菠菜添加量对砀山酥梨-菠菜复合脆片品质的影响

以物理特征、抗氧化成分、膳食纤维含量为指标,研究菠菜添加量对真空冷冻干燥砀山酥梨-菠菜复合脆片品质的影响。结果表明,与酥梨脆片相比,添加20%的菠菜显著增加脆片中总酚、总黄酮、膳食纤维和抗坏血酸含量,分别提高了0.66、0.93、1.60和2.11倍,可溶性糖的含量降低了59.28%。复合后的脆片L*、a*、b*均显著增加（P＜0.05）,硬度和脆性在菠菜添加量为20%时达到最大,分别为4.72 N和64.94 N·s。感官评价结果显示,菠菜添加量为20%时外观和口感得分较高,分别为13.13和19.75,感官评价总分为74.39。扫描电镜结果显示,复合处理可导致脆片孔壁变薄、孔隙率增加。综合上述指标,确定最佳菠菜添加量为20%,复合处理可能是改善真空冷冻干燥脆片感官和营养品质的有效方式。     

添加辅料对压差闪蒸联合干燥马铃薯复合脆片品质的影响

以马铃薯和胡萝卜为主要原料,分别添加蔗糖、麦芽糖醇、大豆蛋白等不同辅料,采用压差闪蒸联合干燥工艺加工再造型马铃薯复合脆片,探究不同辅料对再造型马铃薯复合脆片品质的影响。结果表明:各类辅料对复合脆片的色泽、质构、感官评价、微观结构等品质均有显著影响,具体表现为大豆蛋白显著提高脆片的L*值、ΔE值,蔗糖、蔗糖和大豆蛋白复合辅料均显著提高脆片的脆硬度并形成了较好的孔隙结构;感官评价结果表明,分别加入蔗糖和麦芽糖醇的马铃薯复合脆片消费者偏爱度较高。采用主成分分析法提取了3个主成分,并对所得到的马铃薯复合脆片品质指标进行综合分析,结果显示加入10%~13%(m/m)麦芽糖醇的马铃薯复合脆片不仅感官品质较佳,脆硬度较好,且相比添加其他辅料维生素C含量损失较少。综合考虑,麦芽糖醇可作为辅料添加用于改善再造型马铃薯复合脆片品质。     

脂肪添加量对发酵风干肠品质的影响

研究不同脂肪添加量（0%～30%）对发酵风干肠品质的影响,考察发酵0、3、6、9 d发酵风干肠的pH值、水分含量、硬度、咀嚼性、黏聚性、色差及感官品质。结果表明：随着发酵时间的延长,发酵风干肠的pH值呈现先降低后升高的趋势,水分含量逐渐降低,且pH值和水分含量随着脂肪添加量的增加而下降;硬度和咀嚼性随着发酵时间延长呈升高趋势,黏聚性呈下降趋势,但脂肪添加量对硬度和咀嚼性影响不显著;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）随着发酵时间延长均呈显著降低的趋势,脂肪添加量20%～30%组的L*最优,a*则与脂肪添加量呈负相关;感官评价结果表明,脂肪添加量10%和20%组较优且差异不显著,结合理化指标总体评价,脂肪添加量10%组发酵风干肠具有较好的品质。     

迷迭香提取物对萨拉米品质的影响

研究不同剂量的迷迭香提取物对萨拉米品质特性的影响。将0.01%、0.02%和0.03%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到萨拉米中,测定其终产品的颜色(L~*、a~*、b~*值)、质构、主要成分含量、游离脂肪酸相对含量以及感官评分。结果表明:添加迷迭香的三个处理组的a~*/b~*都显著高于添加0.02%异抗坏血酸钠组(p0.05);添加量为0.02%和0.03%的迷迭香提取物相较于空白对照组可以显著降低萨拉米的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性(p0.05);添加量为0.02%以上的迷迭香,有利于提高萨拉米的水分含量(p0.05),但不会影响其蛋白和脂肪的含量(p0.05);添加量为0.03%的迷迭香提取物增加了萨拉米的不饱和脂肪酸种类和含量;此外,在本实验中,三个浓度的迷迭香提取物均不会影响萨拉米的感官得分(p0.05)。可见,添加迷迭香提取物有利于改善萨拉米的色泽和质构特性,并且能在一定程度上增加萨拉米的不饱和脂肪酸的种类和含量,有利于提高萨拉米的风味和营养价值,而对萨拉米的感官评分不会造成不良影响。     

