GC-MS法测定宣威火腿中脂肪酸组成

以宣威火腿为对象,通过提取成熟宣威火腿的肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对宣威火腿肌间脂肪与皮下脂肪中脂肪酸的组分进行探讨。结果表明:宣威火腿肌间脂肪中含11种饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸的34.75%,15种不饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸含量的64.78%,主要的脂肪酸为油酸(C18∶1)、棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(C18∶0)、亚油酸(C18∶2),含量分别为33.44%、23.37%、8.44%、20.55%;皮下脂肪中含11种饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸的36.23%,15种不饱和脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸含量的63.47%,主要的脂肪酸为油酸(C18∶1)、棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(Cl8∶0)、亚油酸(C18∶2),含量分别为31.47%、21.90%、11.13%、22.39%。     

五种云南火腿游离脂肪酸含量比较分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对宣威火腿、诺邓火腿、鹤庆圆腿、撒坝火腿及三川火腿共5种云南干腌火腿肌内及皮下部位进行游离脂肪酸种类及含量比较分析。结果表明,5种火腿中的游离脂肪酸种类最多检测出16种,棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(C18∶0)、油酸(C18∶1 n-3)、和亚油酸(C18∶2)是5种云南火腿的主要脂肪酸,且不同火腿及不同部位间的脂肪酸组成及含量存在差异(P 0. 05);以诺邓火腿和三川火腿的含量最高,诺邓火腿肌内及皮下脂肪部分的游离脂肪酸总量分别为40. 378 mg/g、79. 959 mg/g,三川火腿的为42. 336 mg/g与77. 548 mg/g,其次分别为撒坝火腿(30. 147 mg/g、62. 049 mg/g),宣威火腿(28. 446 mg/g、62. 078 mg/g)与鹤庆圆腿(27. 361 mg/g、55. 953 mg/g);肌内及皮下的不饱和脂肪酸总含量与必需脂肪酸含量,诺邓火腿与三川火腿均高于其余火腿,因此诺邓火腿与三川火腿的脂肪组成较其他3种火腿更为合理。     

金华火腿中肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪的脂肪酸分析

提取成熟金华火腿中的肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪 ,分离并测定了其中甘油酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸的含量 ,并对其脂肪酸组成进行了分析 ,结果表明 :肌间脂肪含量为 12. 4 % ,甘油酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸分别占 77. 3%、11 .2 %和 10 . 9% ;皮下脂肪含量为 90 .7% ,相应的 3部分分别占 88.7%、0 . 2 %和 10 .4 %。肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪的脂肪酸都以C16:0 、C18:1、C18:2 为主要成分。甘油酯里单不饱和脂肪酸的含量都远远高于其在磷脂和游离脂肪酸中的含量 ,而磷脂里多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显高于其在甘油酯和游离脂肪酸中的含量。     

金华火腿加工过程中肌肉肌内脂的水解变化研究

研究了金华火腿股二头肌 (bicepsfemoris)肌内脂肪在加工过程中不同时期的水解变化情况。肌内脂使用氯仿 甲醇溶液提取 ,采用固相萃取法将中性脂 (主要为甘油脂 )、游离脂肪酸和磷脂分离 ,用毛细管气相色谱分别分析甘油脂、游离脂肪酸和磷脂脂肪酸的种类与比例。通过比较不同时期样品的色谱结果 ,发现在金华火腿原料中磷脂脂肪酸的不饱和脂肪酸百分含量较高 ,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸的含量高达 4 9 2 2 %。且在金华火腿成熟过程中 ,磷脂水解作用显著 ,而甘油脂脂肪酸百分比例比较稳定 ,说明甘油脂水解作用相对较弱。     

金华火腿中肌内脂肪的提取和脂肪酸分析研究

通过正交实验,确定金华火腿中肌内脂肪的最佳提取条件是:氯仿和甲醇(2:1,v/v)的用量为样品重量的14倍,振荡1.5h,取滤液加其1/2体积的1%NaCl溶液.处理60d的金华火腿中肌内脂肪的含量为12.4%,甘油酯、磷脂、游离脂肪酸分别占76.5%、18.8%、4.7%.甘油酯中单不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高,为47.89%;而磷脂中多不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高,为50.94%;游离脂肪酸中则含有较多的饱和脂肪酸(41.56%).甘油酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸中都是以C16.0、C18:1、C18:2为主要成分.     

