白酒贮存过程中氨基甲酸乙酯形成影响因素研究

氨基甲酸乙酯（Ethyl Carbamate, EC）是一种潜在的基因致癌物,广泛存在于酿造酒中,威胁饮酒消费者健康安全。本文主要研究白酒贮存过程中EC形成的原因,分析环境温度、光照、pH值和氰化物含量对白酒中EC的影响,为有效控制白酒中氨基甲酸乙酯水平提供理论依据。     

中国白酒氨基甲酸乙酯形成的代谢机制及控制技术研究进展

氨基甲酸乙酯（Ethyl Carbamate,EC）作为一种存在于蒸馏酒中的2A类致癌物质,成为影响饮酒人群健康安全的潜在因素之一。我国白酒固态发酵方式及独特的生产工艺,在一定程度上限制了现有EC控制措施的可使用性。本文从我国白酒发酵、蒸馏及贮存过程等方面概述EC的现有代谢机制、控制措施及其风险评估,这有利于我国白酒中EC限量标准的建立,为消费者和白酒生产企业提供参考,使我国白酒企业得以良性发展及保障白酒产品的质量安全。     

黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯形成、控制及检测方法的研究进展

氨基甲酸乙酯(EC)是一种存在于黄酒中的基因致癌物。本文就EC的形成途径及致癌机理方面进行了概述,重点阐述了黄酒酿造生产中EC的控制措施,并就常用的检测方法进行了比较分析,同时对未来研究方向做了展望,旨在为我国的黄酒生产技术提供理论参考。     

酿造酒中非酿酒酵母的研究进展

非酿酒酵母种类丰富,主要包括假丝酵母、有孢汉生酵母、汉生酵母、伊萨酵母、克鲁维酵母、梅氏酵母、迈耶氏酵母、毕赤酵母、红酵母、复膜孢酵母、裂殖酵母、有孢园酵母、威克氏酵母等,广泛存在于酿造原料、发酵剂及酿酒环境中,其代谢产物及分泌的酶类对酿造酒的香气、风味具有重要的影响,本文综述了近十几年来酿造酒中非酿酒酵母种类分析及群落多样性的研究方法、生长条件及其在酿造中的作用,分析了目前存在的问题,并展望了非酿酒酵母在酿造酒发酵中的应用,以期对优良非酿酒酵母菌株的筛选、特色酿造酒产品的生产提供参考。     

酿造酒中氨基甲酸乙酯控制的研究进展及对中国黄酒的借鉴

人体潜在致癌物-氨基甲酸乙酯(EC)是发酵酒精饮料(中国黄酒、葡萄酒、日本清酒等)酿造过程中伴随产生的副产物,不少国家对市场上各酒种中EC的含量制定了严格的限定标准。黄酒是我国特有传统酒种,当前黄酒中EC含量较高的现状已成为制约我国黄酒业发展尤其是国际化发展的瓶颈之一。本文就近些年国内外已报道的酿造酒中EC形成机理及控制策略研究的现状进行综述,并分析给予中国黄酒的借鉴作用,以期为解决中国黄酒的EC问题提供思路。     

降低酿造酒损的有效措施

当代先进啤酒生产国的啤酒总损一般低于7%,目前我公司也已达到此水平。尤其是酿造部在切实降低酿造酒损方面取得了很大的进展,正常情况下酿造酒损能控制     

啤酒酿造酒损的控制

通过本人多年的工作实践，就啤酒酿造过程中的工艺、操作、设备等因素对酿造酒损的影响进行了分析，提出了控制酿造酒损的一些措施。     

3种野生水果酿造酒的特性分析

目的 分析酿造果酒中酒精度、总酸含量、总糖含量和微生物菌落数。方法 选用3种市售的野生水果酿造酒,按照国标方法测定3种酿造酒中的酒精度、总酸,总糖和微生物菌落数。结果 凤梨酒、樱桃酒和猕猴桃酒的酒精度在11.0～13.0之间。樱桃酒和猕猴桃酒的总酸含量分别为6.7 g/L和6.5 g/L,凤梨酒的总酸含量为14.8 g/L。凤梨酒和樱桃酒总糖含量分别为31.9 g/L和14.8 g/L,猕猴桃酒总糖含量为6.3 g/L。参照国标检测方法对3种野生水果酿造酒迚行了细菌和霉菌数的检测,3种野生水果酿造酒中菌落总数(CFU/mL)均≤50。结论 樱桃酒和猕猴桃酒这2种酿造果酒酿造过程正常,酒的品质优良,而凤梨酒口感稍差。凤梨酒和樱桃酒属于半甜酿造酒,猕猴桃酒属于半干酿造酒。3种野生水果酿造酒的菌落总数均符合国家标准。     

