低钠传统金华火腿加工过程中理化特性的变化

为了降低传统金华火腿中钠含量,本研究采用与食盐相比钠含量降低了40%~50%的新型低钠盐和食盐制备传统金华火腿,对比加工过程中低钠盐和食盐对火腿水分含量、水分活度、p H、钠及钾含量、蛋白降解指数、TBA值、色泽和感官品质的影响。结果表明:在加工过程中,低钠组成熟后期水分含量为43.86%,与食盐组差异不显著(p0.05),成熟后期食盐组p H显著低于(p0.05)低钠盐组,成熟后期低钠盐组蛋白降解指数比食盐组高14.71%。终产品中低钠组TBA值显著高于食盐组(p0.05),终产品钠含量降低了52.94%,且两组的各项感官指标均无显著差异(p0.05)。低钠金华火腿在保证了火腿传统风味品质基础上,又降低了钠的含量。     

低钠盐对干腌肉制品加工过程中理化特性的影响

研究新型低钠盐和食盐制备干腌肉制品,对比加工过程中低钠盐和食盐对肉块水分含量、水分活度、pH值、色泽、钠、钾含量及脂肪氧化、质构特性和感官品质的影响。结果表明：在加工过程中,低钠盐组产品的理化指标、质构特性和脂肪氧化的变化趋势与食盐组相似,终产品间无显著差异;与食盐组一样,低钠盐干腌肉制品的感官品质有较高的接受度,而终产品中钠含量降低了48.04%。     

低钠盐对皮蛋的钠钾含量、硬度及蛋白质二级结构的影响

以新鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用清料法腌制皮蛋。探讨低钠盐替代食盐对皮蛋的钠钾含量、凝胶的硬度、蛋清蛋白质二级结构、感官品质等的影响,旨在为降低皮蛋中的钠含量提供新的思路,为加工低钠皮蛋提供新的方向。结果表明,100%低钠盐组比食盐组蛋清钠含量降低了21%,蛋黄钠含量降低了30%。不同比例的低钠盐替代组与食盐组对比,皮蛋凝胶的硬度、蛋清蛋白质二级结构的含量均无显著性差异(p0.05)。70%低钠盐替代食盐制得的皮蛋,感官品质良好。     

低钠干腌肉加工过程中肌内结缔组织特性

以猪背最长肌为实验材料,食盐组为对照组,研究低钠盐对干腌肉加工过程中肌内结缔组织特性的影 响。结果显示：陈香结束后,低钠组次级肌束膜厚度比食盐组低0.72 μm（P＜0.05）,胶原蛋白热溶解性比食盐 组高0.91%（P＜0.05）,而低钠组胶原蛋白总含量、初级肌束膜厚度、成熟交联含量与食盐组相比差异不显著 （P＞0.05）。与食盐相比,低钠盐使α-螺旋、β-转角的相对含量分别减少了11.69%、13.41%（P＜0.05）,聚集 片、无规卷曲的相对含量分别增加了46.88%、5.82%（P＜0.05）。干腌猪肉加工中,低钠盐较食盐能进一步促进肌 内结缔组织蛋白降解。     

KCl、乳酸钙替代钠盐对风干香猪肉的品质改善

采用KCl、乳酸钙替代钠盐,同时加入一定量的酵母抽提物(YE)、异抗坏血酸钠制成新型低钠盐制作风干香猪肉。测定此风干香猪肉中水分含量、p H值、过氧化值、酸价、剪切力、核磁共振以及色泽,同时进行感官评定。结果表明:用26.7%的KCl和13.3%的乳酸钙替代部分食盐,在20℃、干燥时间55 h、相对湿度60%时风干香猪肉的肉质有良好改善,嫩度最好。     

