PETN粒度对其机械感度的影响

用微团化动态结晶方法和溶剂/非溶剂滴加重结晶方法制备出3种粒径的PETN颗粒,采用粒度分析仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其粒度进行了表征。测定了3种粒度PETN试样的撞击感度(特性落高H50)和摩擦感度(爆炸百分数)值。结果表明,3种粒度PETN撞击感度分别为33.7、28.3和22.9cm,摩擦感度分别为52%、24.8%和40%。撞击感度随粒度的减小逐渐降低,亚微米级PETN最低。摩擦感度随粒度的减小先降低再升高,而且亚微米PETN最敏感。     

粒度对RDX热感度和火焰感度的影响

采用喷射细化法和滴加法,制备了3种粒度的黑素今(RDX)粉末.采用激光粒度仪、比表面积分析仪和扫描电子显微镜对样品进行了表征,对其火焰感度、慢烤热感度及热分解特性进行了测试,其中用50%的发火高度表示其火焰感度,用爆发点的温度表示其慢烤热感度.结果表明,随着RDX粒度的减小,RDX的火焰感度和慢烤热感度均逐步升高.从理...     

掺杂和密闭透窗对炸药激光起爆感度的影响

用Bruccton法测定了掺杂碳黑和碳纳米管的RDX和PETN炸药的起爆阈值,同时比较了K9玻璃和蓝宝石两种玻璃透窗下激光起爆感度的区别,以及自由振荡和调Q两种激光模式对RDX和PETN起爆感度的影响.结果表明,掺杂碳黑和碳纳米管均可提高RDX和PETN的感度,碳黑的掺杂效果好于碳纳米管,其中掺杂质量分数1%碳黑的RD...     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT／RDX、TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2 mL／g ,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT／RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响（英文）

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT/RDX、TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2mL/g,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT/RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

用LC/APCI/MS方法检测粉尘中的炸药成分

采用高选择性和灵敏度的LC(液相色谱)/APCI(大气压化学电离源)/MS(质谱)方法定量分析粉尘样品中的HMX、RDX、PETN、CE、NQ和TNT。采用ASE萃取,GPC净化浓缩作为前处理方法,在粉尘中分别添加所测炸药组分,用丙酮作为ASE萃取溶剂,乙酸乙酯和环己烷(体积比为1∶1)作为GPC净化时的流动相并抛弃杂质500s,收集1 520s。在LC/MS分析时,通过在流动相中添加1mmol/L甲酸与样品形成[M+HCOO]-的甲酸加合离子。结果表明,HMX、RDX、PETN、CE、NQ、TNT的方法检测限分别为0.78,1.44,1.69,0.77,1.06,1.72ng/mL,回收率为49.0%～88.4%,相对标准偏差为3.5%～10.3%。该方法可以用来系统排查及定量分析爆炸残留物及环境样品中的NQ、RDX、PETN、CE、HMX、TNT成分。     

机械粉碎法制备纳米HMX及其机械感度研究

采用机械粉碎法制备了纳米HMX,用纳米激光粒度仪和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对其粒度分布、颗粒的大小和形貌进行了表征,测试了原料HMX和纳米HMX的摩擦感度、撞击感度和冲击波感度.结果表明,制备的HMX粒径基本小于100 nm;与原料HMX相比,纳米HMX的摩擦感度有较大幅度降低,撞击感度和冲击波感度分别降低107.0％和62.1％,安全性明显提高.     

纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药撞击感度的性能研究

在超声波的环境下制备了不同配比的纳米HMX(奥克托今)/微米RDX(黑索今)复合炸药,并对纯RDX炸药和自制炸药的撞击感度进行了比较。结果发现,在实验配比范围内,纳米HMX/微米RDX复合炸药比纯RDX炸药敏感,且随HMX含量的增加,撞击感度降低。     

湿法研磨制备改性HMX及其机械感度研究

通过湿法研磨制备出不同粒度的改性HMX晶体,采用折光匹配法对其形貌进行表征,并测试了改性HMX的机械感度。讨论了研磨速率对HMX粒径的影响,以及改性前后HMX的机械感度,分析了湿法研磨对HMX机械感度的影响机理。结果表明,研磨速率为0.524m/s时得到的HMX粒度最小,为43.1μm,改性后的HMX摩擦感度降低60%,撞击感度降低68%,且研磨晶体粒度越小,晶体特性落高数值越大。晶体粒度及内部缺陷对机械感度的影响机制主要是研磨后晶体粒度减小且晶体内部缺陷减少,受到外力作用时,晶体内部热点产生和传播的概率降低。     

含硝胺和铝粉的少烟改性双基推进剂表面和界面性能

研究了不同含氮量的硝化棉(NC)和不同粒度填料(Al、RDX和HMX)的表面性能,NC与填料之间的界面性能,以及表面和界面性能对含硝胺和铝粉的少烟改性双基推进剂力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着RDX、HMX以及A1粉粒度的减小,其表面张力逐渐增大,RDX、HMX与NC之间的界面张力随着RDX和HMX粒度或硝化棉含氮量的减...     

