亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的应用研究

亚硝酸盐是一种常见的食品添加剂,因其具有良好的发色、抗氧化、抑菌等作用而被广泛应用于肉制品加工中。但如果食品中亚硝酸盐含量过多,会对人体造成一定的危害。通过综合分析亚硝酸盐的特性及其在肉制品加工中的作用、存在的安全性问题,探寻更好地减少或替代亚硝酸盐使用的方法,以期为安全肉制品的生产提供理论依据。     

肉制品加工及贮存过程中亚硝酸盐含量的变化与安全性分析

亚硝酸盐在肉制品的生产中有着一定的加入量和残留量,为深入研究不同肉制品在加工工艺和贮藏期间亚硝酸盐的变化情况,以庄园火腿、澳洲烤肉和丁香鸡3 种肉制品为研究对象,对其加工工艺关键环节以及贮藏期间亚硝酸盐含量变化进行跟踪检测。同时对市场上禽肉制品亚硝酸盐含量进行调查分析。结果表明：在热处理工艺后亚硝酸盐含量呈明显的下降趋势;随着贮藏时间的延长,相同包装条件下,冷藏贮藏的肉制品要比冷冻贮藏肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量下降趋势明显。目前市场上禽肉制品亚硝酸盐含量普遍偏低,对肉毒梭菌的抑制作用存在不利影响。     

食品中亚硝酸盐的应用探究

亚硝酸盐作为食品加工行业中一种常见的添加剂，不仅能够增色护色，而且具有抑菌防腐的作用，但摄入过量对人体健康会产生危害。在近年来对肉制品的检测中发现，亚硝酸盐超标较为普遍。因此，本研究主要对亚硝酸盐的来源、性质、危害及相关法律法规进行概述。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐替代物应用研究进展

在肉制品的生产过程中,亚硝酸盐作为传统食品添加剂,具有发色、抗氧化、呈现特有风味、抑制细菌等作用。但是,当亚硝酸盐的量积累到一定程度后,在适宜条件下亚硝酸盐与蛋白质分解产物——胺类物质发生反应,生成强致癌物质亚硝胺。亚硝胺会在人体中积累,对人体产生不可忽视的危害。因此,人们一直以来都在寻找亚硝酸盐的替代物以减少亚硝酸盐的使用量。本文综述了肉制品中添加亚硝酸盐的作用、危害以及亚硝酸盐替代物的研究进展。     

紫外分光光度计测定肉制品中的亚硝酸盐含量

亚硝酸盐在人们的日常生活中其实是很常见的,在一些人们生活中所吃的食物中就有,如肉制品。亚硝酸盐是一种化学物质,会对人体产生一定的副作用,它能够与其他化合物发生一定反应,进而产生致癌物质,对人体健康的影响比较大。亚硝酸盐在人们的生活中是有一定的作用的,如果能够把握好其应用范围,可为人们带来益处。因此对其进行研究和分析是目前来说比较重要的工作,本文将对紫外分光光度计测定肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量进行分析和总结,希望为相关人员带来一定帮助。     

炸肉制品中硝酸盐使用方法的研究

对炸肉制品中硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的使用方法进行了比较试验，结果：不同使用方法炸肉制品中硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐含量相差较大，为减少肉制品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的用量以降低对人体的危害，提供了科学依据。     

亚硝酸盐清除剂研究进展及其在肉制品中的应用

亚硝酸盐在食品工业,尤其是在肉制品加工工业中具有抑菌、抗氧化、赋予肉制品特殊风味及发色等重要作用。然而,亚硝酸盐的摄入超出正常范围会造成身体组织的氧气不足,还可形成亚硝胺,最终引发癌症,但目前还未发现单一物质可替代亚硝酸盐。可见,有效控制肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量具有极其重要的意义。文章探讨了亚硝酸盐对食品安全的影响,通过对从蔬菜、水果等中提取的具有亚硝酸盐清除作用的天然物质及其在肉制品中的应用进行概述,为具有亚硝酸盐清除作用的物质在降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的研究提供了理论借鉴。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的研究进展

