班克罗夫特《美国史》述评

班克罗夫特的代表作《美国史》,是从美国殖民地时期的历史开始着手的,以独立战争作为中心,直至独立。被堪称为近代美国历史学的一部名著。     

传统街坊开发标准

我们设计这个条例是为了确定如何沿着传统街坊的模式建设新的小城市。这些条款采用了美国从殖民地时期到20世纪40年代时期的城市发展传统。     

第八届唐山中国陶瓷博览会取得丰硕成果

本刊讯2005年9月23日,廊坊地区牧羊地儿童村正式启用了。该儿童村是由美国菲力浦-海德基金会筹建的,是目前国内最大的残疾儿童救助机构,拥有容纳200名儿童的全套专业护理设施,包括一个医务所、一所学校、2栋儿童宿舍楼、一栋办公楼、一个餐厅和一个大游戏场。拉法基公司一直致力于社会公益活动,积极承担社会责任,为中国的公益事业和慈善事业曾做出许多贡献。自2001年开始帮助菲力浦-海德基金会修缮房舍、捐赠水泥和屋面瓦。2003年,拉法基公司决定为牧羊地儿童村捐赠建筑材料,至今为止已捐赠价值约50万元人民币的水泥、价值4万元的屋面瓦以及…     

无畏的普罗米修斯

<正>从早期殖民地时期到今天,火灾一直是美国文明发展过程中面临的最严重威胁之一。一场场肆虐的大火摧毁了无数的农庄、住宅,甚至一次次将人们辛苦劳作建立的城镇夷为平地。但美国人民从未屈服于火灾的暴戾。在美国建国之前,早期殖民地的居民就自发组建了志愿消防队,他们     

共同富裕背景下居民慈善捐赠的同群效应研究

慈善事业作为第三次分配的主要方式，是初次分配和再分配的重要补充，对促进共同富裕具有积极意义。文章利用2016年和2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据，以社区为参照单位讨论与检验了居民慈善捐赠的同群效应及其作用机制。研究发现：社区其他人的慈善捐赠行为对居民慈善捐赠有显著的积极影响，在采用工具变量法处理内生性与使用替代变量法进行稳健性检验后，慈善捐赠的同群效应依然成立；慈善捐赠的同群效应在城镇与男性群体中更明显；社区其他人的捐赠行为通过激发个体的奉献意识和提高个体的生活满意度，影响居民本人的慈善捐赠行为。对此，我国应完善与慈善相关的法律法规，落实慈善优惠政策，弘扬慈善价值理念，鼓励广大民众积极参与慈善捐赠事业，充分发挥慈善事业在第三次分配中的作用，促进共同富裕的实现。     

高校社会捐赠模式的混合形态分析

"传统慈善""科学慈善""战略慈善""风险慈善"是西方慈善事业发展进程中先后兴起的典型模式,不同模式在捐赠主体、动机诉求、捐赠内容和行动方式上具有显著差异,由此分布在"工具性—表意性"价值谱系的特定位置。作为我国现代慈善事业重要组成部分,高校社会捐赠起步较晚、基础薄弱、发展迅速,形成了与西方慈善模式既有关联、又相区别的慈善形态——"公益情怀型""感恩回报型""品牌分享型""合作互动型"、"官方行政型"等多元模式的混合。高校社会捐赠的混合形态需要同时面对多元的捐赠诉求、复合性的公共责任和时空叠加的困境。在高校社会捐赠事务中平衡"工具性"和"表意性"价值、兼顾合法性和有效性诉求是应对混合性挑战和化解叠加性困境的关键。     

1997年北京房地产开发销售大势平稳

1997年北京房地产开发投资、经营和销售大势平稳,整个市场仍然处于理性调整时期,北京房地产市场形势的根本改观虽尚待时日,但随着宏观调控逐步到位,总体景气已开始回升。在一年一度的秋冬销售旺季,1997年11月的房地产开发投资额也首次超过去年同期水平。在销售形势相对平稳的情况下,房地产投资稳步增长和新开工面积的大幅度上升反映出北京房地产市场已经开始启动。特别是随着个人购买力大幅度上升,住宅将会成为北京房地产市场新的经济增长点。 北京住宅市场发展空间广阔,每年住宅竣工面     

个人捐赠何以可为:慈善信息与组织信任的作用机制研究

捐赠作为慈善事业发展的基石,对社会发展和社会的良性运行具有重要意义。本文在实证调查基础上,运用OLS回归方法分析了慈善信息、组织信任与个人捐赠行为三者之间的关系。研究发现:慈善信息的获取对捐赠行为具有积极影响,其中通过新兴媒介获取慈善信息的影响远远大于通过传统媒介获取信息的影响;慈善信息的获取不仅直接影响个人的捐赠行为,而且可以通过慈善组织信任度这个中介变量间接影响个人捐赠行为。     