Simulation of the ignition of organic explosives by a laser pulse in the weak absorption region

Numerical simulation of the ignition of RDX, HMX, and TATB by a nanosecond laser pulse was performed. The heat-conduction equation was solved in cylindrical coordinates with allowance for the multiple reflection of the light beam, a zero-order exothermic reaction, and melting. Despite the small temperature gradient due to the smallness of the radiation absorption coefficient, violation of thermal equilibrium due to Arrhenius nonlinearity leads to ignition of energetic materials from the surface. The critical energy density for ignition of PETN, RDX, HMX, and TATB by a nanosecond laser pulse was determined. Calculations have shown that with identical absorption and reflection coefficients, PETN is the most sensitive and TATB is the most heat-resistant.     

Modeling the Microstructure of Energetic Materials with Realistic Constituent Morphology

In this article, we present a strategy for packing realistic crystals, critical for mesoscale simulations, and predictions. The current packing code uses a dynamic algorithm, with crystal shapes represented by level sets, to create appropriate packs of the microstructure for an energetic material. Crystal shapes include the nitramines HMX, RDX, PETN, and CL20. Two series of packs are considered: a bidisperse pack with size ratio 1 : 0.3 and a polydisperse pack. We also construct equivalent packs of spheres for comparison purposes. Higher‐order statistics are computed and compared. We show that the second‐order statistics are essentially independent of particle shape when the packing fraction is held constant. The second‐order statistics do, however, depend on the polydispersity.     

Studies on the critical temperature of thermal explosion for 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and its salts

The critical temperature of thermal explosion for 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and its ethylenediammonium salt (ENTO), potassium salt (KNTO), copper salt (CuNTO) and lead salt (PbNTO) were obtained using the stationary theory of thermal explosion, the calculation formula of estimating the critical temperature of thermal explosion under non-isothermal DSC condition, and the determination method for the critical temperature of thermal explosion of small-scale solid explosive and its data treatment method. The results of the four methods are agreeable to each other, whose differences are within 5%. The results indicate that the heat-resistance ability of NTO and its salts and of the common explosives, cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN) and tetryl decreases in the order HMX > NTO > ENTO > KNTO > RDX > PETN > tetryl > PbNTO > CuNTO.     

RDX and HMX with Reduced Sensitivity Towards Shock Initiation–RS‐RDX and RS‐HMX

Reduced Sensitivity RDX (RS‐RDX) has received a lot of attention and interest from the explosive community in the recent years. There are several producers of RS‐RDX, most of them using a direct nitration (Woolwich process) for the RDX synthesis, while Chemring Nobel uses the Bachmann process. The processes for obtaining the RS properties probably differ between the various producers. Chemring Nobel has also developed an HMX quality that shows Reduced Sensitivity (RS‐HMX) of different particle size distributions. The shock sensitivity is at the same level as for RS‐RDX in comparable compositions. Reduced shock sensitivity has been obtained for RS‐RDX and Reduced Sensitivity (RS‐HMX) in both pressable and cast‐cured compositions. By using a pressable composition, it is possible to get the results from a BICT gap test faster than from a cast‐cured composition that has to go through a curing process. Chemring Nobel in cooperation with FFI have performed an extensive accelerated ageing testing of RS‐RDX produced by the Bachmann process. The samples have been aged at 60 and 70 °C and the shock sensitivity tested by two different gap tests. The results demonstrate that the Chemring Nobel RS‐RDX retain the insensitivity towards shock during ageing and show no degradation at all. Accelerated ageing testing of RS‐HMX has also been performed and shows no degradation in the shock sensitivity.     

Production and Sensitivity Evaluation of Nanocrystalline RDX‐based Explosive Compositions

The initiation sensitivity of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) was investigated as a function of crystal size. For this study, RDX powders with mean crystal sizes of ca. 200 and 500 nm were prepared by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) with carbon dioxide as the solvent. Initiation sensitivity testing to impact, sustained shock, and electrostatic discharge stimuli was performed on uncoated as well as wax‐coated specimens. The test data revealed that in a direct comparison to coarser grades the nanocrystalline RDX‐based samples were substantially less sensitive to shock and impact stimuli. Furthermore, the 500 nm RDX‐based specimens exhibited the lowest sensitivity values, an indication that minima in shock and impact sensitivities with respect to crystal size exist.     

Detonation of Ultrafine Explosives

Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves - Detonation of PETN and HMX with a particle size of about 1  $$\mu$$ m was investigated by an electromagnetic method. At an initial density of...