响应面法优化超声辅助提取玉米须多酚工艺研究

利用响应面法优化超声辅助提取玉米须多酚的工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,选取超声时间、乙醇浓度、料液比为自变量,以没食子酸为对照,以多酚得率为响应值,应用中心组合设计试验方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对多酚得率的影响,建立二次多项回归方程的数学模型。试验研究表明,乙醇浓度对玉米须多酚得率的影响比较显著。最终优选的超声波辅助提取玉米须多酚工艺为:乙醇浓度60%、料液比1∶25(g/mL)、超声时间25 min,在此条件下,玉米须多酚得率为4.45%。     

超声辅助乙醇提取海带多酚工艺优化及抗氧化活性

探究超声辅助乙醇提取海带多酚的工艺条件,选取超声温度、料液比、超声时间和乙醇浓度为试验因子,研究不同工艺参数对海带多酚提取量的影响,并采用响应面法优化海带多酚的提取工艺,通过测定其对DPPH自由基及ABTS的清除作用,评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,超声辅助乙醇提取海带多酚的最佳工艺条件为:超声温度65.0℃、料液比1∶28(g/mL)、超声时间45min、乙醇浓度75%,在此条件下海带多酚提取率为2.118 mg/g,接近模型预测值2.139 mg/g。海带多酚对DPPH自由基和ABTS的清除率分别为68.87%和49.73%,IC_(50)相应为81.119μg/mL和222.224μg/mL,其清除能力与多酚浓度之间呈一定的正相关关系,海带多酚具有一定的体外抗氧化能力。超声波辅助乙醇提取海带中多酚的方法可行、可靠,试验为海带生物活性成分的高效制备与抗氧化剂的深度开发提供了理论依据。     

山核桃外蒲壳多酚物质提取及抗氧化研究

为了优化山核桃外蒲壳多酚的提取工艺,在乙醇提取方法的基础上,探讨超声波及微波辅助处理对多酚提取率的影响。研究结果表明,超声波辅助提取蒲多酚工艺条件是:60%乙醇,料液比1:20(g/mL),40℃,200 W,30 min,提取1次,在此条件下多酚得率19.87%;微波辅助提取蒲多酚工艺条件是:60%乙醇,料液比1:20(g/mL),40℃,600 W,4 min,提取1次,在此条件下多酚得率为15.39%。将超声提取的多酚进行体外抗氧化分析,结果山核桃蒲多酚对DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子具有较高的清除率。     

不同方法提取甜玉米芯多酚对比研究

以美国脆王甜玉米芯为原料,分别采用乙醇浸提、超声波辅助和微波辅助提取甜玉米芯多酚并选择最优方法通过单因素试验及L_9(3~4)正交试验设计,确定甜玉米芯多酚最佳提取条件。结果表明:超声波辅助提取法效果明显优于乙醇浸提法和微波辅助提取法,甜玉米芯多酚提取率为95.10%。单因素试验及正交设计表明当甜玉米芯多酚提取3次,提取温度40℃,超声时间为60min,超声功率300W,乙醇浓度70%,料液比1:25(g/mL)时,多酚提取率达到最高,为96.04%,多酚得率为16.24 mg/g。本试验为甜玉米芯多酚分离纯化的进一步研究提供试验依据。     

松仁红衣多酚的提取及体外抗氧化活性研究

利用超声波辅助乙醇溶剂浸提法,从松仁红衣中提取具有抗氧化活性的多酚类物质。通过单因素和正交实验,研究乙醇浓度、提取温度、料液比、超声功率、超声时间对多酚得率的影响,确定了提取多酚的最佳工艺条件:乙醇浓度60%、提取温度60℃、料液比1∶20(g/m L)、超声时间90min、超声功率300W,此条件下所得提取液的多酚得率为2.36%。并进行了松仁红衣多酚的体外抗氧化活性实验,结果表明松仁红衣多酚对羟自由基、DPPH自由基及过氧化氢均具有清除作用。     

