超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定银耳中米酵菌酸

建立了快速测定银耳中米酵菌酸的超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析方法。样品采用甲醇提取,混合强阴离子交换固相萃取柱(PAX)净化,UPLC BEH C18(2.1×100 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分析,以10 mmol/L乙酸铵-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,串联四级杆质谱多反应监测负离子模式检测,基质匹配外标法定量。结果表明,米酵菌酸在1.6μg/L~80μg/L线性范围内,相关系数(r)0.999 9,检出限0.5μg/kg,加标回收率82%~102%,相对标准偏差RSD≤8.5%。本方法快捷准确、灵敏度高,可用于银耳中米酵菌酸的确证方法。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定米粉和 河粉中的米酵菌酸

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定河粉和米粉中米酵菌酸(bongkrekic acid, BA)的含量。方法试样经提取、净化、浓缩及过滤后,以0.1%甲酸水和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源负模式检测,外标法定量。基于米酵菌酸色谱和质谱行为的研究,对其仪器测定条件进行优化,并对优化后的方法进行方法学验证。结果米酵菌酸在1～100μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.999。在2种基质不同加标浓度下,回收率80.6%～104.8%,相对标准偏差小于5%。米酵菌酸在2种基质中的检出限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.2μg/kg。结论方法灵敏度高、专属性好、准确可靠,适用于米粉和河粉基质中米酵菌酸的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法快速筛查和确证食品中米酵菌酸

目的 建立一种食品(银耳、木耳、粉条)中米酵菌酸的超高效液相色谱-四极杆静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry, UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)快速筛查和确证方法。方法 样品用水浸泡后用甲醇涡旋振荡提取、过滤后直接采用UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS测定, 电喷雾负离子同时一级、二级高精度全扫描, 得到母离子和碎片离子精确质量数, 同时进行定性定量分析, 外标法定量。结果 米酵菌酸在1.0~20.0 μg/L浓度范围内线性良好, 相关系数0.9992, 方法定量限为0.05 mg/kg, 在0.05、0.10、0.25 mg/kg 加标水平下, 回收率在89.0%~96.0%之间, 相对标准偏差为4.1%~9.6%。结论 该方法前处理简单、快速、准确性好, 能够满足食品中米酵菌酸的快速定性筛查和确证分析。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定柳州螺蛳粉中米酵菌酸

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定柳州螺蛳粉中米酵菌酸的分析方法。方法样品经75%甲醇超声提取, MAX固相萃取柱净化后,经Eclipse Plus C18 RRHD(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8μm)色谱柱分离,以乙腈和含0.1%甲酸的10mmol/L甲酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用ESI离子源负离子模式电离,多反应监测模式检测。结果米酵菌酸在1.050～1050 ng/mL浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,方法检出限为0.01μg/kg,定量限为0.03μg/kg,平均回收率为80.4%～96.3%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～4.4%。结论建立的测定方法简易、灵敏、准确,可作为柳州螺蛳粉中米酵菌酸的测定方法。     

SPE-HPLC法快速测定食品中的米酵菌酸及其膳食风险评估

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定食品中米酵菌酸残留的方法,并评估了米酵菌酸的膳食风险水平。以米粉、银耳、玉米粉、椰子发酵饮料为研究对象,样品经过1%乙酸-乙腈（V/V）提取后,采用Poly-Sery MAX强阴离子交换柱进行净化,Athena C₁₈-WP（4.6×250 mm, 5 μm）分离,以甲醇:1%乙酸-水（80:20,V/V）为流动相,269 nm为定量波长,二级管阵列检测器分析。结果表明,在优化色谱条件下,米酵菌酸在0.01~2.0 μg/mL的质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9999;在4种基质中进行低、中、高3个水平加标,加标回收率在90.0%~104.0%,相对标准偏差<5%（n=6）,检出限和定量限分别为2.0、6.7 μg/kg,该方法前处理简便快速,精确灵敏,回收率高,适用于各类食品中米酵菌酸含量的准确定量分析;膳食风险评估结果表明,米酵菌酸的膳食危害商值为0.0747,远低于临界值1,对消费者的膳食安全构成威胁的概率较低。     

