食品中蛋白质糖基化接枝的研究进展

在食品领域,基于Maillard反应机理的蛋白质和多糖糖基化方法是蛋白质改性方法的一种绿色有效方法,属于蛋白质化学改性范畴,在此反应中,蛋白质与糖发生共价接枝,不需要添加任何化学试剂作为催化剂,仅加热就可使反应自发进行,以往的研究表明,蛋白质的糖基化是提高蛋白质功能特性及其他应用性质的有效途径之一。文章系统介绍了蛋白质糖基化的结构、反应机理、糖链在蛋白质糖基化中的主要作用、糖基化方法,并对蛋白质糖基化的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。一方面,由于蛋白质糖基化方法的一些局限性,难以实现可控性和工业性、规模化应用,如何更好地利用跨学科的思路,对现有糖基化方法进行研究探讨,在达到糖基化过程的可控性和工业化方面将是关注热点。另一方面,如何更好地拓展糖基化产物的应用性,也是今后的研究热点。     

食品加工中蛋白质的糖基化改性

蛋白质糖基化不仅存在于生物体自然过程中,也是改善蛋白质活性的一种新方法。以往的研究表明蛋白质与糖基化接枝能够显著改善蛋白质的功能特性且优于其他改性方法。文章系统阐述了蛋白质糖基化改性的反应机理、合成方法、评价指标,糖基化接枝对蛋白质的溶解性、乳化性、热稳定性、抗氧化性、溶菌性等特性的改善以及对蛋白质结构的影响,并对蛋白质糖基化改性的研究方向进行了展望。      

糖基化处理对蛋清粉凝胶性与物化特性的影响

为研究糖基化蛋清蛋白质的分子特点,对糖基化蛋清蛋白的凝胶性、巯基数、疏水性、分子柔性和Zeta电位进行测定。结果表明：糖基化改性可使蛋清蛋白质的凝胶强度增加112.51%,持水性增加18.89%。在糖基化反应过程中,蛋清蛋白的构象发生了两方面的变化：一是蛋白质分子部分展开,包含于分子内部的疏水性基团暴露出来,二是蛋白质分子间或分子内形成了二硫键,使总巯基含量下降。此外,糖基化反应使蛋清蛋白的表面游离ε-NH2数目减少,使得蛋清蛋白所带正电荷数减少,从而降低了蛋清蛋白的等电点。     

微波-超声波协同影响菜籽蛋白糖基化改性

采用微波-超声波协同作用强化菜籽蛋白的糖基化改性,并对所得糖基化产物进行了功能性质和分子结构的对比分析。结果表明,当改性条件为微波功率500 W、超声波功率300 W、协同作用时间7 min时,菜籽蛋白的接枝度可达67.1%,显著高于湿热法和微波法制备的糖基化产物,有效提高了蛋白质糖基化反应的效率;协同作用可显著改善所得糖基化产物的溶解性、乳化活性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性,分别提高至55.7%、13.9 m~2/g、50.0%和80.0%;糖基化产物的表面疏水性和圆二色谱结果分析表明,微波和超声波处理使得菜籽蛋白的分子展开,表面疏水性和分子柔性增加,从而促进了糖基化反应的进行,改善了蛋白质糖基化产物的功能特性。     

鸡蛋蛋白质改性研究进展

鸡蛋蛋白质改性在食品加工过程中得到了越来越多的应用,不同的改性方式使鸡蛋蛋白质的一些理化性质有不同程度的改变。改性方法主要包括物理方法(热处理、超高压等)、化学方法(pH、金属离子、糖基化等)和生化方法(各种酶反应等)。物理改性主要是通过改变周围的环境来破坏维持蛋白质二、三结构的作用力,尤其是氢键;化学改性主要侧重于改变蛋品所直接接触的环境,改变蛋白质离子键的结合从而改变蛋白质的构象;酶法改性则是通过特定种类的蛋白酶与蛋白质的特定部位结合或反应,来改善蛋白质体系的功能性质,如起泡性、溶解性、乳化性等。对这些改性的方法以及结论进行综述,以便相关研究人员对蛋品资源的开发利用。     