酒中安全性指标氨基甲酸乙酯的研究

正氨基甲酸乙酯(简称EC)是一种广泛存在于酒中的致癌物质且不易挥发,在水中的溶解度大约为2 g/m L,在有机溶剂中溶解度稍低,蒸汽压较高。1943年,Nettleship等人的研究已经表明,氨基甲酸乙酯具有一定的致癌性。Lofroth、Gcjval(1971)在发酵食品中发现了EC,并测定了葡萄酒中EC含量;Ough(1976)发现在酒精饮料中含有EC。人体摄取EC主要是通过饮用酒精饮料。随着人民生活水平的提高,酒类饮料     

柑桔酒品质稳定性的影响因素及控制措施分析

通过广泛查阅资料,总结长期的生产实践经验,依据酿造酒的发酵工艺原理,对柑桔酒质量稳定性的影响因素进行了详细阐述;并对柑桔酒颜色、透明度、酒体特征及风味稳定性的成因及控制措施进行了深入的分析、探讨和总结,也提出了一些亟待进一步研究探讨的问题,可为柑桔酒品质控制提供借鉴。     

Yeasts and their importance to the flavour of traditional Chinese liquor: a review

As one of the three major distilled spirits in the world, traditional Chinese liquor has a distinctive aroma and taste. The brewing process typically involves two stages: the Daqu‐making process and the liquor‐making process. Further, it commonly adopts solid state fermentation in an open environment, which involves diverse microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Yeasts, as an integral brewing microorganism, are not only a dominant force in the fermentation process but also play a key role in the quality and character of different flavour liquors. Studies on yeasts associated with Chinese liquor have rarely compared them with those associated with other alcoholic beverages (wine, sake, etc.), especially in the microbiome‐related flavour of the alcoholic beverage. Here, we review the Chinese liquor brewing process, the yeast community in the brewing process, the yeast derived flavour compounds, the interaction between yeasts and other microorganisms and gene level modifications. © 2019 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Regional characteristics and discrimination of the fermentation starter Hong Qu in traditional rice wine brewing

Hong Qu (HQ) is a fermentation starter used to brew Hong Qu rice wine (HQ wine). The regional characteristics and discrimination of HQ are not fully understood. This study elucidates fermentation characteristics of HQ through sensory evaluation and the analysis of six physicochemical characteristics of HQ wine brewed by twenty-nine HQ from different regions. Results showed that the complex physicochemical indices of HQ wine would be reduced to three principal components – total acidity, total sugars and non-sugar solids by principal component analysis. Twenty-nine HQ samples were classified into four clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis – Cluster A, B, C and D. Cluster B only included Gutian HQ (GTQ) brewing base liquors with a fresh and soft taste, the highest sensory scores and low coefficient of variation (CV). The rest three Clusters mainly included Wuyi HQ (WYQ) brewing base liquors with full-bodied and tasteful flavours, high CV values and different sensory scores. WYQ could brew more good and less below standard liquors, while the quality of HQ wine brewed using GTQ was more even than that of WYQ. Conclusively, the geographical location and processing technology of HQ are the main external factors contributing to the regional characteristics of HQ wine.     

高粱中蜀黍氰苷与浓香型白酒中氰化物及氨基甲酸乙酯关系的研究

为研究高粱中蜀黍氰苷与浓香型白酒中氰化物及氨基甲酸乙酯(EC)之间的关系,以不同高粱为研究对象,分别进行水解试验、模拟蒸酒试验和酿酒试验。水解试验结果表明：高粱中蜀黍氰苷含量与其水解所生成的氰化物总量呈正相关;模拟蒸酒试验结果表明：实验组(以S1高粱为原料)的各段馏分酒中氰化物含量显著低于对照组(以S2高粱为原料)(P<0.01);酿酒试验结果表明：实验组原酒中氰化物初始含量低于对照组,浓香型白酒中绝大部分EC是在贮存过程中生成的,原酒中氰化物初始含量和达到相对稳定状态时EC含量呈正相关(R²=0.966 9),氰化物是浓香型白酒中EC的重要前体物。该研究从生产水平上证实了浓香型白酒生产企业采用蜀黍氰苷含量低的高粱作为酿酒原料,可有效降低产品中EC含量。     

酱香白酒机械化酿造不同基酒风味化合物解析

利用液液萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法及保留指数法,对酱香型白酒机械化酿造典型体的各轮次基酒进行风味结构解析。采用感官评价法与香气活性值相结合,分析机械化酿造不同轮次典型体基酒的感官属性与特征香气化合物的关系,结果表明机械化酿造各轮次酱香典型体基酒中具有香气贡献的特征化合物共有 37 种,每类挥发性化合物对不同轮次典型体酒样的香气贡献度与感官品评结果相呼应,其中1、2轮次酱香典型体基酒较干净,水果香、花香风味优于酱香风味,3、4、5轮次基酒酱香风味显著,6轮次烘培香、焦香更突出,7轮次各香气减弱焦糊香突出;其中贡献水果香、花香、甜香的物质主要为戊酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、己酸丁酯、辛酸乙酯等19 种化合物;呈烘培香与坚果香物质包括异丁醇、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪等;呈焦糖香物质主要是糠醇、糠醛;呈奶酪香风味的物质主要是酸类物质。     

