酒类中苦味物质研究进展及对我国黄酒的借鉴

苦味过重破坏黄酒的协调性，是制约黄酒酿造向机械化自动化发展，以及影响消费者接受度提升的行业共性关键难题。目前对黄酒苦味物质种类和来源的报道多停留在凭经验推测阶段，黄酒中呈苦味的关键物质尚不明确，生产中缺乏调降策略。文章综述了国内外酒类中苦味物质的分离鉴定方法、研究进展和降苦技术，旨在为黄酒苦味物质的研究提供思路和方法。     

黄酒中苦味物质及其来源探讨

对黄酒中的苦味物质作了简要介绍，对苦味物质的性质进行了描述，并对苦味物质的来源作了分析并对减少酒中的苦味物质提出了可行性建议。     

传统黄酒风味物质研究进展

黄酒是我国传统的低度发酵酒，因其具有营养丰富、口感醇厚等特点而深受大众喜爱。受人们饮食习惯与地方物产的影响，各地黄酒风味各异，且风味物质成分复杂，因此对黄酒风味物质的探索成为当前重点研究方向之一。随着仪器的更新换代、检测技术的飞速发展以及风味研究理论的逐步深入，关于黄酒风味的研究从最初简单的风味物质解析到感官评定的辅助分析与鉴定，再到风味组学研究的逐步建立，对黄酒风味物质的研究逐步变得系统而严谨。随着人们对食品安全的关注和对食品品质的严格要求，黄酒中有害异味物质的研究也备受关注。如何调控或清除黄酒中有害异味物质也已成为新的研究热点。本文从近年来学者对黄酒的研究入手，对黄酒风味物质的区域分布、种类、含量、提取、检测、发酵工艺及对风味物质的影响因素，黄酒中异味物质及危害等进行了文献综述。此综述可为黄酒风味物质的进一步研究、黄酒行业酒类品质提升提供文献参考。     

黄酒中风味物质的研究进展

黄酒因其风味独特、口感醇厚、营养丰富及具有保健功能等特点深受广大群众喜爱,其地域差异性造就的风味差异也成为目前重点研究的方向之一。该文结合国内外黄酒的研究情况,概述了黄酒中风味物质的检测方法,重点对黄酒挥发性风味物质和主要特征物质进行了综述,最后展望黄酒品质调控手段及其风味物质检测手段的未来发展,为黄酒的风味化学的深入研究提供一定的证据以及为将来生产符合现代需求的优质黄酒提供一些参考。     

蛋白酶对黄酒中苦味多肽pGlu-LFNPSTNPWHSP的降解作用

苦味多肽pGlu-LFNPSTNPWHSP(PGP)是黄酒中的关键苦味物质之一。本文利用6种蛋白酶降解PGP,以PGP降解率和对黄酒品质的影响为评价指标,考察不同蛋白酶在黄酒降苦方面的应用潜能。结果表明,在模拟黄酒溶液中,不同蛋白酶降解PGP的差异较大,其中风味蛋白酶、木谷蛋白酶和酸性蛋白酶的降解效果较好,PGP降解率分别为95.7%,79.8%和24.7%。将其应用于成品黄酒中,3种蛋白酶处理对黄酒的理化指标和挥发性风味物质无明显影响,以风味蛋白酶的降苦效果最佳,PGP降解率为25.2%,苦味强度由7.2降至5.8。利用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术（UPLC-QTOF-MS）分析不同蛋白酶酶解产物,结果显示风味蛋白酶作用PGP的多个位点,得到苦味强度较低的色氨酸（W）、焦谷氨酰亮氨酸（pGlu-L）等小分子氨基酸和多肽片段,达到降低黄酒苦味的效果。     

黄酒中的苦味物质及其来源探讨

对黄酒品尝过程中产生的苦味以及苦味物质的性质、来源作了详细介绍。并认为 ,黄酒中的苦味主要来自于发酵产生的高级醇、氨基酸、酪醇、二肽等物质。提出了减少苦味物质产生的措施 :( 1 )严禁使用霉变、发黄的原料 ;( 2 )控制酵母增殖倍数 ,保证后酵低温发酵 ;( 3 )防止酵母自溶现象 ,尽量减少纯种曲用量 ;( 4 )重视曲房温度管理 ,严防杂菌感染。     

黄酒中苦味物质性质、成因及控制

本文对黄酒品尝过程中产生的苦味以及苦味物质的性质、来源作了详细介绍。作者认为黄酒中的苦味主要来自于发酵产生的高级醇、氨基酸、酪醇、二肽等物质。并提出了减少苦味物质产生的措施。一是严禁使用霉变、发黄的原料；二是控制酵母增殖倍数，保证后酵低温发酵；三是防止酵母自溶现象。尽量减少纯种曲用量；四是重视曲房温度管理。严防杂菌感染。     

食品中苦味物质检测方法的研究进展

苦味物质的存在会对食品的味感造成较大影响,为提高产品感官品质,部分食品在加工过程中会进行苦味物质的检测和控制。目前,食品中苦味物质的检测主要集中于感官分析、生物评价、动物评价和仪器评价等方法。本文论述了食品加工过程中苦味物质的来源及国内外对于苦味检测方法的研究进展,以期对食品中苦味物质的检测提供参考。     

不同酒龄传统绍兴黄酒的特征风味物质分析

以1、3、5、8 a陈和10 a陈传统绍兴黄酒为原料,测定其挥发性风味物质、有机酸和游离氨基酸组分和感官特征。黄酒香气活力值大于1的挥发性风味物质与香气描述性感官评分的主成分分析结果表明,低年份传统绍兴黄酒较为醇香,主要特征挥发性风味物质为苯乙醇、苯乙醛。高年份传统绍兴黄酒受乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯等酯类物质的影响较大,较为酯香,且香气更为浓郁和协调。黄酒滋味活力值大于1的游离氨基酸和有机酸及滋味描述性感官评分的主成分分析结果表明,琥珀酸和异亮氨酸对低年份黄酒滋味贡献度大,口感偏酸辣。乳酸、柠檬酸和蛋氨酸对于高年份的传统绍兴黄酒的滋味贡献程度大,口感更为协调。因此,乙酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、柠檬酸与蛋氨酸等对陈酿传统绍兴黄酒的风味具有重要贡献。     

黄酒中安全风险性物质及控制的研究进展

黄酒是用谷物作原料,用酒药、麦曲或米曲制成的酿造酒,富含人体必需氨基酸,营养价值高。但在生产过程中也会产生或不慎引入具有潜在安全风险的物质,如氨基甲酸乙酯、高级醇、生物胺、黄曲霉毒素、甲醛等,对黄酒的品质和安全造成重大影响,因此明确黄酒中这些安全性风险物质的来源和生成途径并制订相应的控制措施对提高黄酒质量十分重要。本文在描述黄酒中安全风险性物质种类及危害的基础上,对各种安全风险性物质的来源、生成途径和影响因素进行了综述,并讨论分析了相应的控制措施。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the