传统金华火腿加工过程中肌内脂肪的变化

分别提取0、32、60、160、240d的金华火腿中的肌内脂肪,分析其甘油酯、磷脂、游离脂肪酸的含量和脂肪酸组成。结果表明:磷脂的含量从23.3%减少到11.2%,游离脂肪酸的含量从1.6%增加到11.5%,甘油酯的含量没有发生显著性变化;甘油酯和磷脂中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)都无显著性变化;游离脂肪酸中,PUFA的含量显著减少,MUFA的含量减少,但其变化不显著,SFA的含量显著增加。     

金华火腿传统加工过程中的脂肪氧化研究

取0、30、62、160和240d的金华火腿,提取肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪,分别测定脂肪中各组分的含量和氧化指标。结果表明,肌内脂肪中磷脂含量较多,皮下脂肪中甘油酯含量较多;在金华火腿加工过程中,肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪的酸价一直上升,过氧化值、羰基价和TBA值有升有降,但总体呈上升趋势,脂肪氧化程度不断增强。同时发现,肌内脂肪比皮下脂肪的氧化程度更高。     

大足黑山羊不同部位肌肉脂肪酸比较研究

为研究大足黑山羊不同部位肌内脂肪、脂肪酸含量和组成方面的差异,以处于相同饲喂条件且体质量相近的6 只5 月龄大足黑山羊为研究对象,分别利用索式抽提法和气相色谱-质谱联用法测定背最长肌和臂三头肌肌内脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成。结果表明：大足黑山羊背最长肌中肌内脂肪含量为3.2%,臂三头肌为3.0%,背最长肌略高于臂三头肌;大足黑山羊背最长肌和臂三头肌各检测出33 种脂肪酸,2 个部位各脂肪酸含量基本一致,但与背最长肌相比,臂三头肌反油酸（C18:1 n-9t）含量较高,而介子酸（C22:1）含量较低;16 种饱和脂肪酸中,仅十七碳酸（C17:0）含量背最长肌极显著高于臂三头肌（P＜0.01）;17 种不饱和脂肪酸中,4 种脂肪酸在不同部位间存在显著差异,背最长肌二十碳烯酸（C20:1）含量极显著高于臂三头肌（P＜0.01）,油酸（C18:1 n-9c）含量显著高于臂三头肌（P＜0.05）,臂三头肌反油酸（C18:1 n-9t）含量极显著高于背最长肌（P＜0.01）;臂三头肌和背最长肌中不同种类脂肪酸相对含量：单不饱和脂肪酸＞饱和脂肪酸＞多不饱和脂肪酸＞中链脂肪酸,臂三头肌和背最长肌中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸相对含量之和分别为88.4%和86.3%;臂三头肌和背最长肌中n-3/n-6值相近且均在3.0左右;背最长肌多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸含量比值（P/S）为0.45,臂三头肌P/S值为0.41,背最长肌高于臂三头肌。说明不同部位大足黑山羊肉脂肪酸含量及组成存在差异,并可能在一定程度上影响肉的风味及营养价值。     

湖北宣恩火腿基本成分分析

以湖北宣恩火腿为原料,测定其股二头肌部位的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸等含量。结果表明:宣恩火腿营养丰富,基本成分含量:水分55.18%、蛋白质22.80%、脂肪21.55%,pH 6.35;宣恩火腿中被检测出的氨基酸17种,必需氨基酸7种,占总氨基酸含量的29.47%;非必需氨基酸10种,占总氨基酸含量的70.53%;含量较高的游离氨基酸有Ala、Pro、Leu、Val、Ile和Phe;含量较高的脂肪酸有棕榈酸(C16∶0)、油酸(C18∶1)和亚油酸(C18∶2)。     