氯化钾、氯化钙和氯化镁部分替代食盐腌制对风鸡品质影响的研究

研究了氯化钾、氯化钙和氯化镁部分替代食盐进行腌制对风鸡品质的影响。使用不同比例的氯化钾、氯化钙和氯化镁部分替代食盐在4℃条件下腌制样品3 d之后,在15℃风干3 d得到风鸡产品,然后测定鸡胸肉的p H、色泽、质构、TVBN值、水分含量以及感官特性等指标。结果表明:与对照组(100%Na Cl)样品相比,各替代组腌制样品的p H都显著降低(p0.05)。而在风干结束时,各个替代组样品的水分含量、剪切力和TVBN值显著高于对照组(p0.05)。替代组样品的亮度、红度和黄度与对照组相比并无显著差异(p0.05)。随着Na Cl的比例降低和KCl含量的提高,出现明显的苦味而对感官品质带来负面影响。因此在保持风鸡原有感官品质的基础上,合理选择氯化钾、氯化钙和氯化镁的替代比例,将有利于降低钠盐的使用量。     

低钠盐对猪肉盐溶蛋白凝胶特性的影响

为降低肉品中的食盐用量,本研究以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,研究了新型低钠盐在与食盐等质量及等离子强度条件下对猪肉背最长肌盐溶蛋白的提取率、溶解度、浊度、凝胶特性(保水性、弹性、强度)及流变特性的影响。结果表明,与3%Na Cl相比,等离子强度的低钠盐的添加使盐溶蛋白溶解度由76.22%显著提高至83.03%(p0.05);盐溶蛋白贮能模量变化率提高了89.90%。3%与4.252%低钠盐均显著增强了盐溶蛋白凝胶保水性与凝胶强度(p0.05),表明低钠盐在降低钠含量的同时提高了盐溶蛋白的凝胶特性,为低钠肉制品的研究提供了理论基础。     

不同风干温度对风干草鱼品质特性的影响

研究2种风干温度对风干草鱼理化性质与食用品质的影响。以草鱼为原料,在5～6℃、20 mg/100g盐含量下腌制,然后分别在2种温度下风干,研究常温（22～25℃）风干与低温（6～10℃）风干对风干草鱼加工过程中鱼肉水分含量、盐含量、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值和感官品质的影响。结果表明：在2种风干温度下,风干草鱼的水分含量呈下降趋势,盐含量、蛋白水解指数、TVB-N含量和TBARs值均呈上升趋势;常温风干草鱼的TVB-N含量与TBARs值在风干结束后明显高于低温风干草鱼,其最终TVB-N含量与TBARs值分别为35.61、2.46 mg/100g;低温风干草鱼的TVB-N含量与TBARs值在风干过程中无明显变化;2种风干草鱼pH值在风干过程中均呈上升趋势;低温风干草鱼的感官品质优于常温风干草鱼;除水分含量和TBARs值外,常温风干草鱼感官评分与其他理化指标均呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）;低温风干草鱼感官评分与TVB-N含量、总氮含量、非蛋白氮含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与TBARs值、蛋白水解指数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。     

钠盐替代物对西式火腿品质的影响

通过肉汤模拟得出西式火腿中各替代盐的最大添加比例,并根据比例制作对照组、低钠盐组、氯化钾组、氯化钙组、乳酸钾组西式火腿,研究不同替代盐对西式火腿品质的影响。结果表明：通过模拟肉汤的感官评价,确定各替代盐的最适添加比例分别为氯化钾30%、氯化钙25%、乳酸钾35%;不同替代盐会对西式火腿的水分含量、汁液流失、质构及感官评分等造成显著差异（P＜0.05）,但并不会造成明显的色泽变化;其中低钠盐组西式火腿的综合品质最差,具体表现为水分含量最低（59.8%）、硬度最高（3 704 g）及口感得分最低（7.8 分）等,而乳酸钾相比低盐钠组品质仅有略微提升;氯化钾组和对照组西式火腿品质最为相似,感官评分、水分含量及质构等均无显著差异;氯化钙组西式火腿品质最好,表现为蒸煮损失最低（6.51%）及感官得分最高（9.1 分）等。因此,从最大钠盐替代量方面考虑,30%氯化钾组最为适合,而从提升西式火腿品质方面考虑,25%氯化钙组更为适合。     

