有欧盟制定了3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯在部分食用油和婴幼儿配方食品中的限量要求,仅国际食品法典委员会制定了植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的控制规范,来降低氯丙醇酯的风险。鉴于此,本文主要对氯丙醇酯形成机制、代谢、毒性、国内外食品中氯丙醇酯的污染水平、风险评估研究进展及其管理控制措施等方面进行了简要概述,以期为食品安全监管提供参考。 相似文献
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氯丙醇酯——油脂食品中新的潜在危害因子 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
氯丙醇酯是油脂食品中新近发现的一个潜在危害因子,日本Econa烹调油因高含量3-氯丙醇酯而被迫停止销售的事实表明氯丙醇酯问题已开始对油脂行业产生实质性影响,本文总结了当前国际学术界和业界对氯丙醇酯类物质的研究现状,对氯丙醇酯进行了较为明确的定义和初步的分类,分析了氯丙醇酯可能产生的潜在毒性,介绍了油脂食品中氯丙醇酯的来源、形成途径和控制措施。最后建议我国相关部门应积极介入,主动应对挑战,开展对氯丙醇酯安全问题的研究,以指导油脂食品的生产和消费,推动我国油脂食品行业的健康发展。 相似文献
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脂肪酸氯丙醇酯是食用植物油加工过程中形成的一类污染物,进入人体胃肠道后在脂酶作用下可水解释放出具有潜在致癌性的氯丙醇类物质,食用油中氯丙醇酯污染已成为新出现的热点食品安全问题之一。建立准确、可靠、高灵敏的检测食用油中氯丙醇酯含量的方法具有重要的现实意义。目前氯丙醇酯的检测方法有直接法和间接法两种,直接法不破坏氯丙醇酯结构直接检测,间接法将氯丙醇酯转化为游离氯丙醇,以测得的氯丙醇含量反推计算出样品中氯丙醇酯的含量。本文综述了近年来国内外氯丙醇酯检测技术的研究概况,对各种检测方法的基本原理、操作步骤、仪器条件及各自的优缺点进行了比较分析,最后展望了氯丙醇酯检测方法的发展趋势和检测结果的应用。 相似文献
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氯丙醇酯是氯丙醇的脂肪酸酯,包括氯丙醇单酯和氯丙醇双酯。氯丙醇酯主要存在于酸水解植物蛋白液(HVP)、婴幼儿奶粉、精炼食用油、咖啡、薯条等食品中,特别是在精炼食用油中含量较高。作为氯丙醇的一类前体物,氯丙醇单酯和氯丙醇双酯除了本身具有一定的毒性外,还都可以再水解或酶解而进一步生成有毒物质——氯丙醇。氯丙醇对肝、肾、神经、血液系统、生殖系统等均有毒性作用,而且还可以致癌。为了降低氯丙醇酯对人体的危害,人们开始对氯丙醇酯的各个方面进行研究,包括其结构、存在、毒性、分析检测、形成机制与控制措施等方面的研究。本文主要综述了氯丙醇酯以上各方面的研究进展,尤其是对3-氯丙二醇酯的毒性、分析检测、形成机制和控制措施做了详细的论述。 相似文献
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3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters, 3-MCPD酯)是一种在食品加工过程中产生的化学污染物,其在精炼植物油、脂肪、酱油甚至婴儿配方奶粉中含量均相对较高。3-MCPD酯已被证明可在体内诱导产生肾脏毒性、生殖毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性和致突变性作用,对人类健康存在潜在风险,引起了国内外的广泛关注和高度重视。国际和我国已设立了对3-MCPD酯的检测标准,但是检测方法烦琐、耗时,安全隐患较大,对实验室仪器要求高,因此,建立简单、快速、适用性强的3-MCPD酯检测方法对食品中3-MCPD酯的污染水平监测、暴露评估和风险防范等具有重大的意义。本文综合介绍了国内外最新的3-MCPD酯监测方法,并对相关的检测方法及其适用范围进行了简单概括,根据3-MCPD酯的影响因素综合描述了对各种食物中3-MCPD酯控制措施,并展望了3-MCPD酯未来发展方向。 相似文献
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Yajing Xie H. J. van der Fels-Klerx Stefan P. J. van Leeuwen Vincenzo Fogliano 《Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety》2021,20(6):5489-5515
Infant formula contains thermal processing contaminants, such as dietary advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs), glycidyl esters (GEs), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (MCPDEs). This systematic review aimed to gain insights into the occurrence of these contaminants in different types of infant formula, to understand potential effects of the formulation and processing of infant formulas on these contaminants, as well as into possible mitigation strategies. The occurrence of dAGEs in infant formula depends on the recipes and processing conditions. Hydrolyzed protein formulations promote dAGEs formation in infant formula since peptides are more prone to glycation than intact proteins, which is reflected in high dAGEs concentration in hypoallergenic infant formula. Different carbohydrates in recipes result into different glycation extents of infant formula: maltodextrin containing formulas contained less dAGEs than those with lactose. Concerning mitigation strategies, applying ultra-high-temperature (UHT) treatment during milk processing leads to less dAGEs formation than using in-bottle sterilization. Although data are limited, evidence showed that encapsulation of raw ingredients or the use of antioxidants or enzymes in recipes is promising. The occurrence of MCPDEs and GEs in infant formula fully depends on the vegetable oils used in the recipe. High levels of these contaminants can be found when relatively high amounts of palm oils or fats are used. The mitigation of MCPDEs and GEs should therefore be performed on fats and oils before their application to infant formula recipes. Data and knowledge gaps identified in this review can be useful to guide future studies. 相似文献