澳洲美利奴羊肉脂肪酸组成

选择3 只澳洲美利奴羔羊的背最长肌、臀肌及臂三头肌,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其脂肪酸含量进行测定及分类探讨。结果表明：澳洲美利奴羊肉中共含有脂肪酸35 种,其中C15:1、C16:0、C17:1、C18:0、C18:1 n-9c脂肪酸含量较高,3 个部位肌肉中：不饱和脂肪酸含量＞饱和脂肪酸含量＞单不饱和脂肪酸含量＞多不饱和脂肪酸含量,且每个部位肌肉中单不饱和脂肪酸含量比多不饱和脂肪酸含量均高出2～3 倍;n-3脂肪酸亚麻酸甲酯（C18:3 n-3）在臂三头肌中的含量显著高于背最长肌（P＜0.05）;与另外2 个部位相比,臂三头肌总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸及长链脂肪酸含量均最高;臂三头肌中多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸含量比值最高,背最长肌中最低。     

安福火腿游离脂肪酸、风味物质及氨基酸分析

为揭示安福火腿的品质特性及其主体挥发性风味物质成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用等对其肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中游离脂肪酸、挥发性风味物质进行对比分析及肌肉中氨基酸的组分含量进行定量检测。结果表明,从肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中分别检测出19、29种游离脂肪酸（皮下脂肪的总游离脂肪酸含量是肌内脂肪的7.992倍）,29、31种挥发性风味物质。采用气味活性值分析法分别得到7、14种主体挥发性风味物质,其中己醛、辛醛、壬醛、（E, E）-2, 4-癸二烯醛和双戊烯是肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中共同呈现的关键挥发性风味物质,3-甲硫基丙醛和癸醛仅存在于肌内脂肪中。肌肉中检测出17种氨基酸,且必需氨基酸的含量丰富,占氨基酸总量的41.98%,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸两种鲜味氨基酸的含量最高,它们对安福火腿的鲜美度有着重要的贡献。此研究可为后期分析加工工艺对安福火腿品质的影响提供借鉴。     

应用超高压手段延长低温烟熏火腿的货架期

为揭示超高压处理后低温烟熏火腿货架期、品质及营养指标的变化,以400MPa和600MPa的压力在22℃条件下对切片包装后的烟熏火腿进行10min超高压处理,以未经高压处理样品作对照,4℃贮藏条件下,于0、1、30、90d测定超高压处理样品中的各腐败微生物总数,同时对超高压处理烟熏火腿的脂肪氧化程度、游离脂肪酸含量以及部分感官指标进行评定。结果表明：超高压能够有效杀灭烟熏火腿中的肠杆菌、热杀索丝菌、假单胞菌以及霉菌和酵母,乳酸菌中的部分属较为耐压,是低温烟熏火腿贮藏后期的优势腐败菌;超高压处理组比未处理组样品的饱和脂肪酸含量略有上升,不饱和脂肪酸含量略有下降,且随压力升高饱和脂肪酸增加和不饱和脂肪酸减少的量也相对较大;贮藏初期超高压处理组与未处理组样品TBARS值都没有显著变化,而随贮藏期延长,超高压处理组样品TBARS值比未处理组略有上升。超高压处理能够有效延长低温烟熏火腿的货架期,不会或较小引起游离脂肪酸、贮藏期内色泽和脂肪氧化指标的显著变化,能够较好的保持产品原有游离脂肪酸组成及口感品质。     

Effect of intensifying high-temperature ripening on lipolysis and lipid oxidation of Jinhua ham

The orthogonal experiment for fermenting-ripening process was carried out to effectively shorten the process time of Jinhua ham by intensifying high-temperature ripening. Lipolysis and lipid oxidation in the ham were affected by the process time, temperature and salt content during processing. Intensifying high-temperature ripening could accelerate the lipolysis and lipid oxidation. Both saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) were steadily increased with temperature rising (p < 0.01). The daily-increment of total FFAs in the muscle of modern process products was significantly higher than that in the traditional ones (p < 0.01) and kept at a high level through high-temperature ripening. TBARS in ripened hams was remarkably lower than that in traditional products (p < 0.01). These results explained that longtime high-temperature (35-37 °C) ripening could effectively promote lipolysis, decrease TBARS value and accelerate the development of flavor in Jinhua ham.     

