低蛋白饮食辅助治疗糖尿病肾病研究进展

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病微血管并发症之一。长期以来,低蛋白饮食被证实可以改善血液肌酐等肾病综合征,显著延缓肾衰的发展。本文综述了低蛋白饮食辅助治疗糖尿病肾病研究进展,并对低蛋白主食产品的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

低蛋白面条挤压熟化加工技术研究

为开发糖尿病肾病患者专用主食,以低蛋白主食常用的小麦淀粉为原料,以咀嚼度和膨胀度作为品质评价指标,通过单因素及响应面优化探讨螺杆转速、加水量、挤压温度对淀粉面条品质的影响,建立低蛋白面条挤压熟化加工工艺的回归模型。各因素对面条品质的影响主次顺序为:加水量﹥螺杆转速﹥挤压温度;最佳加工工艺:螺杆转速为93 r/min,加水量为31%,挤压温度为70℃。此工艺条件下,小麦淀粉挤压面条的咀嚼度(3 908±40)g、感官评分(73.65分)略低于市售意大利面[(4 661±61)g,81.91分],面条直径[(2.80±0.05)mm]略粗于意大利面[(1.94±0.02)mm],基本不影响糖尿病、肾病患者膳食习惯。     

低蛋白大米研制

本文研究了以稻花香大米为原料,用酸性蛋白酶分解部分大米蛋白,制得低蛋白大米的工艺。对酶剂量、反应时间以及干燥条件等因素进行研究,最终确定了蛋白含量低于2%的低蛋白大米的工艺参数。     

大豆在食品生产中的应用

我国人民膳食习惯以主食(米、面)为主,副食为辅,因此蛋白质摄取量不足。食用动物蛋白质又有增加胆固醇的缺点,而食用大豆蛋白质是理想的蛋白来源。 1.在主食中的应用 目前一般体力的脑力劳动者,每人每天需要蛋白质80克左右,就能基本满足人们生理上的需要。而我国人民又以主食为主,一般谷物(大米、面粉)中含蛋白质10％左     

慢性肾病贫血及药学服务建议

慢性肾病（CKD）是我国重要的公共卫生问题,慢性肾病贫血作为CKD的重要并发症,对CKD患者的生活质量和生存率有严重影响。目前,我国慢性肾病贫血患者普遍存在达标率低和依从性差等问题,需要多学科团队协同解决。本文综述慢性肾病贫血的流行病学、疾病现状、作用机制、疾病危害、药物治疗,并提出初步的药学服务建议。药学工作者有必要融入到医疗团队中,用高质量的药学服务赢得患者的认可。     

蔬果米粉(条)的开发

水稻,在我国至少已有六千年的栽培历史。据世界粮农组织的调查,1991年全世界稻谷总产量为5.2亿吨,中国产量1.88亿吨,印度1.13亿吨,中国是最大的稻谷生产国。大米是我国人民的传统主食,全国有2/3人口以大米作主食,由大米制成的米粉(条),在米制食品中举足轻重。我国的米粉(条)分切粉和榨粉两大类。福建称“粉干”;上     

微射流均质处理对碎米淀粉性质影响的研究

采用高压微射流均质处理碎米制备低蛋白含量的大米淀粉产品,并对淀粉颗粒形貌学、大小、淀粉破损率以及热学性质进行观察与测定。研究表明:高压微射流均质压力达到100MPa,均质次数为2次的情况下,可以获得最低蛋白回收率与纯度的淀粉样品,分别为15.30%和1.29%。淀粉颗粒表面积平均粒径(d32)与体积平均粒径(d43)分别从19.70μm与121.04μm降低到9.30μm与65.13μm。破损淀粉的比例从46.72%显著提高到64.66%,且对大米淀粉的热性质影响并不显著。该处理能有效解聚大米淀粉-蛋白质复合体结构,制备出结构和性质更接近天然大米淀粉的产品,有利于其在食品工业中的应用。     

大米营养强化技术及应用研究进展

大米是我国居民主食,但在加工和蒸煮过程中,一些营养成分损失严重。该文简要介绍大米营养素损失、可供强化的大米营养素、营养强化方法及强化工艺技术等。     

日本的营养政策

一、历史背景日本曾是个以大米为主食的国家,据自称,在公元六百年时,由于佛教的传入,法律规定禁止杀生,所以人民不食肉。这个习惯以后一直延续了几百年。十七世纪中叶,日本采取封建锁国政策约二百年,国民经济停滞不前。到了廿世纪,日本政府为了增强军事实力进行侵略,号召人民以粗茶淡饭为美德。国民食品是高碳水化合物,低蛋白,动物性蛋白更低,人们只能从鱼、贝壳中吸取少量的动物性蛋白。     

