草酸侵蚀马铃薯回生淀粉制备晶种促进玉米淀粉回生的研究

回生淀粉具有积极的生理作用,本文采用草酸侵蚀马铃薯回生淀粉制备晶种促进玉米淀粉的回生,使得玉米淀粉的回生率从7.37%提高至11.46%。X-射线衍射表明经草酸侵蚀后马铃薯直链及支链回生淀粉均显示出了典型的B型衍射峰,即酸处理使得淀粉具有明显规则的形貌特征。以草酸侵蚀的马铃薯直链淀粉为晶种促进玉米淀粉回生长晶后,淀粉显示出了明显的B型衍射峰,且具有规则的外观形貌。这是由于分支度低的玉米淀粉分子在溶液中快速移动,向较规则形貌的马铃薯直链淀粉晶种上聚集并生长,这样既保持了马铃薯直链淀粉的晶体形貌又显著地提高了玉米淀粉的回生率。研究成果为促进玉米淀粉回生提供一条全新的途径。      

草酸侵蚀马铃薯回生淀粉制备晶种促进玉米淀粉回生的研究

回生淀粉具有积极的生理作用,本文采用草酸侵蚀马铃薯回生淀粉制备晶种促进玉米淀粉的回生,使得玉米淀粉的回生率从7.37%提高至11.46%。X-射线衍射表明经草酸侵蚀后马铃薯直链及支链回生淀粉均显示出了典型的B型衍射峰,即酸处理使得淀粉具有明显规则的形貌特征。以草酸侵蚀的马铃薯直链淀粉为晶种促进玉米淀粉回生长晶后,淀粉显示出了明显的B型衍射峰,且具有规则的外观形貌。这是由于分支度低的玉米淀粉分子在溶液中快速移动,向较规则形貌的马铃薯直链淀粉晶种上聚集并生长,这样既保持了马铃薯直链淀粉的晶体形貌又显著地提高了玉米淀粉的回生率。研究成果为促进玉米淀粉回生提供一条全新的途径。     

直链淀粉晶种对淀粉回生的影响机制

由于淀粉回生影响因素复杂和研究手段局限,基于直链淀粉主导的短期回生阶段和支链淀粉主导的长期回生阶段关联性的回生共性机制未得到系统阐述。基于此,该研究制备短期回生的直链淀粉晶种,采用FTIR、¹³C CP/MAS NMR等手段,研究其诱导大米淀粉的长期回生过程与规律,揭示短期回生与长期回生关联性。结果表明,所制备的直链淀粉晶种粒度分布在200～450 nm,添加晶种导致淀粉短程有序度由0. 670最高提高至0. 887,双螺旋含量由14. 86%最高提高到了22. 80%。回生淀粉的短程有序度、双螺旋含量显著提高,表明所制备直链淀粉晶种显著促进淀粉长期回生过程,这种晶体协同增长效应,丰富了淀粉回生共性机制。     

6种不同种类直支链淀粉相互混合对其回生的影响

目的 研究6种不同种类直支链淀粉相互混合对其回生的影响。方法 将玉米淀粉、甘薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、糯米淀粉、小麦淀粉等6种不同种类直支链淀粉分离出来, 然后两两混合, 研究不同直支链混合对其回生率的影响。 结果 马铃薯支链淀粉与甘薯支链淀粉以2:8(m:m)混合回生率最低, 为60.0%, 玉米支链淀粉与木薯支链淀粉以8:2(m:m)混合回生率最低为52.6%, 小麦支链淀粉与糯米支链淀粉以8:2(m:m)混合回生率最低为51.2%, 甘薯支链淀粉与小麦支链淀粉以1:1(m:m)混合回生率最低为53.7%。木薯支链淀粉与小麦直链淀粉以1:1(m:m)混合时所得淀粉回生率最大, 达到了92.0%, 混合淀粉回生后X射线晶型为B型。结论 不同种类直支链淀粉混合对其回生率影响很大, 食品加工中尽量不要混合使用木薯支链淀粉与小麦直链淀粉。     

原花青素抑制玉米淀粉回生作用的研究

目的研究原花青素(OPCs)对高直链玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和高支链玉米淀粉回生的影响。方法采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、核磁共振光谱仪(NMR)测定与分析原花青素与淀粉间的相互作用;同时测定原花青素对淀粉体外消化性的影响。结果结果表明,随着OPCs含量的增加,高直链玉米淀粉回生程度降低;当OPCs添加量为5%时,原花青素对普通玉米淀粉和高支链玉米淀粉回生抑制效果较好。高直链玉米淀粉中慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量随OPCs增加而增加,普通淀粉中SDS含量在添加5%OPCs时较高,而高支链玉米淀粉的快消化淀粉(RDS)含量在5%时较高;NMR结果表明OPCs分子与直链和支链淀粉之间均存在分子间相互作用。结论添加5%原花青素对三种玉米淀粉回生抑制效果较好;原花青素对直链和支链淀粉的结合方式和结合能力不同。     

