摄入方式或致甜味剂效果各异

近年来,人造甜味剂对大脑和代谢的影响引发了热烈讨论。一些研究发现人造甜味剂对血糖及胰岛素水平存在不良作用,而另一些研究则未发现。在3月4日发表在《细胞代谢》的一篇研究中,研究人员认为,这些研究的分歧可能是由甜味剂的摄入方式引起的,具体来说,即与人们在摄入甜味剂的同时所食用的东西有关。论文通讯作者、耶鲁大学现代饮食和生理研究中心主任Dana Small说:“反复食用人工甜味剂是否会导致甜味预测能力下降,这个问题相当重要,因为甜味感知可能会失去其调节代谢反应的能力,这些反应通常会使身体为代谢葡萄糖或碳水化合物做好准备。”     

摄入方式或致甜味剂效果各异

正近年来,人造甜味剂对大脑和代谢的影响引发了热烈讨论。一些研究发现人造甜味剂对血糖及胰岛素水平存在不良作用,而另一些研究则未发现。在3月4日发表在《细胞代谢》的一篇研究中,研究人员认为,这些研究的分歧可能是由甜味剂的摄入方式引起的,具体来说,即与人们在摄入甜味剂的同时所食用的东西有关。论文通讯作者、耶鲁大学现代饮食和生理研究中心主任DanaSmall说:"反复食用人工甜味剂是否会导致甜味预测能力下降,这个问题相当重要,因为甜味感知可能会失去其调节代谢反应的能力,这些反应通常会使身体为代谢葡萄糖或碳水化合物做好准备。"     

韩国膳食模式与健康关系的研究进展

通过分析韩国膳食模式与人体健康之间关系发现,韩国传统膳食模式由于含有足量的蔬菜,可以降低心血管疾病发生的风险,同时也由于碳水化合物的过量摄入而与代谢综合征、肥胖、糖尿病的发生有关,但其中有些结论并不一致,膳食模式与机体之间的作用机制也仍需进一步研究。     

国外资讯

正低碳水化合物饮食可能促进人体消耗更高水平的卡路里《英国医学杂志》(BMJ)发表的一项研究表明,严格限制碳水化合物的摄入和摄入更多脂肪可能有助于身体消耗更多的卡路里。研究人员招募了234名超重和肥胖的成年人进行测试,这些志愿者的目标是在10周内减掉约占自身12%的体重。他们被要求摄入热量低的饮食,并控制碳水化合物摄入量处于     

蜂蜜对代谢综合征的作用机制研究进展

代谢综合征是机体以胰岛素抵抗为核心,发生碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质等物质代谢紊乱,进而导致肥胖、血脂异常、心血管疾病等症候群的病理状态,现已成为威胁人类健康的重要因素。蜂蜜富含糖类、酚类等营养成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌等多种生物活性,大量研究表明蜂蜜可以缓解代谢综合征,并对肠道菌群有调节作用。本文从胰岛素抵抗、调节糖脂蛋白代谢途径的机制和调节肠道菌群等方面阐述蜂蜜及其活性成分对代谢综合征的缓解作用,综述蜂蜜对代谢综合征作用机理的相关研究进展,旨在为代谢综合征的综合防治和功能性蜂蜜产品的开发提供理论依据。     

热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维对非酒精性脂肪肝影响的研究进展

近年来热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维干预对肝脏功能的影响被广泛关注,研究发现热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和高膳食纤维干预在预防和治疗非酒精性脂肪肝方面表现出积极的作用。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食可以有效降低非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI和肝脏脂肪病变程度,有效降低AST水平,但是对ALT和脂质代谢相关指标TC、TG、HDL和LDL的影响存在争议。高膳食纤维干预可有效降低AST和ALT水平,改善肝脏功能。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食改善肝脏功能的机制是减少能量的摄入,降低胰岛素拮抗,防止脂肪的堆积。膳食纤维改善肝脏功能的机制是除降低胰岛素拮抗之外,还可延缓胃排空的时间,改变肠道的渗透性和增加增强肝脏对胰岛素敏感性的短链脂肪酸,从而调节脂质代谢,改善肝脏功能。本文主要综述了热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食、膳食纤维干预对非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI、肝脏功能的影响,以及改善肝脏功能的机制。     

脂肪酸作为我国中老年人群代谢综合征生物标记的研究综述

我国中老年人群代谢综合征患病率日趋增加,其与高碳水化合物、低脂肪以及精粮比例过高的膳食特点有关。在对脂肪酸与代谢综合征相关性的研究中,血浆磷脂、血清甘三酯、胆固醇酯、脂肪组织和红细胞膜中的脂肪酸等被用来研究与代谢综合征的相关性。依据我国中老年人群日趋增加的代谢综合征患病率,结合我国膳食特点,对特定脂肪酸与代谢综合征的相关性进行综述,以期对我国中老年人群的代谢综合征进行防控。     

不摄取碳水化合物有损认知力

美国科研人员进行的一项最新研究表明，节食者如果把碳水化合物从自己的饮食中去除，那么，在完成需要运用记忆力的任务时所表现出的成绩会比降低卡路里摄入但保持碳水化合物摄入的人成绩差。当碳水化合物的摄取再增强时，认知能力又可恢复到正常水平。     

鸡蛋摄入与心脑血管疾病风险研究

鸡蛋是膳食胆固醇的重要来源,但也含有多种防治心血管疾病的成分.对相关流行病学研究的汇总分析表明,糖尿病患者每周超过4个鸡蛋可能增加死亡率,但健康人每日1个鸡蛋不会增加冠心病和中风的风险.对膳食胆固醇的反应因人而异,但来自蛋黄的胆固醇使脂蛋白颗粒发生有利减少心血管疾病风险的变化,而在降低碳水化合物摄入的减肥饮食中摄入蛋黄可增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平.合理烹调的鸡蛋可作为健康膳食的一部分.     

黄烷-3-醇类化合物在体内的吸收、代谢特征与机制研究进展

黄烷-3-醇类化合物是人类饮食中含量最丰富的膳食多酚之一,近年来,黄烷-3-醇类化合物备受关注,这主要是因为许多研究发现其与很多慢性疾病风险的降低和代谢综合征的缓解密切相关,但黄烷-3-醇类化合物在体内发挥的作用一定程度上取决于其被摄入后的吸收和代谢,尤其是肠道微生物的分解代谢。因此,本文将重点探讨黄烷-3-醇类化合物的吸收、代谢及其生物转化的途径,有助于揭示其在体内的生物学作用。     

The effect of carbohydrates on nutritional preference and development of Mediterranean flour mouth,Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

In this study, the effect of different carbohydrates on food consumption, growth and development duration of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) larvae was investigated. 13 diets containing different carbohydrates were prepared. Control diet did not contain carbohydrates. The 8 diet contains 3% concentration of glucose, galactose, maltose, starch, arabinose, mannose, sucrose or fructose. 2 of the diets contains 10% or 30% starch. 2 of the diets contain a mixture of carbohydrates (2 Glucose: 1Fructose; 2 Fructose: 1 Glucose). According to the results, only the increase in food consumption does not indicate that a carbohydrate is a feeding stimulus. The conversion of carbohydrates is also important. Although the dietary consumption of arabinose is high, pupa dry weight, pupa lipid and pupa protein are not high. Conversely, although the consumption of the glucose-containing diet is low, the pupa dry weight and pupa lipid content are high. The glucose-fructose mixture is stimulant for E. kuehniella larvae. G2-F1 diet is the diet with high food consumption and growth performance. In addition, it was determined that as the starch concentration in the diet increased, the amount of consumption increased but the pupa dry weight, which is an indicator of fecundity, decreased. It is important result that the amount of pupa protein does not differ in diets except carbohydrate free diet and G2-F1 diet.     

Modulation of the human gut microbiota by phenolics and phenolic fiber‐rich foods

The gut microbiota plays a prominent role in human health. Alterations in the gut microbiota are linked to the development of chronic diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and certain cancers. We know that diet plays an important role to initiate, shape, and modulate the gut microbiota. Long‐term dietary patterns are shown to be closely related with the gut microbiota enterotypes, specifically long‐term consumption of carbohydrates (related to Prevotella abundance) or a diet rich in protein and animal fats (correlated to Bacteroides). Short‐term consumption of solely animal‐ or plant‐based diets have rapid and reproducible modulatory effects on the human gut microbiota. These alterations in microbiota profile by dietary alterations can be due to impact of different dietary macronutrients, carbohydrates, protein, and fat, which have diverse modulatory effects on gut microbial composition. Food‐derived phenolics, which encompass structural variants of flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins, stilbenes, ellagitannins, and lignans can modify the gut microbiota. Gut microbes have been shown to act on dietary fibers and phenolics to produce functional metabolites that contribute to gut health. Here, we discuss recent studies on the impacts of phenolics and phenolic fiber‐rich foods on the human gut microbiota and provide an insight into potential synergistic roles between their bacterial metabolic products in the regulation of the intestinal microbiota.     

不同比例碳水化合物和油脂饮食对机体代谢和健康影响的研究进展

碳水化合物和油脂是人体重要的能量来源,饮食中必须保证足够的脂肪和碳水化合物。高脂、高碳水化合物饮食能够提供丰富营养,同时也会诱发脂肪肝、肥胖、心血管疾病、高血糖、高血脂以及影响子代发育等。综述了不同比例碳水化合物和油脂饮食对脂肪代谢、糖代谢、繁殖发育等方面影响,并介绍了植物提取物对不同比例油脂与碳水化合物饮食引起的疾病的治疗作用,以期为人们合理膳食提供参考。     

Interplay between proteins and metabolic syndrome–A review

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by hypertension; hyperglycemia; hypertriglyceridemia; reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and abdominal obesity. Abundant data suggest that, compared with other people, patients meeting these diagnostic criteria have a greater risk of having substantial clinical consequences, the two most prominent of which are the development of diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. The metabolic syndrome is a health issue of epidemic proportions. Its prevalence in the world continues to increase, hand in hand with that of obesity. Protein, on the other hand, is the foundation of cell-building, especially in muscle tissue. The body needs protein to build not only muscle cells, but the cells of major organs, skin and red blood cells. For people with metabolic syndrome, one of the other functions of protein is to slow down the absorption of carbohydrates. When proteins are consumed with carbohydrates, it takes longer for the digestive system to break down that meal. This means that the sugar created from those carbohydrates is released at a slower rate, preventing spikes in both blood sugar and insulin. As the understanding of the metabolic syndrome evolves, it is likely that more comprehensive therapeutic options will become available.     

Health status indicators in elderly persons receiving various amounts of carbohydrates in their food

The authors studied factual nutrition and the health status in 272 practically healthy elderly persons aged 60 to 74 years. Depending on the content of carbohydrates in the food, they were divided into 2 groups. The first group comprised persons, in whose diets the carbohydrate component was either equal to 45% of the average daily caloric value or was lower; the second group comprised test subjects with this component amounting to 60% and even higher. Analysis of the chemical composition of the diets of the group 2 test subjects demonstrated that the basic nutritive substances were unbalanced, and protein, vitamins and mineral elements were deficient. A close correlation was found between the carbohydrate content of the diet, which determined to a considerable degree the magnitude of its caloric value, and the health status of the elderly persons. Excess carbohydrates in the diet and its caloricity exerted an unfavourable effect on the general clinical condition, body weight, function of the cardiovascular system, the degree of changes in both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and promoted the development of more remarkable clinical manifestations of the atherosclerotic process in the elderly persons.     

Effect of different diets on quality of life in patients with metabolic syndrome

The purpose of the research was to study influence of diets with a various ratio of carbohydrates and fatty components on modification of metabolic risk factors due to decrease of weight and abdominal adiposity, and also on quality of life of the patient. 49 males were included in the study the age 30-65 years with metabolic syndrome X. All patients had increased body mass or obesity. Hypertension of I and II stages was observed in 49.0% of cases. The estimation of results was carried out in three months after assignment of one of investigated diets. Effective reduction of body mass parameters was achieved at use of all diets within three months. Nutritional counseling was based on dietary preferences and habits of the patient to improve quality of life at observance of a diet. Common negative feature of investigated diets was occurrence of feeling of hunger that caused infringement of accuracy of observance of recommendations.     

Effect of nutrition on lysosomal function during physical loading

Changes of cardiac, sceletal and hepatic lysosomes effected by three different variants of balanced isocaloric diets: 1--basic, 2--protein-lipid and 3--carbohydrate, with ratios of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in mass 1.0:0.35:2.6; 1.0:0.48:0.67; and 1.0:1.3:10.9, respectively, were studied. Activities of enzymes participating in degradation of carbohydrates (beta-glucosidase, beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) were more increased in the animals fed with the carbohydrate diet. Activation of proteolytic enzymes (cathepsin D) was observed in tissues of rats taking the protein-lipid food. As a rule physical exercise exerts lysosomal enzymes activation and their membrane labilization in rats maintained on the basic diet. Reversial reactions of lysosomes to physical exercise is observed in animals receiving the carbohydrate diet for along time that is expressed in increasing the total activity of lysosomal hydrolases and stabilizing the lysosomal membranes. On the contrary, maintaining the animals on the protein-lipid diet is followed by a more pronounced activation of the lysosomal apparatus of tissues as compared to the basic diet.     

The target cells of anthocyanins in metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome develops to several related chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Diseases are outcomes of various cells dysfunction, which are especially acting with a network in metabolic syndrome. Anthocyanins are natural edible pigments widely existed in dark-colored fruits, vegetables, and grains. Epidemiological investigation and nutritional intervention of anthocyanins have exhibited broad-spectrum biological effects that they can benefit patients with metabolic syndrome related chronic diseases. Whereas the underlying mechanisms and the effects of anthocyanins on critical cells in chronic metabolic diseases are complex and elusive. Therefore, this review summarizes the studies about the effects of anthocyanins on various metabolism related chronic diseases, and mainly focuses on the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms on critical cells. We confirmed that anthocyanins are efficient on adipocytes, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, hepatocytes, intestinal cells and gut microbiota, but lack of evidence on platelets, skeletal muscle cells, hepatic stellate cells and pancreatic beta cells. Additionally, we discussed the structure-function relationship of anthocyanins and the metabolites. This review summarizes the development of studies on anthocyanins with its target cells in metabolic syndrome, and discusses the unclear aspects of the anthocyanins research work, which is necessary for the future clinical application.