响应面优化鸡油菌多酚的超声辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化活性

以鸡油菌为原料获得鸡油菌多酚提取的最佳工艺条件,采用超声波辅助乙醇提取法,以料液比、超声温度、乙醇浓度、超声时间为单因素,利用Box-Behnken方法进行四因素三水平的实验设计优化了多酚最佳提取工艺条件。同时,以超高效液相色谱质谱技术UPLC-MS对鸡油菌中的多酚成分进行了分析,采用DPPH法、ABTS法、FRAP法对多酚进行了体外抗氧化活性评价。此外,比较了乙醇浸提、索式热回流提取与超声波辅助乙醇提取三种方法对鸡油菌多酚含量的差异。结果表明:采用超声波辅助乙醇提取鸡油菌多酚的最佳条件为料液比1:32（g/mL）、超声温度40 ℃、乙醇浓度40%、超声时间21 min;超声辅助提取多酚的量最大,为11.80 mg/g;浸提多酚含量为8.60 mg/g;索式热回流多酚含量为3.60 mg/g。UPLC-MS分析结果表明鸡油菌多酚提取物主要包含没食子酸、咖啡酸和丁香酸酚类成分;与传统方法比较,超声波辅助提取法是一种简单快速高效的多酚提取方法;三种体外抗氧化活性试验表明,鸡油菌多酚具有较强的体外抗氧化活性。     

超声波辅助提取桑葚果渣中多酚物质的工艺研究

研究了以乙醇为溶剂,用超声波辅助提取法提取桑椹果渣中总多酚物质的最佳工艺,主要考察了乙醇提取时乙醇浓度、料液比、振幅、超声时间对多酚提取率的影响。结果表明：超声波辅助法提取桑椹渣中多酚的最佳工艺条件为：料液比为1：70,超声时间为160s,乙醇浓度为60%,振幅90%;在此条件下从桑椹果渣中提取的总多酚浓度为73.3284mg/g。     

金丝小枣多酚的提取及抗氧化性和抑菌活性研究

选用金丝小枣(Ziziphus jujuba)为材料,采用超声波辅助法提取金丝小枣中的多酚。在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验,确定金丝小枣多酚的最佳提取工艺。试验结果表明:超声波辅助法提取金丝小枣多酚的最佳提取工艺为超声时间30 min、乙醇浓度50%、料液比1∶15、超声功率210 W、超声温度50℃,此条件下金丝小枣多酚提取量为12.45 mg/g。抗氧化性研究结果表明:金丝小枣多酚对亚硝酸根、羟自由基和超氧自由基有清除作用。金丝小枣多酚对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、曲霉、根霉4种菌有不同程度的抑制作用,可作为天然食品添加剂应用于食品保鲜。     

提取方式对玉米须总多酚抗氧化活性的影响研究

以玉米须为原料,利用酶法、微波、超声波和微波辅助超声波四种方式提取玉米须中的多酚,并研究了不同提取方式得到多酚的抗氧化活性。通过测定多酚的体外还原能力以及DPPH自由基、超氧自由基、羟基自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力,考察四种提取方式得到多酚的抗氧化活性并进行比较。结果表明,微波辅助超声波提取得到的多酚含量最高,为1.975 mg/g;四种提取方式得到的多酚对DPPH自由基、超氧自由基、羟基自由基和ABTS自由基均具有较强的清除作用,且相关性显著,其中酶法提取多酚的清除能力均强于其余三种提取方式的清除能力,抗氧化活性由强到弱依次为酶法提取微波辅助超声波提取微波提取超声波提取。     

超声波辅助提取番石榴中多酚类物质的研究

以番石榴为提取原料,采用超声波辅助提取番石榴多酚。通过对超声波功率、乙醇浓度、料液比、超声时间进行单因素试验,并利用响应面分析得到番石榴中多酚提取率的回归方程。结果表明,番石榴多酚提取的最佳工艺条件为超声波功率350W,乙醇浓度40%,料液比1∶30(m∶V),该条件下多酚的提取得率为4.65mg/g。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。