不同接种量的清酒乳杆菌对低钠盐风干肠品质的改善作用研究

本实验研究了不同清酒乳杆菌的接种量(10⁵、10⁶和10⁷ CFU/g)对低钠盐风干肠品质特性的影响。以不接种的风干肠为对照,分别在发酵的第0、3、6和9 d测定4组风干肠的水分含量、水分活度、pH、乳酸菌数、色差和剪切力,并采用气相色谱-质谱技术结合电子鼻对第9 d样品进行风味特征的分析。结果表明,接种量为10⁶和10⁷ CFU/g降低了风干肠发酵结束时的pH(P<0.05),与对照组相比,10⁶ CFU/g的接种促进了终产品水分含量和水分活度的提升,而色差和剪切力并未在组间发现显著差异(P>0.05)。清酒乳杆菌的接种降低了醛类物质含量,且仅接种10⁶ CFU/g增加了醇类、酸类和酯类物质含量(P<0.05),进而使电子鼻“感知”到了比对照组更为浓烈的特征气味。感官评价结果表明,接种量为10⁶ CFU/g对低钠盐风干肠苦味和金属味的改善效果最佳,整体可接受性最好。理化特性和感官特性的偏最小二...     

低钠复合盐对发酵香肠理化特性及风味的影响

以添加58%氯化钠、30%氯化钾、7%氯化钙、5%甘氨酸的低钠复合盐发酵香肠作为实验组,以100%氯化钠为对照组,通过测定理化指标、感官评价、电子舌味觉特征、游离氨基酸含量以及挥发性风味物质等探究低钠复合盐对发酵香肠品质的影响。结果表明：在香肠发酵成熟过程中,香肠pH值、水分含量呈显著下降趋势,钠含量显著增加。实验组pH值显著低于对照组,水分含量显著高于对照组,并且对产品的色泽和质构特性有一定改善作用,实验组在显著降低钠含量的同时,感官评价与对照组无明显差异。根据电子舌分析,实验组的鲜味、丰富度、苦味显著高于对照组。此外,实验组促进了游离氨基酸的释放,并对挥发性风味物质的产生没有负面影响。因此,实验组在减少42%食盐添加量的基础上,保证了发酵香肠良好感官和风味品质。     

Manufacture of low-sodium Minas fresh cheese: effect of the partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride

We investigated the effect of sodium reduction by partial substitution of sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) on the manufacture of Minas fresh cheese during 21 d of refrigerated storage. Four treatments of low-sodium Minas fresh cheese were manufactured, with partial replacement of NaCl by KCl at 0, 25, 50, and 75% (wt/wt), respectively. The cheeses showed differences in the content of moisture, ash, protein, salt, and lipid contents, as well as on the extent of proteolysis and hardness throughout the storage period. However, no difference was observed among treatments within each storage day tested. The partial substitution of NaCl by KCl decreased up to 51.8% the sodium concentration of the cheeses produced. The consumer test indicated that it is possible to manufacture a low-sodium Minas fresh cheese that is acceptable to consumers by partial substitution of NaCl by KCl at 25% (wt/wt) in the salting step.     

CONSUMER EVALUATION OF SODIUM REDUCED, RESTRUCTURED LAMB ROASTS

The longissimus dorsi (LD) and psoas major (PM) muscles were removed from the racks and loins of nine lamb carcasses (18 sides). Each LD was cut in half to yield 36 pieces of each muscle. Three defatted LD pieces and one PM were randomly grouped together (4 replications) and assigned to the following treatments at 1.5% of the fresh muscle weight: (1) 100% NaCl (control); (2) 75% NaCl + 25% KCl; (3) 50% NaCl + 50% KCl. Water (5%) and sodium tripolyphosphate (.3%) were also added. Muscle pieces were tumbled for 2 h, tied into roasts, cooked and smoked. Proximate analysis results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatment groups for percentage moisture and fat. The 100% NaCl control had significantly higher (P < 0.05) cooking yields than the 50% KCl replacement treatment. A consumer sensory panel found no consistent differences among treatments for juiciness, flavor desirability, off-flavor, or overall acceptability among treatments. Consumer panel responses indicate that the low-fat (5.3–6.8%), low-sodium (455–744 mg/100g), restructured lamb roasts evaluated in this experiment would be an acceptable new processed lamb product.     

