玉米籽粒缓苏干燥过程动力学分析

对玉米籽粒的缓苏干燥过程进行了理论分析,并假设玉米籽粒为轴对称结构、各向同性的均匀物质,建立了玉米籽粒的缓苏干燥数学模型,利用COMSOL Multiphysics模块进行了热质传递过程的模拟研究。结果表明,该模型可较好地模拟玉米籽粒的干燥过程。利用该模型模拟研究了不同干燥条件下玉米籽粒温度、干燥时间、缓苏时间、缓苏度的变化及其对干燥速度的影响。结果表明,玉米籽粒内外温度在3~5 min内即可达到热风温度,玉米籽粒内部最大水分梯度出现在热风干燥5~10 min后,不同干燥阶段不同初始含水率对缓苏度的影响很小,缓苏60 min水分梯度可以基本消除。利用该优化工艺参数对玉米籽粒交替进行热风干燥和缓苏干燥,可使总的热风干燥时间最少,实现节能目的。     

稻谷热风干燥关键技术工艺优化的研究

为解决稻谷在热风干燥过程中籽粒出现应力裂纹(爆腰)的难题,文章主要针对稻谷热风干燥过程中的多个影响因素进行探讨,并在此基础上选择出热风温度、风速、干燥后缓苏时间3个关键因素,采用响应面分析方法,以稻谷籽粒的应力裂纹率为响应值,进一步对热风干燥关键技术工艺进行优化。结果表明,稻谷热风干燥较佳工艺条件为:热风温度40℃、风速0.25m/s、缓苏时间30min、稻谷初始水分含量控制在25%以下,稻谷干燥后采取慢速冷却方式(15℃),在此条件下能够有效降低稻米在干燥过程中的应力裂纹率。     

间歇干燥及缓苏对高水分稻谷干燥品质的影响

对高水分稻谷进行了间歇干燥,研究干燥段数和缓苏温度对稻谷干燥品质的影响,并应用隶属度分析法对干燥品质进行综合评价。结果表明,间歇干燥可缩短干燥时间,与连续干燥40℃缓苏组相比,4段60℃缓苏组的干燥时间缩短了26.36%。间歇干燥可显著地降低干燥后稻谷的爆腰率,提高整精米率。高温缓苏(50、60℃)时,缓苏温度对整精米率影响优于干燥段数。热风干燥后稻谷的脂肪酸值增加,发芽率降低。隶属度分析法得出优化后的干燥条件为:干燥段数为2段,缓苏温度为60℃,综合分为最大值0.80。     

流化床干燥对稻谷爆腰增率及微观结构的影响

对25.0%±0.3%高水分稻谷进行流化床干燥,研究在不同干燥温度、降水幅度与缓苏时间下对稻谷爆腰增率的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察稻谷在不同条件下谷粒显微结构的变化情况。结果表明:干燥温度、降水幅度和缓苏时间及干燥温度与缓苏时间的交互作用对稻谷干燥后的爆腰增率影响极显著(p0.01),影响顺序为:干燥温度缓苏时间降水幅度。65℃干燥温度,3.0%降水幅度,3 h缓苏时间条件下,稻谷内部淀粉粒排列结构疏松,横断面细胞间的淀粉粒间间隙大,局部裂纹数量多。稻谷在干燥温度45℃、缓苏时间3 h、降水幅度1.5%的条件下,稻谷爆腰增率1.0%,干燥速率1.32 g H_2O·min~-1,可在保障稻谷加工品质的同时提高稻谷干燥速率。     

低场核磁成像技术研究稻谷缓苏的机理

低场核磁共振成像技术研究了缓苏过程中稻谷颗粒内部水分分布情况,缓苏前1~2 h内颗粒内部水分趋于平衡。6种常见的干燥模型对颗粒内部水分扩散过程进行了拟合,得出双指数模型拟合效果最好,说明稻谷的缓苏过程存在两种水分传递过程,颗粒内部的水分扩散及颗粒表面的对流共同作用于颗粒内部水分梯度的消退。     

基于低场核磁成像技术研究稻谷缓苏的机理

低场核磁共振成像技术研究了缓苏过程中稻谷颗粒内部水分分布情况,缓苏前1～2 h颗粒内部水分趋于平衡。对6种常见的干燥模型的颗粒内部水分扩散过程进行了拟合,得出双指数模型拟合效果最好,说明稻谷的缓苏过程存在2种水分传递过程,颗粒内部的水分扩散及颗粒表面的对流共同作用于颗粒内部水分梯度的消退。     

