反复卤煮对老汤品质的影响研究

传统酱卤肉制品因老汤的使用而深受消费者喜爱,卤汤在连续的使用过程中不断积累较多的可溶性滋味物质,使其本身具有鲜醇浓厚独特的美味,进而赋予卤煮制品特有的滋味。本研究以白羽肉鸡鸡腿为原料,对传统卤煮工艺不同卤制次数卤汤中的营养物质如蛋白质、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、味精当量等和有害物质中的杂环胺的变化进行研究。结果表明:与对照组第0锅卤汤相比,当卤制次数达到第9锅时,卤汤中蛋白质含量由0.09%增加至3.86%,总游离氨基酸含量由68.57 mg/100g上升至601.92 mg/100 g,呈味核苷酸含量由0.78 mg/100 g达到了22.97 mg/100 g,味精当量(EUC)值由0.0068 g MSG/100 g升高至1.32 g MSG/100 g,但有害物质中杂环胺含量由12.29 ng/g上升至28.64 ng/g。因此,传统卤煮工艺中随着卤制次数的增加,卤汤中营养物质的含量呈不断上升的趋势,同时有害物质中杂环胺的含量也不断富集。     

香兰素和维生素C对卤煮牛肉中杂环胺含量的影响

目的探索牛肉卤煮加工过程中添加香兰素和维生素C对杂环胺形成含量的影响。方法采用固相萃取前处理技术,结合不同处理情况下高效液相紫外和荧光检测法测定肉样中杂环胺的含量。结果香兰素和维生素C都能够减少卤煮牛肉中杂环胺的形成。当维生素C的添加浓度量达0.15%时,杂环胺总量减少90%以上。当维生素C浓度增大到0.5 mg/m L时,维生素C对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率高达90%;当维生素C添加浓度为0.4 mg/m L时,其对超氧阴离子的清除率高达84%左右。结论维生素C和香兰素均可减少卤煮牛肉中杂环胺的生成,维生素C对DPPH自由基清除率和超氧阴离子自由基清除率均比香兰素高,且对卤煮牛肉中杂环胺的抑制效果比香兰素好。     

烟熏液对卤煮牛肉中9 种杂环胺含量的影响

本实验研究了烟熏液对卤煮牛肉中9 种杂环胺含量的影响。结果显示：鲜牛肉只检测出PHIP、MeIQx 2 种杂环胺,含量只有0.16 ng/g,随着卤煮时间延长,检出杂环胺种类和含量均显著增加（P＜0.05）,卤煮4 h后,9 种杂环胺含量达到21.18 ng/g;添加烟熏液可以显著抑制卤煮牛肉中杂环胺的形成（P＜0.05）,0.05 mg/mL烟熏液可以将卤煮牛肉中杂环胺含量从92.72 ng/g降低到7.35 ng/g,效果显著（P＜0.05）,但是随着烟熏液浓度的增加,对各杂环胺形成的影响不一;烟熏液对卤煮牛肉杂环胺形成的抑制作用可能与其抗氧化性有关。     

生姜和辣椒及其活性组分对卤煮牛肉中杂环胺生成的影响

为研究生姜、辣椒对卤煮牛肉中杂环胺含量的影响及其抑制机制,分别在卤煮牛肉中添加生姜和辣椒及其活性组分。结果表明:生姜和辣椒可以显著降低卤煮牛肉中杂环胺总量(P<0.05);利用液相色谱-串联质谱分离鉴定出生姜和辣椒中含量最高的活性组分为6-姜酚和辣椒素,分别添加2种活性组分均可以显著降低卤煮牛肉中杂环胺总量(P<0.05);通过自由基清除率分析,发现添加物质的抗氧化性强弱为6-姜酚>辣椒素>生姜>辣椒;相较对照组,分别添加6-姜酚和辣椒素均可以显著增加还原糖、肌酐、肌酸含量(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,生姜和辣椒可以有效抑制卤煮牛肉中杂环胺的形成,抑制效果与其所含活性组分的抗氧化性有关。     

前体物含量对杂环胺形成的影响

将牛、猪、羊、鸡、鸭和鹅肉分别在200℃下煎烤10 min,分析其原料肉中前体物的含量与加工肉制品中杂环胺的形成量,以探讨不同动物原料肉中杂环胺的形成量及原料肉中前体物的含量对杂环胺形成的影响。结果表明,6种原料肉中前体物含量差异较大,肌酸与葡萄糖的摩尔浓度比在0.89～9.84之间。加工肉制品中共检测出10种杂环胺,其中9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Norharman)与1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Harman)在加工肉品中含量最高,分别在10.90～24.16 ng/g与4.64～14.04 ng/g之间。而2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(MeIQx)在牛肉中形成量较高,达3.55 ng/g,2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(PhIP)在禽肉中易于产生,其中鸡肉中含量最高,达15.26 ng/g。PhIP与肌酸和葡萄糖的摩尔浓度比存在相关性(P<0.05),随着葡萄糖浓度的增高,PhIP的形成量减少。     