基于电子鼻检测技术分析不同马铃薯粉添加量对面包品质的影响

通过测定面包的比容、水分含量、水分活度、色泽和质构,研究不同马铃薯粉添加量(0、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%)对面包品质的影响,并结合电子鼻分析,进行马铃薯面包品质的快速检测。结果表明,在不同马铃薯粉添加量条件下,面包的比容、水分含量、水分活度、色泽和质构存在显著差异(p<0.05)。随着马铃薯粉添加量的增加,面包的硬度和咀嚼性呈现先减小后增大的趋势,而弹性先增大后减小;比容呈现先减小后增加再减小的趋势,而粘附性先降低后增加再降低,水分含量、红色度a*逐渐升高,水分活度、亮度L*值、内聚性逐渐降低。马铃薯粉添加量在15%时,面包的综合品质得到改善。同时,电子鼻检测数据结果与面包的比容、水分含量、水分活度、色泽和质构之间具有较好的相关性,相关系数均在0.8以上。因此,采用电子鼻对面包品质评价具有一定的可行性,可以很大程度上代替多种检测仪器设备对面包品质进行综合评价,是一种方便快捷的检测方法。     

水溶性壳聚糖涂膜处理对采后绿芦笋贮藏品质的影响

研究了0.50%的水溶性壳聚糖(WSC)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)分别对在2℃贮藏条件下采后绿芦笋的涂膜保鲜。通过感官品质、失重率、抗坏血酸含量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)等生理生化指标的测定,以未经处理的绿芦笋为对照。结果表明:经0.50%的CMC和WSC进行涂膜处理,均可有效地降低芦笋的失重率,维持其硬度,延缓其抗坏血酸和叶绿素营养物质的消耗。而且CMC处理可以明显抑制绿芦笋总酚含量的下降及其PPO、POD和SOD活性的变化,其感官品质也明显优于对照组,使绿芦笋的贮藏时间延长至35 d。     

不同品种马铃薯干片及其油炸脆片品质的比较

为了筛选出适于干片及油炸脆片加工的马铃薯品种,生产高品质的休闲食品,该研究将9个不同马铃薯品种加工成干片和油炸脆片,并进行品质比较。此外,分析了新鲜马铃薯成分和色泽、马铃薯干片品质和油炸脆片品质三者之间的相关性。结果表明,不同品种的马铃薯干片在色泽、硬度、还原糖和蛋白质含量均表现出显著差异,其中新鲜土豆中还原糖含量低,感官评分高,蛋白质含量高,油炸脆片油脂吸附率较低;大西洋和龙薯12号2个品种制备的油炸脆片色泽、酥脆度较好,感官评分也较高,因而这2个品种更适合作为生产马铃薯脆片的原料;新鲜马铃薯淀粉含量与其干片、油炸脆片的硬度均呈正相关性,新鲜马铃薯色泽与其干片和油炸脆片色泽也显著相关。研究表明,马铃薯原料化学成分的组成直接影响马铃薯干片及其油炸脆片的品质。     

不同预处理方法对真空冷冻干燥香菇脆片感官品质的影响

利用漂烫超声浸渍、漂烫真空浸渍、漂烫调味液煮、熏蒸超声浸渍、纤维素酶解5种不同预处理方法处理香菇,再用真空冷冻干燥工艺将其制成即食脆片,对香菇脆片感官品质特性(包括水分含量、色泽、质构)以及微观结构等进行比较。结果表明:与其他4种预处理方法相比,经过纤维素酶解处理后的香菇制备成冻干脆片水分含量为3.59%、?E为107.35±2.16、硬度为718.20 g、脆度为0.92 mm、感官评分为8.1±0.2,其感官品质最佳,纤维素酶处理有助于香菇脆片形成疏松多孔结构。     