连续横流稻谷干燥机干燥及缓苏试验探究

针对我国东北地区稻谷收获季节干燥机的市场需求,结合连续横流式干燥机干燥稻谷的生产过程,分析了横流式烘干机内部热风与谷物温度分布情况、烘干过程对稻谷水分不均匀度以及缓苏对稻谷爆腰及水分不均匀度的影响。结果表明:设计合理的横流式干燥机不会因为自身结构原因造成干燥去水不均匀;干燥过程中的热风道内热风温度不均匀性小于1~2℃;15h的缓苏时间可以有效降低稻谷碎米率,并是平衡干燥后稻谷水分较经济的时间。     

基于多品质指标的响应面试验优化稻谷流化床干燥工艺

为优化稻谷流化床干燥工艺,采用三因素三水平Box-Behnken响应面分析法,研究干燥温度、降水幅度、缓苏时间对稻谷流化床干燥降水速率和干燥稻谷爆腰增率、垩白粒率、脂肪酸值、硬度、黏着性等品质指标的影响。结果表明：随着干燥温度和降水幅度水平的增加,稻谷降水速率、爆腰增率、垩白粒率和米饭硬度增加,脂肪酸值和米饭黏着性降低;随着缓苏时间延长,稻谷降水速率、爆腰增率、脂肪酸值和米饭硬度降低,米饭黏着性增加。而在较低的干燥温度条件下,缓苏时间延长,稻谷的爆腰增率和垩白粒率降低并不明显。Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化的流化床最优干燥参数为降水幅度2.50%（干基）、干燥温度45 ℃、缓苏时间3 h,此时隶属度综合分达最大值0.75。验证实验结果与拟合值无显著性差异（P＜0.05）,优化结果可靠有效。     

稻谷薄层热风干燥工艺优化及数学模型拟合

对稻谷进行薄层热风干燥,采用正交试验方法研究稻谷在不同热风温度、初始含水率和热风风速条件下的热风干燥特性,比较10种数学模型在稻谷热风干燥中的适用性。结果表明:稻谷在热风干燥过程中没有出现明显的恒速干燥阶段,且干燥主要发生在降速干燥阶段;热风温度是影响稻谷热风干燥的最主要因素,其次是初始含水率;取初始含水率20%、热风温度50℃、热风风速1.4 m/s的方案为稻谷的最优热风干燥工艺,此时的最佳数学模型为Page模型;缓苏可有效抑制稻谷的爆腰率,缓苏温度越高,缓苏时间越长,缓苏效果越好;当初始含水率24%、热风温度40℃时,实验值和模型值的相对平均误差分别为1.563%和1.474%,表明模型预测的干燥曲线和实验所得的干燥曲线一致性较好;随着热风温度的升高,稻谷的有效水分扩散系数变大,经热风温度从40℃升高到60℃,其有效水分扩散系数由9.69×10~(-10) m~2/s增加到10.77×10~(-10) m~2/s,稻谷的干燥活化能为47.1 k J/mol。     

高温连续干燥与干燥-通风联合对稻谷品质的影响

利用不同的干燥方式对稻谷进行干燥,降至安全水分含量12%（湿基）,测定干燥后稻谷的整精米率（head rice yield,HRY）、脂肪酸值以及RVA特征值。结果表明：对于连续干燥作业,缓苏过程中存在一个临界缓苏时间,达到临界缓苏时间能显著提高整精米率,且干燥温度越高,该临界缓苏时间的出现越明显;但干燥温度高于60 ℃,且一次降水幅度不小于9.4%,缓苏温度与干燥温度相同时,通过延长缓苏时间,整精米率难以达到70%;对于干燥-通风联合作业,干燥温度高于60 ℃,且缓苏温度不低于干燥温度时,虽能保持较高整精米率（＞72%）,但稻米的RVA特征值（峰值黏度、最低黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值）总体上随着干燥温度、缓苏温度的升高和缓苏时间的延长而增加,且存在一些波动,干燥温度、缓苏时间对其影响显著性低于缓苏温度。两种干燥方式的脂肪酸值都存在不同于恒低温干燥持续增加的变化趋势。     

Quality maintenance and economy with high-temperature paddy-drying processes

Drying processes result in some loss of product quality. Three drying systems for paddy were investigated for their effects on head-rice yield and whiteness. Fluidised-bed drying, tempering and ambient air ventilation units were the main components, but they were arranged differently in each drying system. Heat- and mass-transfer equations were applied to predict the change in moisture content for each drying system. Both the experiments and simulations indicated that the two sub-drying systems (system No. 2) with tempering and ventilation as elements of each stage yielded higher drying capacity and thermal efficiency than the single drying system (system No. 1), in which paddy was treated with the drying, tempering and ventilation units only once. The proportion of full kernels and value of the whiteness obtained from both drying systems were not significantly different. System No. 3, where grains after the first tempering were dried immediately by the second fluidised-bed dryer with no ventilation unit, produced poor head-rice yield and colour and was unacceptable for producing white rice.     