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建立油脂和奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯、2-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的气相色谱-质谱检测方法,测定植物油脂及婴幼儿配方奶粉中的酯类污染物含量,并开展3 种有害酯类在不同种类油脂中的污染差异分析,以及与奶粉脂肪含量的相关性研究。婴幼儿配方奶粉常用植物油配料种类中,棕榈油是污染水平最高的油脂品种;其次是菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油和食用植物调和油;葵花籽油、椰子油、核桃油、亚麻籽油污染水平较低;1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(1,3-dioleic acid-2-triglyceride palmitate,OPO)结构油脂、食用植物调合油(含OPO)污染水平最低。95 份婴幼儿配方奶粉中88.4%检出3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPDE),含量范围为ND~0.231 mg/kg,平均值0.070 4 mg/kg,中位值0.064 5 mg/kg;42.1%检出2-MCPDE,含量在ND~0.034 mg/kg之间;缩水甘油酯的检出率为2.1%,含量为ND~0.019 mg/kg。10.5%的奶粉样本中3-MCPDE含量超过欧盟0.125 mg/kg的限量值。奶粉中3 种酯类污染物总量与奶粉脂肪含量之间存在显著正相关,Pearson相关系数为0.453。为保护婴幼儿的安全,生产厂家应谨慎选择原料油脂,在确保营养健康的基础上尽可能降低婴幼儿配方奶粉中有害酯类的污染。 相似文献
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Jessica K. Beekman Kaitlin Grassi Shaun MacMahon 《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2020,37(3):374-390
ABSTRACTFatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic processing contaminants that are formed during the process of edible oil refining. Because of their toxicological properties, the presence of these compounds in refined oils and foods containing these oils, particularly infant formula, poses a potential food safety concern. For this reason, recent research efforts have focussed on the development of methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula in order to estimate levels of exposure. This work presents occurrence data for 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 222 infant formulas purchased in the United States between December 2017 and January 2019. The results of this study show a wide range of contaminant concentrations across four different manufacturers, with average bound 3-MCPD concentrations ranging from 0.035 µg g?1 to 0.63 µg g?1 and average bound glycidol concentrations ranging from 0.019 µg g?1 to 0.22 µg g?1. The data suggest that manufacturers B and C source palm oil produced with mitigation measures, leading to reduced amounts of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in their infant formulas. Additionally, comparison with a previously published study in our laboratory of the occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula purchased in the U.S. between 2013 and 2016 revealed that, since 2016, contaminant concentrations have decreased in products produced by manufacturers A, B, and C, while contaminant amounts in formulas from manufacturer D have slightly increased. 相似文献
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Bakhiya N Abraham K Gürtler R Appel KE Lampen A 《Molecular nutrition & food research》2011,55(4):509-521
Fatty acid esters of 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) and glycidol are a newly identified class of food process contaminants. They are widespread in refined vegetable oils and fats and have been detected in vegetable fat‐containing products, including infant formulas. There are no toxicological data available yet on the 3‐MCPD and glycidol esters, and the primary toxicological concern is based on the potential release of 3‐MCPD or glycidol from the parent esters by lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. Although 3‐MCPD is assessed as a nongenotoxic carcinogen with a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 μg/kg body weight (bw), glycidol is a known genotoxic carcinogen, which induces tumors in numerous organs of rodents. The initial exposure estimates, conducted by Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) under the assumption that 100% of the 3‐MPCD and glycidol are released from their esters, revealed especially that infants being fed commercial infant formula could ingest harmful amounts of 3‐MCPD and glycidol. However, the real oral bioavailability may be lower. As this gives rise for toxicological concern, the currently available toxicological data of 3‐MCPD and glycidol and their esters are summarized in this review and discussed with regard to data gaps and further research needs. 相似文献