外场辅助蛋白质糖基化改性技术研究

糖基化反应是目前蛋白改性中较为理想的方法。通过美拉德(Maillard)反应形成蛋白质和多糖的接枝偶联,在蛋白质增溶与功能特性改善方面,它是近10年来该技术研究领域新兴的一个分支。但是,蛋白质与还原糖通过美拉德反应进行接枝改性的方法有问题存在,此反应所需时间较长,因此不少学者开始致力于寻找加速糖基化反应速度的方法。文章综述了微波、超声波及超高压等外场辅助技术对糖基化反应速度的作用及研究进展。     

转谷氨酰胺酶途径的酶法糖基化修饰在蛋白质/多肽改性中的研究进展

为了拓展蛋白质的应用范围,常对蛋白质进行改性,其中转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase)催化的酶法糖基化反应已应用于多种蛋白质/多肽的改性中。为了对蛋白质/多肽的酶法糖基化技术的广泛应用提供参考,简述了TGase的来源、催化的反应类型和底物类型,重点阐述了糖基化蛋白/多肽糖基化程度的评价方法以及修饰产物功能性质的变化。目前,TGase主要来源于微生物,其可催化底物的交联、酰基转移(酶法糖基化)和脱酰基3种类型的反应。在TGase催化的酶法糖基化反应中,常用RP-HPLC、邻苯二甲醛(OPA)法和3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法评价糖基化程度。通过酶法糖基化反应,可以不同程度地改善底物的溶解性、乳化性、热稳定性等功能性质。TGase催化的酶法糖基化反应还存在反应体系复杂、糖基化效率低等问题,需要进一步研究解决。     

葡萄糖糖基化大豆分离蛋白的凝胶抗冻性研究

为解决大豆蛋白在冷冻食品中因冷冻变性导致功能性下降的问题,本研究对大豆分离蛋白进行了葡萄糖糖基化改性,并分析了改性大豆分离蛋白凝胶的抗冻性变化。结果表明,葡萄糖改性可以提高大豆分离蛋白凝胶的抗冻性,糖基化改性反应条件为蛋白:葡萄糖=2:1、反应pH 7、蛋白含量为40 mg/g。糖基化改性蛋白制备的凝胶在冻藏过程中的蛋白溶解性、亚基及凝胶水分分布等结果显示,改性大豆蛋白凝胶抗冻性的提高是由于糖基化蛋白中葡萄糖分子增强了对水分子的束缚作用从而减少蛋白质的脱水变性,同时,接枝在蛋白链上糖分子的空间位阻作用,阻止了蛋白分子间聚集和新键的形成,维持凝胶的均匀网状结构。     

食品蛋白质化学改性研究进展

该文综述酰化、去酰胺、磷酸化、糖基化、共价交联等食品蛋白质五种化学改性技术及其它化学改性方法。     

芸豆蛋白与糖基化芸豆蛋白结构与功能特性研究

方法:将芸豆蛋白与氨基葡萄糖进行糖基化反应,通过糖基化和辅助糖基化对芸豆蛋白结构修饰,研究其对功能性质的影响。目的:探讨糖基化蛋白功能性质与结构之间的关系。结果:糖基化改性使芸豆蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性均有明显改善,利用超声辅助糖基化芸豆蛋白和糖基化芸豆蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性分别提高了17.30%,10.10%,20.89%,12.59%,2.5%,1.25%;而泡沫稳定性、表面疏水性和热变性温度均有所降低,分别下降了14.23%,9.73%,280Ho,110Ho与3.1,1.95℃。与芸豆蛋白相比较,其二级结构上α-螺旋和β-折叠呈增加趋势,β-转角结构和无规则卷曲呈下降趋势。经糖基化处理的芸豆蛋白分子呈易结合状态,更易暴露蛋白质分子结构内部的结合位点。结论:通过对芸豆蛋白和改性芸豆蛋白的功能性质与空间构象的比较分析,明确糖基化处理可使蛋白质分子链内部外露,糖基化改性对芸豆蛋白二级结构主链有影响。这为制备芸豆蛋白特定产品以及分子设计和重组提供了依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press