酚类物质对红葡萄酒颜色影响的研究进展

颜色作为红葡萄酒的重要感官指标,提供了葡萄酒的品质、类型以及储存期的稳定性,也成为了消费者选购葡萄酒的重要因素。酚类物质作为红葡萄酒的"骨架结构",对葡萄酒的风味、口感以及颜色等都起着决定性的作用。因此,系统的对影响红葡萄酒颜色的酚类物质进行总结归纳,以及对其对红葡萄酒的颜色影响进行研究具有重要的参考意义。     

红葡萄酒颜色研究

颜色对于红葡萄酒的感官质量起着重要作用,红葡萄酒中的呈色物质主要是花色苷,花色苷类物质的浓度与组成决定葡萄酒颜色的深度与稳定性.红葡萄酒的颜色受多方面因素影响,如酿造红葡萄酒的原料质量、栽培措施、发酵条件、稳定工艺、酵母菌、添加物(有机酸、色素酶、单宁等)及陈酿与贮存等.从多方面对有关红葡萄酒颜色的研究进行了阐述,并对我国红葡萄酒生产中存在的一些问题进行了讨论.     

陈酿前添加咖啡酸对干红葡萄酒颜色品质及多酚构成的影响

花色苷类化合物是红葡萄酒中重要的色素物质,其种类、状态和含量在一定程度上决定了葡萄酒的色泽特征和陈酿潜能。本研究以陈酿前添加橡木类辅色素咖啡酸的"赤霞珠"干红葡萄酒为研究对象,在24个月的陈酿过程中分批次取样并测定其色度色调、辅色化率、花色苷酚以及非花色苷酚的变化情况。结果表明,陈酿前添加咖啡酸,可有效延缓红葡萄酒颜色亮度(L*)的升高和红色色调(a*)的下降,其效果与添加浓度呈正相关;添加咖啡酸还可延缓陈酿阶段红葡萄酒中花色苷辅色化程度的降低,促进葡萄酒中聚合花色苷比率的升高,并有助于花色苷含量的保持和稳定,对非花色苷酚含量的下降也有延缓作用。本研究为新型葡萄酒酿造技术的开发,以及干红葡萄酒外观品质的提高,提供必要的理论基础和技术支持。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。     

酚类物质对葡萄酒品质的影响

葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类,它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物,与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质主要来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶,参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等,对红葡萄酒的风格特征和品质有着非常重要的影响。     

葡萄酒酚类物质研究进展

酚类物质作为葡萄酒的“骨架成分”,在葡萄酒中起着重要作用,不仅影响葡萄酒的颜色、滋味和口味等,还具有抗氧化作用。概述了葡萄酒中主要的酚类物质及其作用研究进展。     

冷浸渍时间和发酵温度对西拉桃红葡萄酒品质的影响

为提高桃红葡萄酒品质及颜色稳定性,该研究以西拉酿酒葡萄为原料,采用低温浸渍工艺与分汁法酿造桃红葡萄酒,探究浸渍时间、发酵温度对西拉甜型桃红葡萄酒品质的影响。对葡萄酒理化指标、酚类物质、色泽指标进行测定,并通过主成分分析（PCA）、相关性分析进行综合评价。结果表明,延长浸渍时间能有效提高酚类物质含量,而长时间的浸渍会加深葡萄酒颜色,浸渍16 h后酒体颜色较为理想,呈玫瑰红色,色泽鲜艳稳定。较高的发酵温度会影响花色苷类物质的稳定性从而导致酒体颜色的改变,12 ℃发酵条件下酒体颜色较为稳定但会相对延长发酵周期。综上,相对于对照组（CK）,12 ℃浸渍16 h,于16 ℃发酵的条件可以满足桃红葡萄酒对酚类物质含量及颜色的需求,可应用于优质桃红葡萄酒生产实践中。     