几种不同添加剂对预糊化大米面包品质的影响

大米因其蛋白营养价值高,过敏性低而被世界半数以上人口作为主食。大米面包产品的开发不仅能满足人们对食品的营养和新产品的开发要求,还能使粮食资源得到了充分的利用,对大米的深加工具有重要的意义。试验以香糯一号米粉为主要原料,研究了大米粉在糊化预处理条件下添加4种添加剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、海藻酸钠、黄原胶和卡拉胶)对大米面包品质变化的影响规律。大米粉在经预糊化处理条件下制成的大米面包的感官特性及质构特性结果表明,添加0.2%的CMC-Na时制作的大米面包在体积上有明显改善;海藻酸钠对改善大米面包品质无明显改善作用;黄原胶的最适添加量为0.05%,但是容易产生粘牙的问题;添加卡拉胶制作的大米面包存在硬度大的特点,最适浓度为0.25%。     

Brown Rice Versus White Rice: Nutritional Quality,Potential Health Benefits,Development of Food Products,and Preservation Technologies

Obesity and chronic diet‐related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and celiac are increasing worldwide. The increasing prevalence of these diseases has led nutritionists and food scientists to pay more attention to the relationship between diet and different disease risks. Among different foods, rice has received increasing attention because it is a major component of billions of peoples’ diets throughout the world. Rice is commonly consumed after polishing or whitening and the polished grain is known a high glycemic food because of its high starch content. In addition, the removal of the outer bran layer during rice milling results in a loss of nutrients, dietary fiber, and bioactive components. Therefore, many studies were performed to investigate the potential health benefits for the consumption of whole brown rice (BR) grain in comparison to the milled or white rice (WR). The objective of this work was to review the recent advances in research performed for purposes of evaluation of nutritional value and potential health benefits of the whole BR grain. Studies carried out for purposes of developing BR‐based food products are reviewed. BR safety and preservation treatments are also explored. In addition, economic and environmental benefits for the consumption of whole BR instead of the polished or WR are presented. Furthermore, challenges facing the commercialization of BR and future perspectives to promote its utilization as food are discussed.     

Rice α-globulin decreases serum cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

The hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effects of rice α-globulin remain unclear. We investigated the hypocholesterolemic effect of rice α-globulin in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. The rats were divided into 4 groups and were orally administrated the following three proteins or a vehicle for 4 weeks: rice protein, rice α-globulin, or soy β-conglycinin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight or carboxymethylcellulose to the control rats. In the rice α-globulin group, serum cholesterol concentrations were 28% lower than the control group and fecal neutral steroid excretion was increased by 30%. The hypocholesterolemic effect of rice α-globulin was equal to soy β-conglycinin in SD rats fed the hypercholesterolemic diet. However, the serum cholesterol concentrations in the rice protein group did not change compared to the control group. To investigate the antiatherogenic effects of rice α-globulin, male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were orally administered the same dose of rice α-globulin for 9 weeks. The en face lesion area in the aorta was 46% lower than in the control group. In conclusion, administration of rice α-globulin improves hypercholesterolemia in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet by increasing the fecal excretion of neutral sterols, and inhibits atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The anti-atherosclerotic effect exerts by mechanism(s) other than the regulation of serum MCP-1 and NO concentrations.     

低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的影响研究进展

低碳水化合物饮食是目前较为关注的控制糖尿病的饮食方式,包含低碳水化合物高脂肪饮食和低碳水化合物高蛋白质饮食。低碳水化合物饮食通过糖异生和酮生成作用降低葡萄糖的可用性来控制体重和血糖。但这种饮食方式对人体有很多负面影响。本文综述了低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的血管、心肌、肾脏的影响,以及此饮食方式的饮食依从性的研究进展,为低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的影响提供参考。     

The effect of treating forages with fibrolytic enzymes on its nutritive value and lactation performance of dairy cows

Forages (corn silage and alfalfa hay) were sprayed with liquid enzymes prior to combining with a concentrate to form a total mixed ration (50% forage:50% concentrate, dry matter basis) and fed to lactating cows. In the first year, treatments were 1) no enzymes, 2) an enzyme complex containing 3500 carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and 16,000 xylanase units per kilogram of forage dry matter, or 3) an enzyme complex containing 8800 CMCase units and 40,000 xylanase units. In the second year, the treatments were 1) no enzymes, 2) an enzyme complex as in yr 1 containing 3700 CMCase and 14,000 xylanase units, or 3) an enzyme complex using an alternative cellulase and containing 3600 CMCase and 11,000 xylanase units. In the first year, cows fed diet 2 tended to produce more milk (39.5 kg/d) than those fed diet 1 (37.0 kg/d) or those fed diet 3 (36.2 kg/d). The high level of enzyme treatment in diet 3 decreased the output of milk protein and fat compared to the low level of enzyme treatment. In the second year, cows fed diet 3 produced more milk (35.4 kg/d) than did those fed diet 1 (32.9 kg/d) and numerically more than those fed diet 2 (33.6 kg/d). Milk fat and protein were similar among treatments but numerically lower for cows fed enzyme-treated forages. Dry matter intake (kg/d) was similar among treatments in both years. Spraying certain doses and combinations of enzymes directly onto forages prior to feeding can improve milk yields but enzyme sources and dose levels are of critical importance.     