亚硝酸盐是食品加工行业中较为常见的一种添加剂,主要应用于腌腊肉制品,亚硝酸盐不仅能够保持肉制品的风味、色泽同时还具有良好的防腐抗氧化作用。但是亚硝酸盐存在一定的毒性,若过量使用会产生致癌物致使肉制品的食用安全性降低。由于消费者担心亚硝酸盐对人体健康的影响,对天然有机的肉制品需求量逐渐增加,因此寻找出能够替代亚硝酸盐功效的新型添加剂势在必行。本文主要综述了国内外关于亚硝酸盐新型替代物在肉制品中应用情况的研究进展,包括植物性替代物、微生物替代物、有机酸类替代物等,并对这些替代措施今后的应用前景进行了展望,旨在为现代肉制品加工企业能生产出安全优质的肉制品提供一定的科学理论依据。     

肉制品加工中不同因素对亚硝酸盐含量的变化及影响

为深入研究肉制品在加工、贮藏期间亚硝酸盐的变化情况,本文主要对影响肉制品加工中亚硝酸盐残留的几个因素进行了研究:原料肉种类的不同、产品中肥瘦肉比例、抗氧化剂D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量的变化及产品出品率变化。在同一时间点进行测定的结果表明:1、D-异抗坏血酸钠的添加可以有效的降低肉灌肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量,以0.15%(以成品计)效果最佳,与不添加比较可以有效的降低11%左右;2、产品出品率的不断增加会导致肉灌肠产品亚硝酸盐残留量的上升;3、在亚硝酸钠添加量不变的情况下,原料肉种类不同可能会导致产品的亚硝酸盐残留量超标,用鸡肉为原料加工的产品亚硝酸盐残留量高于用猪肉加工产品的40%左右;4、肥瘦比的不同会影响最终产品亚硝酸盐残留量。     

亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的作用及其替代品研究进展

综述了亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的作用、对人体的危害以及亚硝酸盐替代品的研究进展.随着经济的发展和人们对健康意识的不断增强,人们对肉制品低硝化或无硝化的关注会越来越多,寻找亚硝酸盐的替代品,尤其是既能够降低亚硝酸盐在肉制品中的使用量、又能够强化肉制品营养的添加剂,将成为肉品工业研究的重要领域,也是功能性肉制品开发的又一途径,是未来肉制品加工的发展趋势.     

Influence of turkey meat on residual nitrite in cured meat products

A response surface experimental design was employed to estimate residual nitrite level at various initial nitrite concentrations, percent turkey meat in the formula, and heat quantity (F) values using a typical wiener as the test system. Pork and mechanically separated turkey were used as the meat ingredients. Residual nitrite and pH were measured at day 1, 7 days, 14 days, and 49 days after processing. Protein, fat, salt, moisture, and CIE (L*a*b*) color values were also determined. Results showed that the effect of turkey meat on residual nitrite level was significant (P < 0.01). An increased amount of turkey meat in the formula resulted in lower residual nitrite levels at a fixed pH. The residual nitrite level was initially proportional to initial nitrite concentration, but it became a nonsignificant factor during longer storage time. Differences in heat quantity had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on residual nitrite level initially. Greater heat quantity decreased residual nitrite level in finished cured meat products at a fixed pH. However, this effect became nonsignificant during longer storage. Reduction of residual nitrite in wieners because of turkey meat addition at a fixed pH was due to characteristics of the turkey tissue, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. It was also established that commercial wieners had a higher pH if poultry meat was included in the formulation.     

Carbon Monoxide as a Colorant in Cooked or Fermented Sausages

ABSTRACT:  The study aimed at substituting nitrite with carbon monoxide (CO) in cooked or fermented meat batter products by investigating color and color stability in myoglobin solutions, model meat systems, and full-scale hotdog and salami sausages of pork and beef. For cooked model meat systems and hotdogs at 75 to 80 °C core temperatures, direct flushing with a 1% CO gas mixture during the last stage of the batter chopping produced an initial red color equal to nitrite or more intense than with nitrite. For fermented model meat systems and salami sausages with a final pH of 4.7, pretreatment and storage of ground raw meat in a 1% CO mixture, and later use of the pretreated meat in batters, also formed an initial red color in the final products. The color stability during air and light display of cooked and fermented meat products with CO was inadequate compared to products with nitrite, although the red color of CO products was largely maintained by anaerobic packaging and storage. Spectra of carboxy- and nitrosomyoglobin at pH 4.7 demonstrated higher absorbance for carboxymyoglobin.     