干红葡萄酒色泽的形成

干红葡萄酒的酿造是以红葡萄为原料,酿造过程中采用果浆浸提技术,尽可能多的将果皮中所含的色素类物质浸提出来,并采取各种措施使色素类物质稳定。本文仅就红葡萄酒色泽的形成进行探讨。1 红葡萄酒中的色素类物质葡萄酒的色泽主要由来自于葡萄各部分及橡木桶中的色素物质构成。葡萄酒中的色素物质是一种酚类化合物。酚类物质是影响红葡萄酒品质的主要因素,它不仅赋予葡萄酒颜色,而且使葡萄酒具有复杂的口感和味感特性。葡萄中酚类物质很多,而且易于变化,其中主要有酚酸、类黄酮和单宁多聚体。酚酸中有两类主要的物质,即羟基肉桂酸和羟基苯…     

“放血”(saignée)发酵工艺中媚丽不同酒种质量变化

对葡萄醪液进行不同比例的放血处理,研究其对葡萄酒颜色、酚类物质、抗氧化性能和香气物质含量的影响,优化媚丽葡萄酒不同酒种的酿造方案。实验设置"放血"比例为0%、15%、30%,处理后葡萄醪采用干红葡萄酒酿造工艺,而自流汁采用桃红工艺进行酿造。结果表明,干红葡萄酒中随着"放血"比例的增加颜色加深呈宝石红;总酚和总类黄酮含量增加至830. 41、149. 46 mg/L;抗氧化性能提升至1. 53 mol/L Trolox(ABTS)、0. 64 mol/L Trolox(DPPH);一方面,香气中2-甲基-乙酸丁酯、壬酸乙酯含量增加,使葡萄酒中的玫瑰花香和果香突出。另一方面,桃红葡萄酒颜色亮度增加呈三文鱼色,苯乙醇、庚酸乙酯含量也明显增加,赋予桃红葡萄酒新鲜果香。"放血"工艺可以增加媚丽干红葡萄酒的颜色,提高香气浓郁度和抗氧化性能,增加桃红葡萄酒亮度和香气的清新度。     

红葡萄酒中花色苷衍生物结构研究进展

颜色是影响红葡萄酒感官质量的重要指标之一,红葡萄酒颜色的深浅不仅决定着葡萄酒的感官品质,而且 对葡萄酒内在品质也有较大影响。花色苷是红葡萄酒中一种重要的水溶性天然色素,具有多种重要的生理功能和生 物活性。近年来发现的一些花色苷衍生物作为花色苷家族重要的补充,其种类、状态和含量对红葡萄酒的色泽特征 和陈酿潜能起到重要的作用。本文系统介绍了在红葡萄酒中发现的主要花色苷以及不同类型花色苷衍生物的结构特 征、形成途径和理化性质,以期为葡萄酒中花色苷衍生物的结构研究提供有益参考。     

Production and Antioxidative Activity of Mead Made From Honey and Black Rice (Oryza sativa var. Indica cv. Shiun)

In order to brew a red‐coloured alcoholic beverage having antioxidative activity, mead was made from honey and black rice grains. Alcoholic beverages made from honey and black rice grains contained around 10% (v/v) ethyl alcohol and a higher amount of phenolic compounds. Alcoholic beverages made from Chinese milk vetch honey and black rice grain contained anthocyanin and were red in colour similar to pink wine. The amount of total phenolic compounds present in the beverages made using Chinese milk vetch honey and buckwheat honey was 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the mead made from the black rice grains was higher than that of beverages made from polished rice. The inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation of the mead made from black rice grains was also higher.     

Influence of Fermentation Process on the Anthocyanin Composition of Wine and Vinegar Elaborated from Strawberry

Anthocyanins are the major polyphenolic compounds in strawberry fruit responsible for its color. Due to their sensitivity, they are affected by food processing techniques such as fermentation that alters both their chemical composition and organoleptic properties. This work aims to evaluate the impact of different fermentation processes on individual anthocyanins compounds in strawberry wine and vinegar by UHPLC‐MS/MS Q Exactive analysis. Nineteen, 18, and 14 anthocyanin compounds were identified in the strawberry initial substrate, strawberry wine, and strawberry vinegar, respectively. Four and 8 anthocyanin compounds were tentatively identified with high accuracy for the 1st time to be present in the beverages obtained by alcoholic fermentation and acetic fermentation of strawberry, respectively. Both, the total and the individual anthocyanin concentrations were decreased by both fermentation processes, affecting the alcoholic fermentation to a lesser extent (19%) than the acetic fermentation (91%). Indeed, several changes in color parameters have been assessed. The color of the wine and the vinegar made from strawberry changed during the fermentation process, varying from red to orange color, this fact is directly correlated with the decrease of anthocyanins compounds.     