葡萄籽提取物对复煮卤汤亚硝酸盐及生物胺的抑制作用

本实验以新鲜樱桃谷鸭为原料,模拟卤鸭的制作工艺.分别在新卤汤中加入0.01％、0.02％、0.03％(以蒸馏水质量计)葡萄籽提取物(grape seed extract,GSE),重复使用21次,通过测定不同取样点亚硝酸盐和生物胺的含量,探究不同GSE添加量对卤汤复煮过程中亚硝酸盐和生物胺形成的抑制作用.结果表明,随着...     

扒鸡卤汤基本营养成分在反复卤煮过程中的变化规律

本文通过对反复卤煮过程中扒鸡卤汤的p H、蛋白质、氯化钠、水分、总糖、粗脂肪及脂肪酸含量进行分析,以期为扒鸡老汤基本营养成分形成机制提供参考。试验结果表明,随着卤煮次数的增加,新汤水分、氯化钠含量、p H显著降低(p<0.05),蛋白质、总糖、粗脂肪含量及不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸(UFA/SFA)显著升高(p<0.05),老汤p H为6.20,蛋白质含量为5 g/100 g,氯化钠含量为3.61 g/100 g,水分含量为90.05 g/100 g,总糖含量为0.39 g/100 g,粗脂肪含量为0.06 g/100 g,UFA/SFA为1.34。综合分析,反复卤煮12次后,指标含量基本无显著差异(p>0.05)。反复卤煮后,扒鸡卤汤逐渐演化为一个成分较为稳定的复杂多组分分散体系;另外,至少卤煮12次后,扒鸡新汤体系与老汤体系接近。      

反复卤煮过程中扒鸡卤汤物理及感官特性变化分析

目的:探析反复卤煮过程中扒鸡卤汤物理及感官特性变化,以期为扒鸡的标准化生产提供理论依据。方法:对反复卤煮过程中扒鸡卤汤的稳定性动力学指数(turbiscan stability index,TSI)、透射光强度、粒径、浊度、黏度及色差值多个指标进行分析。结果:随着卤煮次数的增加,TSI值、透射光强度、粒径和亮度值(L*)整体上先降低后基本保持不变,浊度、黏度、红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)值整体上先增加后基本保持不变。老汤整体TSI值为0.5,透射光强度为0.35%,平均粒径为25.46μm,浊度为1 089 NTU,黏度为0.42×10~(-2) Pa·s,L*、a*、b*值分别为22.63、0.61和6.48。另外,TSI值、透射光强度、色差值、粒径和浊度之间存在相关性。结论:反复卤煮后,扒鸡卤汤逐渐演化为一个成分较为稳定的复杂多组分分散体系,老汤经过多年反复使用,体系粒径、浊度和色差值指标最佳,适合扒鸡的加工及其质量标准化控制。     

反复冻融对鸭胸肉品质的影响

研究目的是确定反复冻融循环次数(0、1、3、5、7)对鸭胸肉品质的影响,测定鸭胸肉在反复冻融过程中持水性、pH值、嫩度、色泽、脂肪氧化,以及菌落总数的变化。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,鸭胸肉持水性显著下降(p<0.05),解冻损失率达到13.89%,蒸煮损失率由最初的34.49%达到46.35%。pH值和剪切力先增大后减小,但pH值总体范围在5.73～5.95之间,在冻融7次后剪切力为1.84kgf。脂肪氧化速度显著增加(p<0.05),TBA值在7次冻融循环后达到0.657mg/kg,色泽上红度数值(a~*)下降至1.32,b~*(黄度)值逐渐增大至9.57。另外,冻融循环导致的肉的结构被破坏,营养物质流出使菌落总数呈显著上升趋势(p<0.05),菌落总数达到1.49×10⁴cfu/g。多次冻融严重地影响了鸭胸肉的质量,而且随着冻融循环次数的增多,影响效果越显著。     