不同水分含量鲜腐竹冷藏过程中品质变化研究

目的 探究不同初始水分含量下鲜腐竹冷藏过程中品质的变化规律,确定适宜鲜腐竹冷藏的初始水分含量。方法 将鲜腐竹干燥至水分含量分别为50%、45%、40%后,4℃冷藏。利用色差计、质构仪（texture profile analysis,TPA）)、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）、低场核磁共振（low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）测定鲜腐竹的色泽、质构特性、微观结构和水分分布状态;采用化学分析手段测定鲜腐竹的可溶性肽含量、过氧化值、蒸煮损失率,并对鲜腐竹进行感官评分和菌落总数测定,探究冷藏过程中鲜腐竹的品质变化规律以及水分含量对鲜腐竹冷藏品质的影响机制。结果 随着冷藏时间的延长,鲜腐竹的L*值呈下降趋势,a*值、b*值呈增加趋势,鲜腐竹感官品质劣变,蒸煮损失率、可溶性肽含量、过氧化值含量、菌落总数增加。初始水分含量下降,腐竹色泽L*值降低,a*值增加;40%和45%水分含量的腐竹,冷藏过程中的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性较高,45%水分的腐竹弹性最大,且质构特性更为稳定;冷藏过程中,鲜腐竹感官品质劣变,降低水分含量至45%和40%时,可使鲜腐竹在第8d时感官评分在60分以上,其对感官品质中的质地和气味改善最大;40%的初始水分含量,腐竹的蒸煮损失率最低,但与45%的水分含量不具有显著性差异(P<0.05);降低水分含量,可延缓鲜腐竹最大过氧化值出现的时间,降低蛋白质网络结构的破坏程度。冷藏过程中存在明显的水分迁移现象,鲜腐竹的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、胶黏性受可溶性肽含量影响最大,与其呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。结论 初始水分含量显著影响鲜腐竹的冷藏品质,降低水分含量对于延长鲜腐竹保质期具有重要意义。     

陕北炖羊肉杀菌方式的比较及产品货架期预测

陕北炖羊肉深受消费者喜爱,然而其缺乏工业化产品。为筛选出适宜的杀菌方式,延长产品货架期,采用巴氏杀菌、沸水浴杀菌、高温杀菌3种常见的热杀菌方式对羊肉进行炖制处理,然后对炖羊肉进行感官评价,测定其水分、蛋白质、脂肪、质构特性、色泽等指标,综合评价3种炖羊肉品质变化。同时利用零级反应动力学方程和Arrhenius方程预测炖羊肉货架期。结果表明:3种杀菌组感官评分较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),高温杀菌组评分最高,增加23.51%;3种杀菌组的脂肪含量均显著增加(P<0.05),高温杀菌组水分含量显著增加,蛋白质含量显著降低(P<0.05);沸水浴和高温杀菌组L*值较对照组显著降低了4.52%和8.72%(P<0.05),3种杀菌处理后a*值均显著增加了25.15%~150.00%(P<0.05);高温杀菌组硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、凝聚力和回复力均显著降低(P<0.05),巴氏杀菌组的回复力显著增加(P<0.05),高温杀菌处理对炖羊肉色泽和质构特性影响最大;电子鼻可较好区分不同杀菌方式,高温杀菌组表现出最高的风味响应强度。针对改善色泽、质构和风味的高温杀菌方式,最终预测炖羊肉在4,25,37 ℃贮藏下货架期分别为140,86,67 d。结论:3种杀菌方式均能改变炖羊肉的营养、感官品质与风味,高温杀菌可显著提高炖羊肉的色、香、味和可接受性,适用于陕北炖羊肉的工业化生产。     

茶多酚在油炸过程中对马铃薯片品质及其贮藏稳定性的影响

以感官品质、质构特性、理化特性、风味特性以及丙烯酰胺含量为指标,研究茶多酚在连续油炸过程中对马铃薯片品质的影响,并进一步探究茶多酚对马铃薯片贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明,茶多酚对连续油炸过程中马铃薯片感官品质及硬度值的下降具有抑制作用;茶多酚对连续油炸过程中马铃薯片水分含量和含油率的增加具有明显的抑制作用,并且降低了薯片的含油率,茶多酚组T₂₄批次的马铃薯片含油率为41.96%±2.00%,显著低于空白组的46.29%±1.06%(P<0.05)。同时,与空白对照组相比,茶多酚抑制了马铃薯片劣变风味的产生,明显抑制了马铃薯片中有害物丙烯酰胺的生成。此外,茶多酚能够增加油炸马铃薯片的贮藏稳定性,平均货架期能够延长8 d。初步分析,茶多酚在油炸过程中对油脂品质的保护作用是其能够提高马铃薯片品质的重要原因。     