Proteolysis and sensory properties of dry-cured bacon as affected by the partial substitution of sodium chloride with potassium chloride

Quadriceps femoris muscle samples (48) from 24 pigs were processed into dry-cured bacon. This study investigated the influence of partial substitution of sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) on proteolysis and sensory properties of dry-cured bacon. Three salt treatments were considered, namely, I (100% NaCl), II (60% NaCl, 40% KCl), and III (30% NaCl, 70% KCl). No significant differences were observed among treatments in the proteolysis, which was reflected by SDS–PAGE, proteolysis index, amino acid nitrogen, and peptide nitrogen contents. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the moisture content between control and treatment II, whereas the moisture content in treatment III was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in comparison with control (treatment I). The sensory analysis indicated that it was possible to reduce NaCl by 40% without adverse effects on sensory properties, but 70% replacement of NaCl with KCl resulted in bacon with less hardness and saltiness and higher (p < 0.05) juiciness and bitterness.     

真空浸渍处理对调理草鱼片品质的影响

目的探究真空浸渍处理时,浸渍真空度和处理时间对草鱼片品质的影响,优化草鱼片调理工艺参数。方法采用真空浸渍法加工调理草鱼片,设计了响应面试验,研究浸渍真空度、处理时间和食盐添加量对草鱼片感官评分、NaCl含量和磷含量的影响,并以感官评分为指标优化了草鱼片调理工艺参数。结果浸渍真空度和处理时间对草鱼片色度、增重率、NaCl含量、感官评分均有显著影响,而浸渍真空度还对鱼片持水性有显著影响(P0.05)。随着浸渍真空度升高、处理时间延长,调理草鱼片的增重率、持水性和NaCl含量逐渐增加,而调理草鱼片白度下降。浸渍加工草鱼片的适宜调理工艺参数为浸渍真空度80 kPa、食盐添加量1%、处理时间6 h。在该条件下,调理草鱼片的感官评分最高。结论使用真空浸渍处理可获得品质优良的调理草鱼片,且所得调理草鱼片的NaCl、磷含量符合GB2760-2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》的相关要求,可应用于实际生产。     

响应面法优化腌制大黄鱼的低钠复合咸味剂配方

为开发一种低钠复合咸味剂腌制大黄鱼的加工技术,以养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)为原料,通过单因素实验研究了低钠盐、酵母提取物(yeast extract,YE)及壳聚糖的不同用量组合对腌制大黄鱼鱼片的感官、质构特性、水分含量及含盐量的影响。在此基础上,以感官评价及含盐量为响应值,通过响应面法优化低钠复合咸味剂的最佳配方参数。结果表明,低钠盐、YE及壳聚糖对腌制大黄鱼鱼片的品质及含盐量有明显的影响。低钠复合咸味剂腌制大黄鱼片的最佳配方为:低钠盐7.57%,YE 0.39%以及壳聚糖1.48%。在此条件下,腌制大黄鱼片感官评分为75.83分,产品含盐量为3.02%,钠含量比对照组减少了23.80%,菌落总数比对照组降低了39.98%,具有良好的风味、减钠、减菌效果。     

Development of a smoked sea bass product with partial sodium replacement

The aim of this study was to propose a methodology that could be used for development of a salted and dried product, once the objective moisture and a_w values were defined. The proposed methodology was tested by developing a smoked sea bass product with partial sodium replacement. A sensory evaluation of the obtained product was carried out to determine the maximum sodium replacement to achieve an acceptable low-sodium content smoked sea bass. The accuracy of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated in this study, as a smoked fish product with a_w and moisture values very close to the objective ones was obtained. The sensory analysis indicated that 50% sodium replacement by potassium is feasible for this product.     