高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器结合固相萃取法快速测定食品中米酵菌酸残留

建立WAX混合型弱阴离子固相萃取富集净化,高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器快速测定食品中米酵菌酸残留的方法。采用C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-甲醇-1%乙酸溶液（10∶62∶28,V/V）为流动相,以269 nm为分析波长,米酵菌酸在0.1～40 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数r值大于0.999。本实验考察样品的提取条件及不同固相萃取小柱净化效果,结果表明,选择体积分数80%乙腈溶液为提取溶剂,超声提取30 min,WAX小柱富集、净化,效果最佳。方法检出限为0.03 mg/kg。通过不同样品加标验证,平均回收率为83.3%～95.6%,相对标准偏差不大于5%（n=6）。与GB/T 5009.189-2003《银耳中米酵菌酸的测定》方法相比,该方法精确灵敏、回收率高、前处理简单快速,适用于各种食品中米酵菌酸残留快速测定。     

液相色谱和飞行时间质谱联用检测米酵菌酸

椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种易污染银耳、酵米面等,米酵菌酸(Bongkreic acid,BA)是其主要的毒素。因此,建立检测方法很有必要。试验研究了液相和飞行时间质谱联用技术检测BA。BA在ESI-Q-TOF中的主要特征离子有485.259 9,441.267 5和220.128 6。特征离子485.259 9可能是由[M-H~+]~-得到的,特征离子441.267 5可能是由[M-COO-H~+]~-得到的,特征离子220.128 6可能是由[M-COO-2H~+]~(2-)得到的。BA中的断裂的C—C单键与C==C双键相邻,断裂的原因可能是C==C双键与支链烃竞争电子导致C—C单键不稳定。试验采用甲醇作为提取溶剂振荡辅助提取,回收率高达78%以上,检测限为2μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg。线性范围为5~100μg/kg,线性相关系数较好(r~20.99)。该方法的日内精密度和日间精密度分别为5.3%和10.4%。该方法快速、简单、稳定,可为政府监测市售食品是否被椰毒假单胞菌酵米面亚种污染提供依据。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测食品中的米酵菌酸

制备特异性识别米酵菌酸的单克隆抗体,并以胶体金标记用作示踪物,建立胶体金免疫层析快速检测方法。研究胶体金标记体系pH值、抗原、抗体质量浓度、离子强度、表面活性剂以及样品前处理方法等对胶体金层析卡性能的影响。结果表明:在最适条件下,所建立的胶体金免疫层析方法对米酵菌酸的定量检出限为1.2 μg/kg,线性范围1.8~7.2 μg/kg,定性检出限16.0 μg/kg。该方法特异性良好,与食品中常见的毒素无交叉反应,对银耳、木耳和米粉等样品的添加回收率在80.2%~101.2%之间,相对标准偏差小于6.4%,且结果与LC-MS/MS法一致。该方法具有准确、灵敏、简便、快速和低成本等特点,可以满足食品中米酵菌酸现场大批量筛查的需求。     

分散固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法快速测定牛奶中利福昔明残留量

目的建立分散固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法快速测定牛奶中利福昔明残留的分析方法。方法牛奶样品用乙腈提取,提取液采用分散固相萃取(dispersive solid phase extraction,DSPE)净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)在多反应正离子监测模式下进行监测。以离子对m/z 786.3/151.0进行定性分析、m/z 786.3/754.4进行基质校准外标法定量分析。结果方法的检出限(limit of detection, LOD)和定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)分别为0.2μg/kg和0.6μg/kg。方法基质标准曲线线性方程为Y=159.27X+8.25, r~2=0.9998, 4个浓度水平加标回收率在77.1%～102%之间,批内相对标准偏差为2.4%～7.1%,批间相对标准偏差为3.9%～6.2%。结论方法简便、快速、准确,可用于牛奶样品中利福昔明的药物残留快速确证检测分析。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中的金刚烷胺

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)测定动物源性食品(鸡肉、鸡肝、鸡蛋和牛奶)中金刚烷胺的分析方法。方法样品用0.2%(V:V)甲酸乙腈溶液提取,经Oasis PRiME HLB小柱净化后用Capcell Pak C18 MGIII-H色谱柱分离,以甲醇和0.1%甲酸水溶液(V:V)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式下进行液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。结果金刚烷胺在1.0~50.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r~2=0.9994)。在添加水平为1.0,5.0和20.0μg/kg时的回收率为76.3%~93.5%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)在3.4%~8.6%之间,方法的检测限(limit of detection,LOD)为0.2μg/kg,定量限(limit of quantification,LOQ)为1.0μg/kg。结论该法简便、灵敏、准确,适合于动物源性食品中金刚烷胺的快速分析测定。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.