复乳凝胶作为脂肪替代物 对鸡肉肠理化性质的影响

本实验将海带水提多糖以0%、0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1.00%、1.25%的浓度添加到复乳凝胶中,以改善其持水性和热稳定性。并将1.00%多糖复乳凝胶以0%、15%、30%、45%、60%、75%替代度替代猪背脂,分析其对鸡肉肠持水持油性、乳化稳定性、质构与感官的影响。随着海带多糖浓度的增加,复乳凝胶的持水性和热稳定性增加(P<0.05),当添加量大于1.00%时,硬度、粘聚性、咀嚼性显著降低(P<0.05)。随着复乳凝胶替代猪背脂比例增大,鸡肉肠的持油性、乳化稳定性、硬度和咀嚼性显著提高(P<0.05),L*值、b*值逐渐增大,a*值逐渐降低(P<0.05),当替代度为30%时,脂肪含量为9.29%;替代度为75%时,脂肪含量仅2.68%。感官评定结果显示,当替代度达到60%时,感官评分与对照组相似。由以上结果说明,复乳凝胶可替代鸡肉肠中60%的猪背脂,且保证了产品性质和质量。     

不同杀菌方式对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片贮藏品质的影响

为解决泡椒鲜切马铃薯片贮藏和流通过程中出现的褐变、胀袋、质地软化等问题,采用蒸汽、微波和辐照杀菌方式对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片进行处理,通过测定L*值、硬度和感官评分,筛选各杀菌方式最优工艺参数。通过贮藏实验,对比不同杀菌方式对泡椒鲜切马铃薯片色泽、质构特性、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性及菌落总数等指标的影响。结果表明,各杀菌方式的最优工艺参数为蒸汽杀菌时间为3 min,微波杀菌功率为700 W,辐照杀菌剂量为8 kGy。贮藏实验结果表明,辐照和微波杀菌灭酶活效果优于蒸汽杀菌,但蒸汽杀菌能更好地保持产品色泽,减缓L*值的降低,维持产品硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,菌落总数和PPO活性虽比辐照处理组和微波处理组高,但整体控制在较低水平,综合感官评分以蒸汽处理组最高。综合对比,蒸汽杀菌更适合于泡椒鲜切马铃薯片的加工。     

结冷胶对猪肉糜凝胶特性的影响

结冷胶作为脂肪替代物可有效降低猪肉糜中的脂肪含量,对增强低脂肉糜制品品质具有良好作用。本试验将结冷胶与水混合制备结冷胶胶体,研究结冷胶胶体替代猪背膘对猪肉糜凝胶特性及品质的影响。结果表明:添加结冷胶胶体显著影响(p<0.05)猪肉糜的蒸煮得率、色泽、质构、流变性和感官特性。结冷胶胶体添加量为0、0.3%和0.5%(质量分数)时,猪肉糜的蒸煮得率和质构差异不显著(p>0.05),0.7%时,蒸煮得率、L*值、硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性显著降低(p<0.05)。初始储能模量(G')随着结冷胶胶体添加量的增加而降低;结冷胶胶体添加量为0、0.3%和0.5%猪肉糜80 ℃时的G'差异不显著(p>0.05),结冷胶胶体添加量为0.7%时,G'显著下降(p<0.05)。综上所述,结冷胶胶体添加量为0.3%、0.5%时可降低猪肉糜中猪背膘的添加量。     

Understanding potato chips crispy texture by simultaneous fracture and acoustic measurements, and sensory analysis

The fracture and acoustic properties of six commercial potato chips that differ in sensory hardness and sensory crispness were analysed and related in this work. Principal component analysis showed a correlation among the sensory attributes and the instrumental parameters (both mechanical and acoustic). Two components mainly explained the behaviour of the different potato chips. The first component was positively related to the number of force and sound events, to sound pressure level maximum, to the area under the force curve, and to sensory crispness, and negatively related to fat content; and the second component was positively related to the gradient (slope of the first part of the curve), the potato chip thickness, and to sensory hardness and sensory crispness. The behaviour of the different potato chips was explained by either one of the two components or by both components. Results indicate that certain degree of sensory hardness is necessary for higher crispness perception.     