Process of Producing Parboiled Rice with Different Colors by Fluidized Bed Drying Technique Including Tempering

Steamer is utilized to gelatinize rice starch. High pressure or long steaming time is conventionally applied to obtain the dark brown color of the product. A new alternative method to produce dark brown parboiled rice was proposed in this work. High temperature fluidized bed drying technique including tempering was therefore explored to determine the operating condition to meet the requirement of light and dark brown parboiled rice along with high head rice yield. In addition, the couple of heat and mass transfer model was developed to determine the effective moisture diffusion coefficient, the temperature and moisture distributions within a grain kernel during drying. The effective diffusion coefficient was well correlated with grain temperature by Arrhenius equation. The drying temperature and moisture content after drying caused the drop of head rice yield. When the parboiled paddy at the intermediate moisture contents of 22 and 27% d.b. was tempered, the head rice quality was improved while the parboiled rice color was browner. To obtain high drying capacity, high head rice yield, and light brown color, the parboiled paddy should be dried at a maximum allowable temperature of 150 °C and tempered for 30 min. The tempering time should be extended to 60 min for the dark brown parboiled rice.     

不同通风方向对稻谷降水效果影响的数值模拟研究

基于数值模拟方法,对高水分稻谷的就仓降水通风实验工况进行了数值模拟仿真,分析了在垂直机械通风过程中粮食温度和水分的变化规律,对实验数据与计算机模拟结果进行了对比分析。同时,探究了垂直向上和垂直向下通风时的降水效果。研究发现,数值模拟方法可以有效和形象地反映通风过程中粮堆内部的变化规律,在其他条件相同时,沿着粮堆温度梯度方向通风,降水效果更加明显。本研究对粮库的储粮通风操作具有一定的指导意义。     

Investigations on head-rice yield and operating time in the fluidised-bed drying process: experiment and simulation

This analysis of the drying process is based on experiments and simulations of the influence of temperature in the fluidised-bed dryer, moisture content and tempering period on head-rice yield, and operating time. A mathematical model incorporating the head-rice yield equation for predictions of the moisture content and the grain temperature in each drying stage and the final head-rice yield, is in good agreement with experimental data. The moisture content after first-stage drying and tempering have a dominant effect on head-rice yield and operating time in reducing high-moisture contents to a safe level. The simulation results recommend that the allowable temperature should be not higher than 150 °C for the first stage and the moisture content after first-stage drying should be not lower than 22.5% dry basis, with subsequent tempering for at least 25 min.     

Intermittent drying simulation in a deep bed dryer of yerba maté

In the present research, the reduction of energy consumption was evaluated during drying of yerba maté branches when tempering periods were applied. An empirical model was validated describing the moisture variation with time and process temperature, using different operation conditions. This model was used to simulate an industrial dryer in order to minimize energy consumption, maintaining the final moisture content constant. Best results were obtained working in the following conditions: application of heat for 15 min, 15 min of tempering and continuous application of heat. The bed height (1 m) was reduced in 10% maintaining the dryer production increasing the belt velocity. Working with these conditions a 10% of energy consumption can be reduced.     

针刺式谷物含水率检测仪设计

为了提高谷物含水率在线检测的精确度和速度,更好地满足烘干机械在线检测的要求,设计了一种直接刺入谷物籽粒的对称针形含水率检测传感器;并配合高精度检测电路与优化算法,设计了相应的系统检测装置。试验结果显示,该装置对稻谷含水率的测量误差不大于1%,单次测量响应时间小于2s。通过简单的参数设定,该装置即可应用于不同种类谷物的水分检测。该检测方法的提出为谷物含水率在线测量提供了新的解决方案。     

Effect of drying and tempering on rice fissuring analysed by integrating intra-kernel moisture distribution

The fissure generation of one short- and two long-grain rough rice dried at different air conditions for 15, 30 and 60 min, and respectively, tempered at 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C for tempering duration ranging from 0 to 330 min was analysed by integrating moisture gradients in rice kernels. Results indicated that drying and tempering processes had significant effects on the moisture gradient and rice fissuring. The percentage of fissured kernels increased with increasing drying time and decreasing tempering time. The tempering duration required for long-grain rice was shorter than that for short-grain rice to prevent kernel fissuring. Higher tempering temperatures can effectively eliminate moisture gradients and then lower the rice fissuring generation. Tempering at 50 °C reduced fissuring incidence by 32 to 50% compared to tempering at 20 °C. Moreover, short-grain rough rice was very susceptible to fissure whereas long-grain rough rice with a high amylose content was much more fissure-tolerance.