玉米、甘薯和马铃薯直链淀粉回生前后可见及红外吸收变化分析

为了探索淀粉中直链淀粉的单独回生性质,研究了玉米、甘薯和马铃薯直链淀粉回生前后的可见及红外吸收变化情况。实验结果表明,回生前直链淀粉可见最大吸收分别为玉米627.4nm、甘薯575.4 nm、马铃薯627.5 nm,回生后分别为玉米568.2 nm、甘薯569.6 nm、马铃薯569.6nm。红外结果表明,少量连接多肽的玉米直链淀粉参与了回生,这些淀粉再次回生时连接多肽和氨基酸的淀粉没有参与回生,3种淀粉中连接脂肪的淀粉未参与回生。水参与了淀粉回生晶体的形成,不同晶型可通过晶体中水的H-O-H弯曲振动判别。     

玉米直、支链淀粉回生对含羟基红曲红色素护色机理探讨

以测定残留红曲红色素方法研究了玉米直链淀粉、支链淀粉的回生和色素添加方式对含羟基红曲红色素护色的效果,并利用红外光谱、核磁共振和X-射线衍射分析了淀粉护色机理。结果表明,玉米直链和支链淀粉的回生对红曲红色素具有明显的护色作用,15h紫外光照可使红曲红色素的保留率由38.3%提高到70%以上。在淀粉回生的糊化、高压和老化三个阶段中,高压后添加色素所得回生淀粉护色效果最好。核磁、红外和X-射线结果表明,回生淀粉与色素在C1、C6上发生了结合;直链淀粉结合色素更多,所以护色效果更好。     

甘薯淀粉动力学特性及其回生机理探讨

采用流变仪和差示扫描量热仪考察了甘薯淀粉在不同保持时间下的回生过程,发现甘薯淀粉糊化后,在4℃下,支链淀粉结晶、直链淀粉-脂肪复合结晶物和纯直链淀粉结晶的形成和完善是一个动态变化的过程,其动力学模型可用Avrami方程表达.短期回生以直链淀粉结晶为主体,长期回生以支链淀粉结晶为主体,并伴随着直链淀粉链结晶的进一步完善和稳定.     

不同品种水稻淀粉回生特性与其淀粉组分显微图像间的关系

通过对比不同回生率水稻淀粉、直/支链淀粉的显微图像,分析与回生特性相关的图像特征。实验结果表明,水稻淀粉的回生特性与原淀粉颗粒形态和直链淀粉显微图像间无关系,与水稻支链淀粉图像有一定相关关系。水稻支链淀粉C链比较长且与其连接的B链比较短、分支度低是选择抗回生水稻合适的标准。     

差示扫描量热法分析麦谷蛋白抑制小麦淀粉回生的机理

为了深入探索麦谷蛋白抑制小麦淀粉回生的机理,以小麦谷蛋白、小麦原淀粉和小麦回生淀粉中分子量分布范围较窄的直链和支链淀粉为原料,对比淀粉混合蛋白回生前后热学性质的变化,分析小麦谷蛋白抑制小麦淀粉回生的机理。结果表明,小麦谷蛋白的添加在回生前使小麦原淀粉、直链淀粉的峰值温度升高,使小麦支链淀粉的峰值温度降低,使3种淀粉的熔化吸热焓从225.0、238.0、241.8 J/g分别降低为134.2、96.5和93.5 J/g。回生后含谷蛋白的直链淀粉峰值温度下降,回生过程使含有谷蛋白的3种淀粉的熔化吸热焓均明显升高。小麦谷蛋白的添加使3种小麦淀粉均出现第2个峰值温度(220~230℃),说明蛋白和淀粉混合相互作用形成了新物质,该物质的形成阻碍了淀粉分子相互作用,抑制了淀粉的回生。     

酵母菌发酵生淀粉提高马铃薯淀粉回生率机理研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,淀粉回生率为考察指标,研究酵母菌发酵对马铃薯淀粉回生率的影响。通过对比发酵前后马铃薯回生淀粉的可见和红外吸收曲线,分析了酵母菌发酵提高马铃薯淀粉回生率的机理。结果表明,纤细酵母菌发酵马铃薯淀粉可使马铃薯淀粉回生率由12%提高到39.4%,提高了2.28倍。发酵后马铃薯回生淀粉中直链淀粉的最大可见吸收波长为587.8 nm,大于发酵前的569.6 nm。酵母菌发酵马铃薯淀粉提高其回生率的原因有两方面:一是发酵过程产生的酶使马铃薯支链淀粉脱支生成直链淀粉,增加了参与回生直链淀粉的量;二是发酵过程使马铃薯淀粉中醛基部分转变为伯醇基,进而生成糖苷键,增加直链淀粉链长,有利于淀粉回生过程晶体长大。     

Retrogradation of sweet potato amylose and amylopectin with narrow molecular weight distribution

Retrogradation of sweet potato amylose and amylopectin with narrow molecular weight distribution at different temperatures was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopy were combined to study the morphology of the molecular assemblies during retrogradation. Avrami equation was used to the retrogradation kinetics the of above starches by determining the crystallinity and the ratio of peak area of two distinctive peaks. It was found that only the ratio of peak area/total area at 2θ = ~16.3° could represent the crystallinity of retrograded starch-containing amorphous regions. Considering the crystallinity as retrogradation rate, only the retrogradation kinetics of sweet potato amylose could be analysed by Avrami equation, but not the amylopectin’s. All Avrami exponents n of amyloses at any temperatures were less than 1.0, indicating instantaneous nucleation and rod-like growth. AFM results showed that the maximum heights of layered structure for sweet potato amylose, amylopectin and blending of both were approximately 4800, 180 and 200 nm, respectively. The height of the former two decreased during storage, but the height of blending remained unchanged. Amylose served as nuclei of amylopectin during starch retrogradation.     