Quality characteristics of low-fat chicken nuggets: effect of common salt replacement and added bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.)

BACKGROUND: There is growing demand for the meat products having healthier characteristics. In an endeavour to develop low‐salt, low‐fat and high‐fibre chicken nuggets an investigation was carried out to observe the effects of partial replacement (40%) of sodium chloride in pre‐standardised low‐fat chicken nuggets (Control, 20 g kg^?1 NaCl) with a salt substitute blend as well as incorporation of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) in the resulting low‐salt, low‐fat products at three different levels, i.e. 50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1 (Treatments, 12 g kg^?1 NaCl) on the various quality attributes. RESULTS: Sodium chloride replacement decreased (P < 0.01) emulsion and product pH, cooking yield, moisture, ash, yellowness, hue value and textural properties. pH values, moisture and dietary fibre increased (P < 0.01) while cooking yield, % protein, textural properties and total cholesterol were decreased with the incorporation of bottle gourd in low‐salt, low‐fat nuggets. Sensory attributes of the product were not affected with salt replacement; however, inclusion of bottle gourd at higher levels decreased (P < 0.05) flavour and texture scores. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that low‐salt, low‐fat and high‐fibre chicken nuggets can be developed with the use of a salt substitute blend and bottle gourd without affecting their acceptability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

草鱼饲喂蚕豆过程中肌肉质构特性和化学成分变化及其关联性研究

研究草鱼饲喂蚕豆过程中草鱼质构特性和化学成分的变化及关联性,确定草鱼脆化开始和达到商品脆性的时间。随饲喂时间的延长,草鱼肌肉的硬度、咀嚼性显著增大,硬度在饲喂80天后,基本与普通鲩鱼相同,鱼肉开始脆化,继续饲喂20天,硬度达到商品鱼的脆化标准。咀嚼性和弹性在饲喂80天时基本稳定,且熟制的背肌肌肉弹性随饲喂时间的延长显著增加,回复性在饲喂40天达到最大值。草鱼背肌粗蛋白、基质蛋白、胶原蛋白、碱溶性蛋白含量随饲喂时间的延长显著增加,均在饲喂100天时达到峰值。水分含量基本呈下降趋势,在饲喂20天时最大。粗脂肪、可溶性固形物、水溶性蛋白和盐溶性蛋白在饲喂40~60天时达到最大值。草鱼腹肌化学成分的含量变化与背肌基本一致。经相关性分析,草鱼肌肉质构特性的变化与粗蛋白、碱溶性蛋白、胶原蛋白和基质蛋白含量的变化显著相关。     

LOW-FAT, NO ADDED SALT IN RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS WITH VARIOUS BINDERS

This research investigated technology for the development of a low-fat restructured beef steak devoid of added salt with texture similar to intact muscle. Low-fat (10%), low-sodium restructured beef steaks made from closely trimmed, flaked beef round muscles and tumbled with or without a binding agent were compared to boneless top loin steaks (5–6% fat). Boneless top loin steaks had greater (P < .05) shear resistance, cohesiveness, juiciness, overall desirability, percentage moisture (raw) and percentage protein (cooked) than restructured steaks. Steaks made with 3.0% modified potato starch had slightly more juiciness and moisture content (cooked) and lower expressible fluid content than all other restructured samples. Product made with 1.0% microcrystalline cellulose had lower (P < .05) juiciness scores than top loin steaks and restructured steaks made with no additives or modified potato starch. Use of 0.25% kappa-carrageenan or 1.5% surimi increased (P < .05) sensory scores for off-flavor. Steaks made with 1.5% surimi also had lower (P < .05) sensory scores for overall desirability.