ETHANOL FERMENTATION OF VARIOUS RED RICES WITHOUT COOKING

With various red rices as raw material, fermentation without cooking was allowed to proceed at pH 4.0 and 30°C for 4 d for production of novel alcoholic beverages. Ethanol fermentation was achieved with various rice grains. In particular, uncooked wild-rice (Zizania aquatica) is reported now for the first time as being used for ethanol fermentation. The final concentration of ethanol achieved during fermentation was 8.8–9.3% (v/v). Rice wine made from aromatic red rice (Oryza sativa var. Indica, Tapol) had a wine-like red color. It was rich in a fruity aroma and had a characteristic sour taste, as revealed by organoleptic testing. Volatile substances formed have been analysed by gas chromatography. Rice wine made from black rice (Oryza sativa var. Indica) also had a wine-like red color and a sour taste. By contrast, rice wines made from red rice (Oryza sativa var. Japonica) and wild-rice were faintly yellow in color and had a sake-like and a somewhat green tea-like flavor, respectively. Although the red pigments of the aromatic red rice and black rice were solubilized during uncooked ethanol fermentation, the pigments of red rice and wild-rice were insoluble and not available as material for brewing of red-colored alcoholic beverages. Aromatic red rice appears to be a suitable material for the production of a wine-like alcoholic beverage.     

Grape and wine polymeric polyphenols: Their importance in enology

Phenolic compounds are important constituents of red wine, contributing to its sensory properties and antioxidant activity. Owing to the diversity and structural complexity, study of these compounds was mainly limited, during the last three decades, on their low-molecular-mass compounds or simple phenolic compounds. Only in recent years, much attention has been paid to highly polymerized polyphenols in grape and red wines. The reason for this is largely due to the development of analytical techniques, especially those of HPLC-ESI-MS, permitting the structural characterization of highly polymerized polyphenols. Furthermore, the knowledge on the biological properties of polymeric polyphenols of red wine is very limited. Grape polyphenols mainly consist of proanthocyanidins (oligomers and polymers) and anthocyanins, and low amount of other phenolics. Red wine polyphenols include both grape polyphenols and new phenolic products formed from them during winemaking process. This leads to a great diversity of new polyphenols and makes wine polyphenol composition more complex. The present paper summarizes the advances in the research of polymeric polyphenols in grape and red wine and their important role in Enology. Scientific results indicate that polymeric polyphenols, as the major polyphenols in grape and red wine, play a major role in red wine sensory properties, color stability and antioxidant activities.     

Beer and wine consumers' perceptions of the nutritional value of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages

ABSTRACT:  In general beer has not been portrayed as part of a balanced diet. However, red wine has been promoted as a beneficial part of a nutritious diet. The evidence is that beer is at least the equal of wine from a nutritional perspective and in countering ailments such as coronary heart disease. This study used surveys to compare beer and wine consumers' perceptions of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages. The consumers ranked 7 beverages based upon perceived healthfulness both before and after they were exposed to nutritional information about the beverages. The ranked data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The variance due to the 3-way interaction of place of recruitment, beverage, and ranking was found to be significant at P < 0.05. There was no significant difference between genders. Overall, consumers of alcoholic beverages perceived red wine to be more healthful than the other 6 beverages, including beer and white wine. The perceived healthfulness of a beverage does not appear to be the main factor driving the choice of beverage. Nutritional information does impact consumers' perceptions of the healthfulness of beverages. Consumers who are predominately beer drinkers were more heavily influenced by nutritional information than consumers who were predominately wine drinkers.     