Retrogradation of Potato Starch as Studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Retrogradation kinetics for a potato starch-water system (10% w/w gel) was monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and compared with waxy maize starch. The spectra showed the C-C and C-O stretching region (1300-800 cm⁻¹) to be sensitive to the retrogradation process. A multi-stage process was observed during the retrogradation of potato starch and characterized as the formation of short- and long-range order. The first stage was characterized as the formation of helices and the fast formation of crystalline amylose regions. The second stage was described as the induction time for amylopectin helix aggregation. Stage three was described as the helix-helix aggregation and the crystallization of amylopectin. The overall-first order calculated rate constant of potato starch was (9.6±1.4) 10⁻ 3h⁻¹. The calculated rate constant were in agreement with the known difference in retrogradation kinetics of waxy maize and potato starch. The effects were explained by the differences in retrogradation rate of amylopectin and amylose. Potato starch consists of amylose as well as amylopectin. Whereas amylose crystallization occurs within a few hours, amylopectin crystallization is slow and takes a few weeks.     

紫薯淀粉结构与理化性质研究

目的 了解紫薯淀粉的结构和理化性质。方法 利用碱提取法从紫薯中提取淀粉, 与普通玉米淀粉进行对比, 分别对淀粉结构(分子链结构、结晶结构等)和理化性质(透明度、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、热稳定性)进行研究。结果 紫薯淀粉直链含量(24.5%)比玉米淀粉(26.7%)低, 两者均为A型结晶结构, 但紫薯淀粉的结晶度和分子有序程度比玉米淀粉高; 紫薯淀粉糊的透明度高于玉米淀粉糊, 且随时间延长其透明度下降程度比玉米淀粉糊低; 紫薯淀粉糊不易发生凝沉现象, 但其析水率(21.4%)比玉米淀粉糊高, 即冻融稳定性弱于玉米淀粉糊; 此外, 紫薯淀粉部分结构的热稳定性大于玉米淀粉。结论 紫薯淀粉在分子链结构和结晶结构上与玉米淀粉有较小差异, 但在理化性质上与玉米淀粉差别较大, 可为其工业应用提供指导基础。     

Retrogradation of Sweetpotato Starch

Hardness and the percentage of leaked water of sweetpotato starch gels after storage were investigated as indexes of starch retrogradation. Starches of some varieties of sweetpotato were retrograded rapidly, but those of others were not retrograded during storage for one week. After one month of storage, starches of all varieties were highly retrograded, but the varietal order of hardness and the percentage of leaked water were almost the same as that after storage for one week. The study of chain length distribution by gel permeation chromatography after debranching by isoamylase showed that the hardness and the percentage of leaked water from the gel were positively correlated with amylose content and the proportion of Fr 1, the fraction of the highest molecular weight, containing amylose and extremely long chains of amylopectin, and negatively correlated with the proportion of Fr 3, the fraction with the lowest molecular weight, containing shorter chains of amylopectin. In addition, it was demonstrated by high performance anion exchange chromatography that the proportion of extra‐short chains (around DP 10) of amylopectin after isoamylase treatment was negatively correlated with the retrogradation index of starch. These results suggest that retrogradation of sweetpotato starch was promoted by amylose and extremely long chains of amylopectin and was inhibited by extra‐short chains (around DP 10) of amylopectin.     

Effect of retrogradation,pancreatin digestion and amylose/amylopectin ratio on the fermentation of starch by Clostridium butyricum (NCIMB 7423)

Using three different maize starches (maize, waxy maize and high amylose maize, containing 25%, 1% and 52% amylose, respectively) the influence of amylose/amylopectin content and of retrogradation on fermentation by the porcine caecal anaerobe Clostridium butyricum was assessed. Small intestine digestion was simulated using pancreatin before the starches were exposed to bacterial fermentation. It was found that retrogradation appeared to alter the extent of the fermentation and hence the amount of short-chain fatty acids produced, while pancreatin digestion appeared to alter the way in which the organism fermented the starch and hence the acetate/butyrate ratio. The amylose/amylopectin ratio seemed to have more influence on the way the starch was fermented by the bacteria after the starch had been subjected to digestion with pancreatic enzymes, but had less influence when the starch had been retrograded. © 1998 SCI.     

菱角淀粉的理化性质研究

以菱角为原料提取淀粉,对淀粉的化学组成、淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、糊的粘度特性、老化特性等进行了研究.结果表明:菱角淀粉的支链淀粉含量为75.06%,其溶解度、膨胀度及糊的粘度特性、老化特性等介于作对照的玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉之间.