Potato Chip Quality and Frying Oil Stability of High Oleic Acid Soybean Oil

High oleic soybean (HOSBO) and low linolenic acid soybean (LLSBO) oils were evaluated individually and in a 1:1 blend along with cottonseed oil (CSO) to determine frying oil stabilities and the flavor quality and stability of potato chips. Potato chips were fried in the oils for a total of 25 h. Potato chips and oils were sampled periodically for sensory data, gas chromatographic volatile compounds, free fatty acids, and total polar compounds. Total polar compounds levels decreased with increasing amounts of oleic acid. The LLSBO had the highest overall increase (17.3%) in total polar compounds from 0 to 25 h of frying. Flavor evaluations of fresh and aged (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wk at 25 °C) potato chips showed differences between potato chips fried in different oil types. Potato chips fried in either LLSBO or in the 1:1 blend had significantly higher intensities of deep fried flavor than the chips fried in HOSBO. Potato chips fried in HOSBO, which had 2% linolenic acid and 1.3% linoleic acid, had significantly higher fishy flavor intensity than chips fried in the other oils. The presence of linoleic acid at a level lower than the amount of linolenic acid probably allowed for the fishy flavors from the degradation of linolenic acid in HOSBO to become more apparent than if the linoleic acid level was higher than linolenic acid. Hexanal was significantly higher in potato chips fried in LLSBO than in the chips fried in the other oils, indicating low oxidative stability during storage. Blending HOSBO with LLSBO in a 1:1 ratio not only improved flavor quality of chips compared with those fried in HOSBO, but also improved oil fry life and oxidative stability of chips compared with LLSBO.     

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-FAT FRANKFURTERS MANUFACTURED WITH POTATO STARCH, FINELY GROUND TOASTED BREAD AND RICE BRAN

Low-fat frankfurters (10% fat, 13% protein) were produced with 3.0% potato starch, finely ground toasted bread and rice bran or their combination. No differences (P > 0.05) were found in processing yield and purge accumulation among treatments of tested ingredients. Potato starch (3.0%) significantly increased the lightness, hardness and skin strength of low-fat frankfurters. Finely ground toasted bread had the highest scores for visual color, external redness, flavor intensity and overall acceptability and improved (P < 0.05) skin strength of frankfurters in comparison to potato starch. Low-fat frankfurters with 3.0% rice bran had the same (P>0.05) visual color scores, redness and textural properties as those produced with potato starch and toasted bread, but lower (P < 0.05) flavor intensity and overall acceptability and were judged as "just acceptable". Decreasing the rice bran from 3.0 to 1.5% and using it in combination with toasted bread (0.75%) and potato starch (0.75%) had an insignificant effect on the flavor intensity and overall acceptability of low-fat frankfurters.     

Quality of french fried potatoes as influenced by coating with hydrocolloids

Potato french fries were coated with a combination of calcium chloride and either pectin or sodium alginate at different levels. The best treatment was selected for the second coating with different hydrocolloids. Qualities of single- and double-coated french fries were evaluated. Potato french fries coated with sodium alginate as a first coating had less oil reduction and less quality than those coated with pectin. Single-coated french fries with a combination of 0.5% calcium chloride and 5% pectin had the highest reduction of oil content as well as the highest moisture content. Also, coated french fries at these levels exhibited higher red and yellow colours and were firmer than the control. Coated french fries with 0.5% calcium chloride and 5% pectin had higher sensory scores for all attributes compared to the control. French fries coated with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as a second layer were more effective than those coated with pectin or sodium alginate in reducing the oil content. The incorporation of CMC at 1.5% level as a second layer reduced the oil content by 54%; however, the single coating with 0.5% calcium chloride and 5% pectin reduced the oil content by 40%. Double-coated french fries had higher moisture contents and firmer structures than the single coated french fries. Increasing the level of the hydrocolloid forming the second coating up to 1.5% resulted in non-significant differences in the sensory scores for all attributes. Scanning electron microscope photographs indicated that the single- or double-coating process was effective in protecting the cellular structure of potato tissues from the damage produced during deep-fat frying. ©     

HPMC、CMC对无麸质面包特性影响的研究

本文采用纯的米粉和红薯淀粉为原料来制作无麸质面包,研究了羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)对无麸质面包的比容、失水率、表皮颜色、硬度和弹性的影响,并从感官上对面包的品质进行了评价。实验结果表明:与空白样相比,添加2%CMC的面包比容增加最多为22%,添加2%CMC面包的黄色指数增加最多为37%,添加1%CMC面包的失水率减小了7%。面包放置24 h、48 h后,含1%CMC的面包硬度变化率减少最多分别为18%、21%,含1%HPMC的面包弹性变化率减少最多分别为18%、19%。     

艾草对猪肉丸品质和抗氧化特性的影响

运用模糊数学感官评定法研究了添加0.25％～1％潮汕艾草对猪肉丸感官的影响,同时分析了其对猪肉丸质构特性、抗氧化能力的影响.结果表明:根据模糊数学模型判定,添加艾草组别中,有84％评价人员认为艾草添加量为0.75％时综合感官评分最佳(4.18分);当艾草添加量由0％提高至1％,肉丸的硬度、咀嚼性和破裂力先降低后升高且变...