Lipolysis in intramuscular lipids during processing of traditional Xuanwei ham

Lipolysis in intramuscular lipids during the processing of Chinese Xuanwei ham has been studied by analyzing the changes of glycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids in biceps femoris muscle. Results showed that the glycerides accounted for 73.2% of total lipid content in fresh ham, the phospholipids represented 25.3% and the free fatty acids 2.3% of the total lipid content, respectively. A rapid lipolysis of phospholipids occurred during the first 4 months of processing and slowed down during the rest period. A preferential hydrolysis for palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids in phospholipid fraction was observed. Glycerides only changed a little throughout the process, while an increase of free fatty acids during processing was observed. The results suggest that phospholipids are the main substrate of lipolysis in the intramuscular lipids of Chinese Xuanwei ham.     

Composition and estimation of intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acid composition in Spanish young bulls

Sixty Pirenaica yearling intact bulls were raised and slaughtered at 519±50kg live weight and 371±18 days of age. Fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids in longissimus dorsi muscle and subcutaneous fat were determined by capillary gas chromatography. Carcass conformation and fatness, carcass weight, ether extractable intramuscular fat percentage, marbling, dorsal fat thickness, and ultrasonic parameters were recorded to study the relationship between these traits and fatty acid profile. Lipids of subcutaneous adipose tissue had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) percentage (49% vs. 33%) but lower saturated fatty acids (SFA) (51% vs. 46%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16% vs. 5%) percentages than intramuscular fat depots (p<0.001). Fatter carcasses had higher MUFA percentage and lower PUFA percentage (p<0.01) in intramuscular fat. Carcass weight and conformation would contribute to explain the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat (p<0.05). Ultrasound readings reflected the effect of fatness on fat composition.     

宣威火腿加工过程中抗氧化肽活性变化规律

以不同加工阶段的宣威火腿为原料,研究宣威火腿中多肽的含量及其抗氧化活性变化规律。以同浓度谷胱甘肽(GSH)作为对照,分别用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟自由基、超氧自由基清除率以及总抗氧化能力对多肽抗氧化活性进行评价。结果显示:多肽含量及抗氧化活性随加工时间增加呈现出逐渐提高的趋势,且加工0~2个月和6~8个月的火腿中肽含量和抗氧化活性有显著性提高(p<0.05)。除清除超氧自由基能力外,其他抗氧化能力均低于GSH(p<0.05)。以上结果表明,随着加工时间的增加,宣威火腿中多肽含量呈增加趋势,多肽的抗氧化活性在加工0~2个月和6~8个月增加更加明显。     

The influences of carcass weight and depot on the fatty acid composition of fats of suckling Manchego lambs

The effects of carcass weight (<5.5 kg, 5.5–6.5 kg, ⩾6.5 kg) of Manchego suckling lambs, type of fat depot of the leg (subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular) and muscle (m. longissimus dorsi (LD) or m. quadriceps femoris (QF)) on the fatty acid composition were studied. Carcass fatness increased with increasing carcass weight. However, few differences in fatty acid proportion were observed between the three carcass weight groups. The lightest carcasses had lower proportions of myristic (C14:0) and palmitoleic (C16:1) acid and higher proportions of stearic (C18:0) acid, desirable fatty acids (DFA) (C18:0 + total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA)) and a greater nutritive value ((C18:0 + C18:1)/C16:0). The fatty acid composition of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots of the leg were similar, whereas the intramuscular fat depot was different from both of these, since it had a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), a greater proportion of TUFA, higher PUFA/SFA and n − 6/n − 3 ratios, and greater DFA and nutritive values. The intramuscular fat of the LD was more saturated than QF, higher SFA, and had lower value of PUFA/SFA ratio and DFA. These results indicated that the intramuscular fat quality of the leg was better than subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots and also that intramuscular fat displayed better attributes of quality (lower SFA, higher TUFA, and greater PUFA/SFA ratio and DFA as well) than intramuscular fat of the LD from the consumer health standpoint. Despite carcass weight affected carcass fatness, it did not seem to influence the proportions of saturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. For this reason, carcass weight probably had little effect on the organoleptic characteristics of the meat.