不同谷物粉的粉体特性及血糖生成指数体外评价

对糙米粉、苦荞麦粉、薏米粉、白芸豆粉、燕麦粉5种市售谷物粉进行了粉体特性评价和体外模拟消化评价试验,通过测定各样品的粒径、润湿性、休止角、平板角、松装密度、振实密度等粉体特性指标,结合流动性指数表进行了评分;又经过体外模拟消化试验,测定这些原料的体外模拟血糖生成指数（Estimated Glycemic Index,e GI）。研究发现糙米粉的粒径分布最均匀,其次为白芸豆粉和苦荞麦粉;5种谷物粉的冲调性存在显著性差异,其中苦荞麦粉润湿时间最长,燕麦粉润湿时间最短但冲调易结块;粉体流动性最好的是糙米粉,其次为苦荞麦粉和白芸豆粉,生产传输比较方便;体外模拟消化试验结果显示：白芸豆粉的水解率曲线上升趋势最平缓且最终水解率最低,计算得出白芸豆粉的e GI=60.62,对餐后血糖的影响较小。因此白芸豆粉是一种粉体特性较好,且e GI较低的谷物粉,比较适合糖尿病患者食用,该结果可为新款代餐粉的研制提供思路。     

Effects of Germination, Dehulling and Cooking on the Nutritive Value of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Flour

The effects of germination, dehulling and cooking on the nutritive value of cowpea flours supplemented with rice were studied in 20 adult rats. The 70:30 (protein basis) combinations of cowpea flours and rice provided 1.6g N/100g diet for the 12-day balance study. Mixtures of whole, ungerminated, and uncooked beans (WUUB) and rice and whole, germinated and cooked beans (WGGB) and rice increased in seven of the parameters tested more than those of dehulled, ungerminated and uncooked beans and rice or dehulled, germinated, uncooked beans (DGUB) and rice. The DGUB and rice mixture produced higher positive calcium and magnesium balances than the WUUB and rice or the WGGB and rice mixtures. Germination and cooking appeared to be the best processing methods to provide nutritious foods based on cowpea in rats.     

Effect of a diet containing a protein enteral feeding formulation on pancreatic exocrine function in chronic pancreatitis patients

Secretion of enzymes and bicarbonates in the duodenal aspirate was studied in 60 chronic pancreatitis patients with mild, moderate and severe course of the disease after secretin-pancreozymin stimulation. During 4 weeks the patients received two variants of diets: enpit (EP, enteral feeding formula) and diet 5P. The differences in the secretory response of the patients could be explained by the high quality of animal protein and by low content of fat in the diet with EP, that makes this diet more sparing and promotes the improvement of the clinical effect.     

蒸煮模式和大米品种对米饭蛋白质消化特性的影响

以3 种大米为原料,采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶法模拟人体消化进程,研究4 种蒸煮模式对米饭蛋白质消化特性的影响。结果表明：蒸煮模式和大米品种对米饭蛋白质消化特性有显著影响（P＜0.05）。较低强度蒸煮模式制备的米饭具有较高的蛋白消化率（81.64%～93.80%）,且消化液中游离氨基酸含量（2.10～2.21 g/100 g pro）较高。低强度蒸煮模式制作的米饭蛋白质的消化率和消化液中游离氨基酸含量、赖氨酸的含量及其氨基酸评分均高于高强度蒸煮模式制作的米饭。米饭蛋白质的消化特性还与不同品种大米蛋白质的酶解特性和米饭的化学组成有关。     

全球稻米生产供需现状与形势

近50年来,全球水稻种植面积和稻谷产量总体呈上升趋势,主产国格局基本稳定.稻米消费总量持续上升,人均消费量趋于减少.大米期末库存量和库消比逐年下降,人口增长是推动稻米消费量增加的主导因素,大米消费水平和消费结构也发生着较大变化.全球稻米贸易总体呈上升趋势,出口相对集中,进口则较为分散.进入2008年以来,国际稻米市场出现了较大波动,大米价格大幅上涨,贸易量有所下降,全球稻米供需平衡和贸易格局受到冲击,面临着更加严峻的粮食危机.     

THE EFFECT OF SOY PROTEIN WITH LOW CALORIE DIET ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS

The effect of soy protein with low calorie diet on blood lipids in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients was studied. Thirty-two subjects of both sexes, age range 25–65 years, were distributed in 16 cases and 16 controls. All subjects received a low calorie diet based on 1,400 kcal energy, 27% fat, 21% protein and 52% carbohydrate from a registered dietitian for 4 weeks. In addition to a low calorie diet, the case group received soy protein (30 g/d). Both groups significantly lost weight (P  <  0.001). Body mass index, waist and hip circumferences were significantly reduced (P  <  0.05) after 4 weeks of treatment. The difference between the groups was insignificant. In all subjects who were fasting, blood sugar significantly decreased (P  <  0.001). Soy protein was associated with a significant reduction in serum triacylglycerols (24.8%, P  <  0.05), whereas an insignificant reduction was seen in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (7.1 and 3.1%, respectively). No significant change occurred in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Serum lipid abnormalities are an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. Because of the side effects of long-term medications in these patients, soy protein, as a part of healthy diet, may improve their lipid profile.