肉品中水分检测方法研究进展

肉品中的水分含量占70%以上，肉品的贮藏及加工过程中水分的变化对肉的品质及加工特性有显著影响。目前关于水分的检测及研究方法主要有常规分析、波谱分析和热分析等，绿色、快速、无损并且能够准确定量的水分分析技术成为发展方向并逐步普及，如利用核磁共振、近红外分析等。本文综述国内外肉品贮藏及加工过程中水分状态、分布变化和检测方法，重点对肉品中水分的检测方法，包括原理、应用和优缺点进行深入阐述，分析其未来发展主要方向，以期为肉品中水分的研究和测定提供参考。     

Effect of Sodium Nitrite on Flavor and TBA Values in Canned, Comminuted Ham

Canned, comminuted ham was manufactured with and without sodium nitrite to investigate the role of nitrite in developing and preserving cured meat flavor. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were measured throughout processing and the canned storage period, and compared with sensory triangle testing and preference evaluations of the canned products at intervals throughout 26 weeks storage. The development of oxidative rancidity as measured by TBA values was also evaluated on refrigerated products held aerobically. Results show decreased TBA values in product with nitrite. Statistically significant flavor differences were observed in products with and without nitrite; statistically significant preferences were observed only when product color was evident.     

影响低温肉制品褪色因素研究进展

低温肉制品在贮藏过程中易褪色,是由主导色素亚硝酰血色原氧化引起的。原料肉来源、蒸煮温度、滚揉和烟熏等工艺均对低温肉制品颜色有影响。光照和氧气直接导致了色素氧化,进而引起褪色,适宜的冷藏温度和气调包装能减缓色素氧化并保护产品颜色。添加剂如亚硝酸盐、抗氧化剂和色素对低温肉制品颜色有不同程度的影响。     

蔬菜汁/粉替代亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的应用

蔬菜汁/粉营养丰富,亚硝酸盐含量极低,硝酸盐含量较高。添加蔬菜汁/粉可使肉制品获得腌肉特有品质,提高肉制品营养价值,有助于功能性肉制品的研发。本文主要概述了蔬菜汁/粉在肉制品加工中的应用及使用中应注意的问题。     

非热杀菌技术在低温鸡肉制品致病菌控制中的应用研究进展

由于低温鸡肉制品具有较好的感官品质,能够保留鸡肉原有的营养,成为我国肉制品发展的一个趋势。低温鸡肉制品水分含量和pH值较高,在加工和贮藏过程中极易受到食源性致病菌的污染,影响产品的质量安全,甚至引发食源性疾病,因此采用合适的杀菌技术来解决致病菌的污染是低温鸡肉制品贮藏保鲜需要解决的关键问题。由于热杀菌技术不适合用于低温鸡肉制品的灭菌,非热杀菌技术的应用就显得尤其重要。目前,应用在低温鸡肉制品加工中的非热杀菌技术主要包括超高压、辐照、超声、低温等离子体、脉冲紫外线、脉冲电场和脉冲微波。本文主要综述以上7 种非热杀菌技术的杀菌机制以及在不同低温鸡肉制品加工应用时对致病菌的控制效果,为未来非热杀菌技术在低温肉制品加工中的应用提供参考。     

Color compensation in nitrite-reduced meat batters incorporating paprika or tomato paste

BACKGROUND: Nitrite is a key ingredient the manufacture of meat products, forming a stable pink color characteristic of cured products, retarding the development of rancidity and off‐odors and flavors during storage, and preventing microbial growth. The negative aspects of nitrite and the demands for healthy foods result in the need to reduce nitrite in cured meat products. Paprika or tomato has been employed as natural pigments in meat products. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of incorporating paprika powder or tomato paste on the texture, rancidity and instrumental and sensory color compensation in nitrite‐reduced meat batters. RESULTS: Addition of tomato paste improved moisture content, resulting in harder but less cohesive samples as compared to control and paprika‐containing meat batters. Color characteristics of reduced nitrite samples obtained higher a* red coloration (8.9 for paprika and 7.7–8.0 for tomato paste), as compared to control samples (5.65). Instrumental color was low in control samples, with high values for tomato paste and paprika samples. Nonetheless, tomato paste used to compensate color in nitrite‐reduced meat batters was ranked closer to the control sample in sensory evaluation. CONCLUSION: Color characteristics—instrumental and sensory—in these kinds of meat products were enhanced by the addition of 2.5–3.0% of tomato paste, presenting results close to the non‐reduced nitrite control. Similarly, antioxidant components of tomato paste or paprika reduced lipid oxidation. Nitrite reduction from 150 to 100 ppm could be achieved employing tomato paste as a natural pigment to improve color and texture. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry