宣威火腿与金华火腿中游离脂肪酸组成比较分析

以两年宣威火腿和金华火腿为对象,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分别对宣威火腿和金华火腿的皮下和肌内脂肪中游离脂肪酸的组成进行分析。结果表明:宣威火腿和金华火腿的肌内脂肪和皮下脂肪中均检测出22种游离脂肪酸,含量较高的脂肪酸为棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1n9c)与亚油酸(C18:2n6c),且不同火腿及不同部位间的脂肪酸组成含量存在明显差异;金华火腿肌内及皮下脂肪中总游离脂肪酸含量分别为29.24、102.68 μg/mg,分别比宣威火腿高34.58%(p<0.05)、29.09%(p>0.05);宣威火腿和金华火腿肌内脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量高于不饱和脂肪酸含量,皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量高于饱和脂肪酸含量。金华火腿肌内、皮下游离脂肪酸含量均高于宣威火腿相应部位游离脂肪酸含量。     

火腿风味料加工过程中游离脂肪酸的变化

以复合蛋白酶和复合脂肪酶为发酵剂。在微控条件下生产火腿风味调味料,研究了此生产过程中游离脂肪酸的变化。通过比较不同时期样品的色谱结果发现:从鲜肉到酶解后游离脂肪酸均以棕榈酸,油酸,硬脂酸和亚油酸为主。且含量不断积累;整个加工过程中,脂肪酸的释放速率为硬脂酸>棕榈酸>亚油酸>油酸;后期的加工过程中,油酸和亚油酸发生氧化降解,分别从水解后的1.638%、0.8276%.下降到氧化后的1.218%、0.597 5%;而饱和脂肪破含量几乎不变。     

基于SPE-GC-MS对白酒中6种长链游离脂肪酸的测定及差异性分析

为建立一种准确测定白酒中月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸六种长链游离脂肪酸（FFAs）的方法,该研究基于衍生化-气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法,对衍生化试剂、萃取方法及色谱柱进行优化研究。结果表明,白酒中6种长链游离脂肪酸的最佳测定条件为采用BF3-甲醇为衍生试剂,采用固相萃取（SPE）法,CP-WAX色谱柱进行气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析。在该分析条件下,6种长链游离脂肪酸在线性范围内相关系数R2均>0.993,方法检出限为0.002～0.009 mg/L,方法的精密度试验结果相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.9%～9.3%,回收率为92%～112%。该方法准确度和精密度良好,适合于白酒中月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸6种长链游离脂肪酸的定量检测。     

中西方干腌火腿风味成分比较及形成机理分析

风味对干腌火腿的质量十分重要 ,它与生产所用原料、生产工艺和参数密切相关。文中比较了金华火腿与欧洲几种著名火腿的风味成分 ,结果显示 ,中西方火腿的风味组成相似 ,醇、醛、酮、酯、含硫化合物、含氮化合物、烷、烯烃类物质是干腌火腿的共有成分 ,但各成分的含量在中西方火腿中存在明显差异 ,金华火腿中烷、烯烃含量最高 ,欧洲的几种火腿中醛类物质含量最高。文中同时分析了干腌火腿中各风味成分的特征和可能的形成机理。     

云南干腌火腿加工工艺及其品质影响因素研究进展

云南干腌火腿是一种重要的传统发酵肉制品,以猪后腿为原料,经腌制、风干、发酵等加工而成。云南干腌火腿主要有宣威火腿、撒坝火腿、三川火腿、老窝火腿、诺邓火腿及鹤庆火腿等,本文对云南干腌火腿加工工艺及干腌火腿品质影响因素进行综述,从原料肉、腌制条件、色泽及风味等几方面做了详细讨论,旨在为干腌火腿品质改进提供一定的理论参考。     

基于SPME-GC-MS、电子鼻、电子舌技术联用对不同替代盐干腌火腿风味成分表征

研究不同食盐配方对干腌发酵火腿理化特性、细菌菌群变化、挥发性风味物质、风味特征的影响.以4种盐配方发酵火腿,分别为对照组(CK:100％氯化钠)、替代组1(K:30％乳酸钾+70％氯化钠)、替代组2(K+L:18％乳酸钾+12％赖氨酸+70％氯化钠)、替代组3(K+J:18％乳酸钾+12％精氨酸+70％氯化钠).结果表...     

云南5种火腿水分分布与质构特性研究

目的 探究云南5种火腿水分分布与质构特性的差异及相关性。方法 以一年陈的宣威火腿、诺邓火腿、撒坝火腿、三川火腿和鹤庆火腿为原料,利用低场核磁共振（Low-field NMR,LF-NMR）与质地剖面分析（Texture profile analysis,TPA）分别测定不同地区火腿的水分分布与质构特性。结果 撒坝火腿的不易流动水和自由水横向弛豫时间（T2）分别为26.29 ms与151.13 ms,均显著高于其他4种火腿（P<0.05）,5种火腿的不易流动水单位质量信号量（A22）均高于结合水（A21）和自由水（A23）,其中撒坝火腿的A22为8857.97,显著高于其他4种火腿（P<0.05）;宣威火腿的硬度、咀嚼性和内聚性在5种火腿中最高,而弹性和回复性在5种火腿中最低;相关性分析显示,5种火腿的不易流动水含量与回复性、弹性呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与硬度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与咀嚼性、内聚性呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,自由水含量与弹性、回复性呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,而结合水含量与质构指标无显著相关性。结论 本研究表明不易流动水在5种火腿中占主要优势,其在5种火腿中的含量变化导致了火腿之间的质构特性差异,可以为火腿的品质调控提供理论依据。     

干腌火腿的质量分析及改善方法

干腌火腿是用猪的前、后腿经腌制和发酵等加工步骤制作而成的一种干腌肉制品。随着人们经济水平的提高,生产高质量的干腌火腿已成为市场必需。本文从风味、质地、色泽三个方面分析了干腌火腿的质量及其常见的问题,重点提出了对其质量加以改善的方法。      

中国传统火腿风味分析研究进展

从中国传统火腿加工过程中的生化变化入手,结合火腿风味物质的形成过程,总结了火腿风味化合物的组成以及火腿风味的测定方法,为火腿的加工工艺控制及研究提供理论依据。     

干腌火腿的蛋白质组学研究进展

干腌火腿是一种重要的传统发酵肉制品,其在长达10个多月的加工过程中会发生显著的蛋白质降解现象,并产生大量小分子肽类与游离氨基酸。蛋白质组学技术以其高通量、高灵敏度及高准确性的特点被越来越多地应用于发酵肉制品蛋白质降解研究领域。本文主要综述了干腌火腿加工过程中蛋白质降解的研究进展,旨在为干腌火腿的品质调控提供参考依据。     

Consumer satisfaction with dry-cured ham in five European countries

The objective is to investigate consumer satisfaction with dry-cured ham in five European countries. A logistic regression model has been fitted using data collected through a cross-sectional web-based survey carried out in Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Poland and Greece during January 2008 (n=2437 of which 2156 were dry-cured ham consumers). Satisfaction was evaluated as overall satisfaction, as well as specific satisfaction with healthfulness, price, convenience and taste. The findings show that the main determinant of overall satisfaction is taste satisfaction, hence, producers are recommended to focus on matching sensory acceptability of dry-cured ham. No significant between-country differences were found, reflecting the wide availability of this product in all countries. Consumer characteristics influenced their level of satisfaction. Men, older (age > 52 years) and frequent consumers of dry-cured ham consumption were more likely to be satisfied with dry-cured ham. Consumers trust the butcher's advice and they preferred purchasing dry-cured ham at a butcher shop rather than in a supermarket.     

Changes of free amino acids and biogenic amines during extended ageing of Italian dry-cured ham

Sixty-two fresh hams were sub-grouped to undergo different processing times (15, 19 and 23 months), and corresponding dry-cured hams were analysed for changes in moisture, protein, NaCl, pH, proteolysis, free amino acids (FAAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) as related to the extended ageing. Dry-cured hams were influenced by ageing time, showing a decrease in moisture and water activity and an increase in pH, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) and FAAs in more aged samples. The increase in FAAs and BAs progressively observed until the last sampling time might be enhanced by the moderate salt content (≈5 g NaCl/100 g muscle) and relatively high a_w (>0.90) of dried hams even at 23 months of processing. Among FAAs, arginine did not increase with ageing, which might be due to arginine hydrolysis to ammonia and ornithine, followed by decarboxylation to putrescine, i.e. molecules largely present in the more aged hams. Tyramine, the most abundant among BAs, putrescine and cadaverine showed a dependence on time and proteolysis indices (NPN and FAAs). In this respect, the practice of extending the standard ageing time of typical italian dry-cured ham (13-15 months), regarded as a tool for improving sensory property of this product, should be supported by further studies, mainly at the manufacturing level, to minimize FAA and BA generation.     

Time-related changes in nitrogen fractions and free amino acids of lean tissue of frech dry-cured ham

The 80 hams of 40 pig carcasses from one slaughter batch were taken on the day after slaughter. The 40 left hams were dry-cured. Groups of 10 hams were taken for analysis at 74 days (end of rest), 81 days (end of heating), 179 days (mid-seasoning) and 273 days (end of seasoning) after the beginning of processing. A slice of about 150 g was taken in the middle of the Biceps femoris and used for analysis of nitrogen fractions and free amino acids by HPLC. Levels of insoluble nitrogen compounds did not vary significantly, while levels of soluble protein nitrogen decreased strongly from 26 to 16% of total nitrogen, with the fastest decrease observed between days 179 and 273. Levels of non-protein nitrogen increased regularly during the processing from 12 to 23% of total nitrogen. Nitrogen of free amino acids ranged from 3·6% in fresh muscle to 16·6% of total nitrogen at day 179, then decreased to 4·4% of the total nitrogen at the end of the processing. The HPLC method allowed the identification of 29 compounds, among which 27 were amino acids and 2 were dipeptides. The average levels of free amino acids of non-protein origin tended to decrease before day 74, then to increase until day 179 and to decrease again. The levels of compounds of protein origin increased or tended to increase from the beginning until day 179, then decreased.     

Optimization of instrumental colour analysis in dry-cured ham

Colour of dry cured ham was measured by instrumental techniques in order to determine the optimum measurement index. Five different colour systems were used: CIE L(?)a(?)b(?), Hunter Lab, CIE L(?)u(?)v(?), xyY and XYZ, each with illuminants D65, C and A, and with both 10 and 2° observer angles. Measurements were taken in both Semimembranosus (SM) and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles. Hunter Lab system with illuminant A gave the most reproducible results within muscles for the three colour parameters evaluated. A further comparison of results obtained with 10 and 2° observer angles of Hunter Lab with illuminant A showed there were no significant differences between the angles. Significant differences between results from SM and BF muscles were found in all the hams, the BF always showing higher values than SM for every colour parameter.     

Lipolysis in dry-cured ham maturation

Thirty light Parma hams were tested for muscle lipolytic activity (acid and neutral lipase activity) and free fatty acid (FFA) amounts in M. semimembranosus and biceps femoris, during progressive phases (0, 3, 6, 10 months) of dry-cured ham manufacturing. No correlation was found between the activities of acid and neutral lipases in fresh M. semimembranosus, while during processing the activities were positively related (p<0.1), probably due to effects of muscle composition changes on lipolytic activities. In each processing step tested, acid lipase activities were higher in the M. semimembranosus than in the M. biceps femoris, and FFA amounts varied accordingly, the only exception being for the very dehydrated 10-month old M. semimembranosus, which yielded lower FFA than in the corresponding M. biceps femoris. FFAs in the end product correlated positively with acid and neutral lipase activities of green ham, suggesting that FFA production could be influenced by both raw meat properties and muscle composition during processing.     

云南产6种蜂蜜中35种游离氨基酸的测定

目的采用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定蜂蜜中35种游离氨基酸的含量。方法蜂蜜样品经水溶解,采用全自动氨基酸分析仪进行定量检测。检测器为荧光检测器,脯氨酸在波长440 nm处测定,其余34种氨基酸在570 nm波长下测定。结果蜂蜜中含有丰富的游离氨基酸成分,且氨基酸组成及含量存在较大区别。脯氨酸是蜂蜜中的主要氨基酸,其平均含量为0.042978 g/100g,占氨基酸组分总含量的71.21%。35种游离氨基酸的线性相关系数均达到0.99以上,回收率在92.4%~109.4%范围内。结论该方法快速、准确,可用于蜂蜜中游离氨基酸含量的测定。     

Accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of chemical composition, salt content and free amino acids in dry-cured ham

The capability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was examined for the purposes of quality control of the traditional Slovenian dry-cured ham “Kraški pršut.” Predictive models were developed for moisture, salt, protein, non-protein nitrogen, intramuscular fat and free amino acids in biceps femoris muscle (n = 135). The models' quality was assessed using statistical parameters: coefficient of determination (R²) and standard error (se) of cross-validation (CV) and external validation (EV). Residual predictive deviation (RPD) was also assessed. Best results were obtained for salt content and salt percentage in moisture/dry matter (R_CV² > 0.90, RPD > 3.0), it was satisfactory for moisture, non-protein nitrogen, intramuscular fat and total free amino acids (R_CV² = 0.75–0.90, RPD = 2.0–3.0), while not so for protein content and proteolysis index (R_CV² = 0.65–0.75, RPD < 2.0). Calibrations for individual free amino acids yielded R_CV² from 0.40 to 0.90 and RPD from 1.3 to 2.9. Additional external validation of models on independent samples yielded comparable results. Based on the results, NIR spectroscopy can replace chemical methods in quality control of dry-cured ham.     

Changes of intramuscular phospholipids and free fatty acids during the processing of Nanjing dry-cured duck

In this study, changes of intramuscular phospholipids and free fatty acids were tracked during the processing of Nanjing dry-cured duck. Phospholipids were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV and evaporative light scattering detectors. The types and quantities of free fatty acids and fatty acids derived from phospholipids were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The results showed that raw duck meat had high quantities of phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine (37.95% and 54.07% of total phospholipids, respectively), which contained high percentages of polysaturated fatty acids. The percentages of total phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine decreased during processing, with a concomitant increase in quantities of free fatty acids. The lipolysis of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylethanolamine is the main contributor to the increase of free fatty acids.     

甘肃亚麻籽油与小品种油脂肪酸组成的比较分析

对甘肃产亚麻籽油与其它6种小品种食用油脂肪酸的组成成分进行测定,结果表明,亚麻籽油中α-亚麻酸含量最高(平均值为54.1%),其次是油酸(平均值为24.25%);紫苏油、牡丹籽油、松子油不饱和脂肪酸含量高,其中松子油的单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,紫苏油的多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,南瓜籽油二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)平均含量0.106%,御米油二十碳五烯酸(EPA)平均含量0.242%。硬脂酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸是构成甘肃地产亚麻籽油的特征脂肪酸。甘肃产亚麻籽油的ω-3系脂肪酸与ω-6系多不饱和脂肪酸的比是1.6∶0.4,仅次于紫苏油,是健康饮食的高品质油脂。     

云南干腌火腿加工过程中肌肉组织理化特性和氧化稳定性研究

云腿是我国一类重要的传统肉制品。研究通过对加工过程中的云腿肌肉组织进行理化指标测定,初步确定了云腿的理化特性和氧化稳定性。结果显示随着加工工艺的进行,云腿肌肉组织中pH缓慢上升,aw值逐渐下降。股二头肌和半膜肌中的食盐含量分别增加到7.94%和6.75%。水分含量到了平衡期之后快速下降,蛋白质和脂肪含量相对增加。肌内脂肪和蛋白质氧化持续进行,但是总体上处于较低的氧化水平。TBARS值先增加后降低,半膜肌中的蛋白质氧化程度强于股二头肌。