扒鸡卤汤反复煮制过程中主要非盐呈味物质的累积效应

本文跟踪分析反复煮制过程扒鸡卤汤中游离氨基酸(Free amino acid,FAAs)、核苷酸及其降解产物的组成和含量,并采用滋味活性值(taste active value,TAV)和等鲜浓度(equivalent umami concentrations,EUC)评价滋味物质的呈味作用和鲜味强度。结果表明:随着煮制次数的增加,新汤中游离氨基酸、核苷酸及其降解产物含量显著升高(p<0.05);新汤5'-肌苷酸(5'-Inosine monophosphate,5'-IMP)与次黄嘌呤(Hypoxanthine,Hx)含量先升高后降低,谷氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、赖氨酸与酪氨酸含量先升高后趋于稳定,但变化幅度较其它滋味物质大,甲硫氨酸、酪氨酸与苯丙氨酸含量持续升高(p<0.05),老汤EUC的TAV值为18.67。反复煮制18次以后,除甲硫氨酸、酪氨酸与苯丙氨酸外,新汤中滋味物质含量与老汤无显著差异(p>0.05)。     

Impact of Precursors Creatine,Creatinine, and Glucose on the Formation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Grilled Patties of Various Animal Species

The impact of precursors such as creatine, creatinine, and glucose on the formation of mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HAs) were studied in patties of 9 different animal species equally heat treated with a double‐plate contact grill. All grilled patties of the various species (veal, beef, pork, lamb, horse, venison, turkey, chicken, ostrich) contained several HAs such as MeIQx (2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f] quinoxaline; 0.5‐1.4 ng/g), 4,8‐DiMeIQx (2‐amino‐3,4,8‐trimethylimidazo[4,5‐f] quinoxaline, 0 to 1.3 ng/g), PhIP (2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b] pyridine, 1.2 to 10.5 ng/g), harman (1‐methyl‐9H‐pyrido[3,4‐b] indole; 0.5 to 3.2 ng/g), and/or norharman (9H‐pyrido[3,4‐b]indole 0.5 to 1.9 ng/g). Residual glycogen (glucose) content varied greatly from 0.07 to 1.46 wt% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Total creatin(in)e content in raw meat (1.36 to 2.0 wt% DM) hardly differed between species, except in turkey and ostrich (1.1 wt% DM). Chicken contained, compared to all other species, very low concentrations of glucose (0.07 wt% DM) and the highest levels of nonprotein nitrogen compounds. The free amino acids lysine (r = 0.77, P < 0.001), tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, isoleucine, and aspartic acid (r = 0.47–0.56, P < 0.05) showed significant correlation to PhIP in chicken. Also a linear correlation was found to exist between PhIP (r = 0.87, P < 0.001) and MeIQx (r = 0.35, P < 0.01), and the molar ratio of creatin(in)e to glucose, respectively. Harman as co‐mutagens was linearly correlated to the concentration of glucose (r = 0.65, P < 0.001). By contrast, norharman was not significant correlated to glucose levels.     

Heterocyclic Amines: 1. Kinetics of Formation of Polar and Nonpolar Heterocyclic Amines as a Function of Time and Temperature

ABSTRACT: The influence of time, temperature, glucose, and creatine on the formation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in beef was investigated. Kinetic models as a function of time and temperature were used to examine the formation of polar and nonpolar HAs, as described by Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The highest amount of MeIQx was 23.93 ng/g at 220°C for 20 min. However, no formation of 4,8-DiMeIQx was observed at 160°C, 180°C, 200°C, and 220°C for 5 min. Norharman and 4,8-DiMeIQx were more sensitive to temperature change, whereas MeIQx and AαC were less sensitive. The formation of HAs increased with increasing time and temperature. Glucose and creatine decreased at the same pattern with increasing time and temperature. The formation of HAs and the degradation of precursors were inversely correlated. The results provide valuable information toward modulating and inhibiting the formation of HAs in cooked meats.     

八角中莽草酸对卤鸭腿风味品质影响

为研究八角中莽草酸对卤鸭腿风味品质影响机理,采用气相色谱-质谱、高效液相色谱分析挥发性风味成分,以及测定脂肪氧化、活性自由基清除率,研究莽草酸对卤鸭腿风味品质影响规律.结果表明:八角提取液中莽草酸质量浓度为0.1141 mg/mL;当八角提取液与鸭腿质量比2:25时,卤制45?min,鸭腿风味物质中烃类、醛类、酸类、酮...     