饮料酒中阿魏酸的研究进展

阿魏酸是天然的抗氧化剂,也是近年来国际认知的防癌物质。该文综述了阿魏酸的功效、酚酸类化合物的分析方法及饮料酒（葡萄酒、啤酒、黄酒、果酒和白酒）中阿魏酸的研究进展,为“适量饮酒,有益健康”提供科学依据。阐明阿魏酸在饮料酒中的含量差异 及形成机理,综述了提高饮料酒中阿魏酸含量的方法,为未来我国饮料酒中多酚类物质的研究提供理论指导和方法参考。     

液液微萃取结合气相色谱-串联质谱测定饮料酒中挥发性酚类化合物

挥发性酚类化合物对饮料酒的风味具有重要影响,同时还具有一定的生理活性。将液液微萃取法与气相色谱-串联质谱联用技术相结合,建立饮料酒中挥发性酚类化合物的测定方法。将酒样稀释至体积分数为10%,再用乙酸乙酯对目标化合物进行萃取,采用气相色谱-串联质谱在动态多反应监测模式下测定挥发性酚类化合物。该方法可准确测定饮料酒中10种挥发性酚类化合物,且线性关系良好(r²≥0.998),检出限及定量限分别为1.0～10.0μg/L和3.5～35.0μg/L;在高、中、低3个浓度水平下的加标回收率为92.3%～100.7%,相对标准偏差为0.3%～3.7%,通过对比试验发现,该方法的准确度与重复性高于顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法。该方法具有准确、重复性好、有机溶剂用量少等优点,适用于测定不同类型饮料酒中挥发性酚类化合物,研究同时发现挥发性酚类化合物在不同类型饮料酒中的分布存在显著差异。     

Research progress on the application of different controlling strategies to minimizing ethyl carbamate in grape wine

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a probable carcinogenic compound commonly found in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages and has been classified as a category 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Alcoholic beverages are one of the main sources of EC intake by humans. Therefore, many countries have introduced a standard EC limit in alcoholic beverages. Wine is the second largest alcoholic beverage in the world after beer and is loved by consumers for its rich taste. However, different survey results showed that the detection rate of EC in wine was almost 100%, while the maximum content was as high as 100 μg/L, necessitating EC content regulation in wine. The existing methods for controlling the EC level in wine mainly include optimizing raw fermentation materials and processes, using genetically engineered strains, and enzymatic methods (urease or urethanase). This review focused on introducing and comparing the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of methods for controlling EC, and proposes two possible new techniques, that is, changing the fermentation strain and exogenously adding phenolic compounds. In the future, it is hoped that the feasibility of this prospect will be verified by pilot-scale or large-scale application to provide new insight into the regulation of EC during wine production. The formation mechanism and influencing factors of EC in wine were also introduced and the analytical methods of EC were summarized.     

酚酸类物质对杨梅发酵酒贮藏期间色泽和挥发性风味物质的影响

为研究杨梅发酵酒贮藏过程中色泽及风味变化，本实验采用气相离子迁移谱仪、色差计、电子舌和感官评价方法探究酚酸类物质对杨梅发酵酒的辅色作用、挥发性风味变化和感官指标的影响。结果表明：单宁酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸均对杨梅发酵酒具有辅色作用，减缓了a*、C*值和ΔE*值的变化趋势，明显增强了杨梅发酵酒贮藏期间色泽稳定性；通过气相离子迁移谱技术分析添加酚酸类物质杨梅发酵酒与对照组挥发性风味物质的二维、三维谱图和指纹图谱，发现添加酚酸类物质杨梅发酵酒在挥发性风味物质组成和含量上与对照组差异不明显；电子舌分析能够很好地区分对照组与添加酚酸类物质的杨梅发酵酒；添加芥子酸辅色的杨梅发酵酒更接近对照组杨梅发酵酒的感官品质。因此，宜选用芥子酸作为杨梅发酵酒的辅色剂。