一种可视化快速鉴别白酒的新方法研究

白酒主体香味成分的含量和比例,是白酒香型风格的"构成要素"。针对白酒的主体香味成分,选择筛选出特异性敏感元件20种,构建5×4比色传感阵列芯片,建立了一种可视化快速鉴别白酒新方法。新阵列芯片检测性能明显优于已报道的通用阵列,可精确识别出不同风味白酒,且能反映出不同白酒中主体香味成分的差异。对15种白酒进行检测,主成分分析结果表明,前三个主成分对识别的贡献率依次为酯、醛、缩醛类物质(34.5%),酸类物质(19.2%)和乙醇(11.9%)。聚类分析发现同一品牌的白酒能正确归类,不同品牌同种香型白酒能率先聚为一类。各白酒间的相似性和差异性在聚类图上有较好的体现,不同香型白酒间的距离远近与白酒的生产原料、糖化发酵剂、酿造工艺密切相关。     

Lactic acid bacteria in the brewing of traditional Daqu liquor

Lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites play important roles in defining Chinese liquor flavour. Currently, the role of lactic acid bacteria in liquor brewing remains unclear. This review discusses the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation of different types of Daqu and fermented grains. It focuses on the interaction between these bacteria and other microorganisms during liquor brewing, and analyses its effect on liquor flavour and quality. In addition, the roles of Lactobacillus in reducing the amount of unfavourable ingredients in liquor and the succession law of lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation of three Daqu liquors were also studied. Finally, the methods aimed at reducing lactic acid production and improving liquor quality are discussed. Overall, the review highlights the significance of lactic acid bacteria for brewing Daqu liquor. Nevertheless, further studies are required to clarify the role and mechanism of action of lactic acid bacteria during liquor fermentation. © 2019 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

从黄酒的酿造工艺上探讨氨基甲酸乙酯

阐述了酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的形成机理,并从黄酒的整个酿造工艺--原料、菌种、发酵、煎酒、陈酿等方面入手,借鉴葡萄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的形成及控制策略,综述了目前黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的形成及控制的研究,以期为黄酒生产中降低氨基甲酸乙酯的含量提供科学依据。     

绍兴黄酒的酿造特点

该文从11个方面论述了绍兴黄酒的酿造特点，即配料的特殊性和酒种的多样性；低温长时间浸米；发酵状态的多样性；黄酒醪的发酵特点；微生物的多样性，复杂性：接种方式独特：菌种保存方法独特；酵母与乳酸杆菌协同作用的混合发酵并行的过程（即边糖化、边酵母发酵、边乳酸发酵同时进行的三边发酵）：酒液勾兑；较高的灭菌温度；成品酒的贮存。     

原料热处理方式对苹果蒸馏酒中甲醇含量和香气的影响

该研究分别对酿酒苹果原料进行1#（室温晾晒20 min）、2#(70℃、20 min)、3#(70℃、30 min)、4#(90℃、20 min)、5#(90℃、30 min)热处理后酿造苹果蒸馏酒，采用气相色谱法（GC）测定甲醇含量，电子鼻（E-nose）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术分析香气物质，考察不同原料热处理方式对苹果蒸馏酒中甲醇含量和香气的影响。结果表明，与1#热处理酒样相比，其他酒样中的甲醇含量均显著降低（P<0.05），且4#、5#热处理酒样中的甲醇含量<2.00 g/L，分别为1.89 g/L、1.78 g/L。5种酒样的香气特性差异较大，共有的挥发性香气物质为23种，基于共有香气物质建立苹果蒸馏酒品质的评价模型发现，5#热处理酒样的综合得分最高（2.866分），香气品质更加突出。综上，原料热处理可以降低苹果蒸馏酒中的甲醇含量，并丰富其风味成分。     

Determination and fractionation of metals in beer: a review.

Major, minor and trace metals are important in beer fermentation since they supply the appropriate environment for yeast growth and influence yeast metabolism. A real concern is the content of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe), which are involved in beer conditioning and ageing through reactions resulting in formation of reactive oxygen species. The reactive oxygen species readily oxidize organic compounds present in beer, changing the quality of foaming and the flavour stability of beer. In view of brewing technology and beer processing, knowledge regarding functions of metals and their speciation in brewing liquors and beer is of special significance. Metals in beer also have a certain nutritional importance, but their actual effect related to beer consumption depends on the type of species they form with low and high molecular mass organic ligands which naturally occur in beer. This review covers the determination and fractionation of metals in beer using atomic spectrometry methods. Special attention is drawn to the role of metals in beer and brewing, possible metal associations, methods of beer preparation before analysis on the total metal content, and approaches to metal partitioning in beer.