苹果与葡萄对烤牛肉饼体外消化过程杂环胺释放的影响

研究外源添加物在消化过程中对蛋白结合态杂环胺（heterocyclic aromatic amines,HAAs）释放的影响。在烤牛肉饼的体外消化实验中以加入新鲜苹果和葡萄泥作为实验组,以未添加新鲜苹果和葡萄泥为对照组,消化液中的游离HAAs和蛋白结合态HAAs分别通过乙酸乙酯和盐酸水解提取,经固相萃取后使用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定。结果表明：苹果与葡萄的添加并未引起总HAAs含量的显著变化,但都不同程度促进了蛋白结合态HAAs向游离态HAAs的转化,且转化效果随新鲜苹果和葡萄泥添加量增加呈增强趋势。     

处理发酵剂对促熟干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸的影响

以0、30、60、90 d促熟干酪中生物胺（组胺、色胺、苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺）和游离氨基酸含量为指标,研究了添加复合处理发酵剂对干酪产生游离氨基酸和生物胺量的影响。结果表明：不同处理发酵剂添加量对各种生物胺产生的影响不同;添加处理发酵剂干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸含量增加,其含量随着复合处理发酵剂添加量增加而增加。     

Effect of Marinades on the Formation of Heterocyclic Amines in Grilled Beef Steaks

ABSTRACT:  Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are suspected human carcinogens formed in muscle foods during high temperature grilling or cooking. Inhibition of HCAs by commercial marinades rich in polyphenolic antioxidant containing spices was evaluated with beef round steaks cooked at 204 °C (400 °F). Treatment effects on the levels of 4 HCAs were investigated: 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine (PhIP), 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[4,3- b ]indol (harman), and 9H-pyrido[4,3- b ]indol (norharman). The marinades were formulated according to the package label instruction in an oil, water, and vinegar mixture, and the steaks were treated for 1 h prior to grilling. All 3 marinades, Caribbean, Southwest, and herb, significantly decreased the imidazo-azaarene HCAs (MeIQx, PhIP) as contrasted to controls and liquid blanks. The Caribbean mixture showed the highest decrease in the total HCA content (88%), followed by the herb (72%) and Southwest (57%). With a few exceptions there were significant decreases in HCAs for treatments with only the marinade bases (ingredients without any spices/herbs). As measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the marinades contained considerable amounts of the polyphenolic antioxidants carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid with Caribbean being the highest. Commonly available spice-containing marinades can be effective inhibitors of HCA formation and provide reduced exposure to some of the carcinogens formed during grilling.     

15种黄酮类化合物对烤鸡胸肉中杂环胺含量的影响

为研究15 种黄酮类化合物对烤鸡胸肉中5 种杂环胺含量的影响,将烤鸡胸肉经NaOH提取、乙酸乙酯萃取,通过Oasis MCX固相萃取小柱净化后,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对杂环胺含量进行分析,并采用主成分分析法研究黄酮类化合物对烤鸡胸肉中杂环胺形成影响的差异性。结果表明,15 种黄酮类化合物中染料木素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG）和木犀草素对烤鸡胸肉中1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚和9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚抑制作用较好,抑制率达20%以上;EGCG、柚皮素、木犀草素和染料木素对2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶抑制作用较好,抑制率达45%以上;染料木素、柚皮素和木犀草素对2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉和2-氨基-3,4,8-三甲基-3H-咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉抑制作用较好,抑制率达45%以上。主成分分析结果显示,EGCG、木犀草素和染料木素聚为一类,且对5 种杂环胺均有较强的抑制作用。通过化学结构推测得出,黄酮母核中A环同时存在5-羟基和7-羟基,B环的4’-羟基对黄酮类化合物有效抑制烤鸡胸肉中杂环胺的形成具有重要作用,而C环中3-羟基的存在会降低其对杂环胺形成的抑制作用。综上,黄酮类化合物对杂环胺的形成具有影响,EGCG、木犀草素和染料木素的抑制作用最强,可为高温肉制品安全加工提供理论参考。     

Kinetics of Heterocyclic Amines Formation in Meat Emulsion at Different Fat Contents

The objectives of the study were to investigate the yield of heterocyclic amines (HA) in meat emulsion during heating as in cooking at different temperatures using the kinetic modeling approach and to determine the influence of fat content on the formation of HAs. Meat emulsion with two different fat contents namely extra lean (6 g/100 g) and regular (19 g/100 g) were used in the study. The samples were heated at 160, 180 and 200°C for times, varying from 5 to 40 mins. HAs namely IQx, MeIQx, and PhIP were identified and quantified using the HPLC. Formation of HAs was dependent on temperature, time, and fat content. It followed the first-order kinetics. Increasing fat content of samples resulted in lower HAs concentrations and lower activation energy of reaction. Fat enhanced formation of HAs in meat but apparently diluted available precursors for reactions.