民国时期私立大学教育捐赠经验分析

20世纪20、30年代,一大批成果卓越的私立大学脱颖而出。这些大学利用社会客观条件,发挥自身主观能动性,广泛开拓经费自筹渠道,获取了丰富的社会捐赠的经验。这时期的私立大学教育捐赠经验有助于研究者从历史的角度去深入剖析探究本国高等教育捐赠历程,而非一味寻求借鉴他国经验,由此分析和总结出更符合我国国情的长效捐赠体系。     

美国高等教育融资及资金运用的核心原则及其对我国的启示

美国是当今世界高等教育最发达的国家之一,其高等教育融资及资金运用模式也堪称全球典范。在探索多元化融资渠道的同时,美国高等教育在融资及资金运用过程中始终遵循一个核心原则,即以学生为本:政府财政拨款以满足学生发展需求为中心、社会捐赠收入以保障学生的培养质量为重点、自筹款项以促进学生的专业技能发展为抓手。在中国当前高等教育经费不足的背景下,分析美国以学生为本的高等教育融资及资金运用实践,对中国高等教育融资及资金运用的改革有借鉴意义。     

From the Raj to Independence: British investment in the Indian electricity sector

During the colonial times, electricity in India developed for a significant part thanks to British investment. Its growth remained modest and mainly linked to industrial needs, public lighting and common transportation. World War II stimulated industrial production and, consequently, the demand for electricity. The immediate years following the war were even more promising since the preparations for national Independence included a major restructuring of electricity generation and distribution. The 1948 Law on electricity and the first 5-year plans which began in 1951 set the framework for a major development. Instead of nationalization, India chose a policy which allowed for the participation of both private and public enterprises. British and Indian private investment responded positively to the change. At the beginning of the 1950s, the British presence was felt in the power industry. However, a decade later, it was already diminishing. This paper explains the nature of the policy which allowed a partnership between private and public sectors, the reasons why the latter finally prevailed over the former and the consequences on British investment.     

美国高校教师薪酬的发展状况述评

美国高校教师薪酬的发展,经历了早期收入较低,二战后实际薪酬持续稳定增长的阶段。到2000年时,助理教授的薪酬相当于美国中等收入家庭收入的97％,相当于美国中小学校教师平均薪酬的1．09倍。由于美国高等教育与美国社会和经济密切相关。美国社会对高等教育的需求与美国高校的财政状况,将会对今后的美国高校教师薪酬发展。产生较大的影响。     

The shaping of early Hong Kong: transplantation and adaptation by the British professionals, 1841–1941

Britain's colonial cities benefitted greatly from town planning practices that originated in the mother country. Hong Kong, one of many British colonial cities, grew from a small fishing village to an international metropolis. Urban development in the colony from 1841 to 1941 was continuous and systematic but ended abruptly with the Japanese invasion in World War II. The period was marked by rapid urban growth which brought with it many problems for the colonial management. This paper reviews the urban history of Hong Kong over the 100-year period from 1841 and explores the development motives of the colonial administration. The colonial government appointed British professionals for specialized roles and their services were apparent in significant milestones in the city's town planning and construction. The paper highlights the contributions of a few significant personnel: A.T. Gordon, C.G. Cleverly, Osbert Chadwick, David J. Owen and Wilfred H. Owen. By describing the works of these British colonial professionals, the authors hope to illustrate their impact on the development of Hong Kong, linking history to the present and filling gaps in the study of Hong Kong's early town planning. Both archive research and on-site study were employed in the preparation of this paper which is expected to complement other studies of colonial city planning in Asia and Africa.     

美国大学校园设计中的英国传统

通过对殖民地时期美国大学校园设计的回顾,简单介绍了美国大学校园在沿袭英国古典主义大学校园模式的基础上进行创新,并发展出一套自己独特传统的过程。     

The architecture of the British Mandate in Iraq: nation-building and state creation

This paper seeks to examine and contextualise the architecture and infrastructure projects developed by the British during the occupation of Iraq in the First World War and the Mandate period that immediately followed. Relying heavily on military-political events for its structure and underlying narrative, the paper demonstrates how architecture, planning and ‘development’ were integral to the act of creating the new state and were very much part of the colonisers’ vision to create a nation in their own image. Works were deployed to imbue a sense of collective belonging and national identity through the creation of new town plans, as well as through institutions such as museums and universities. A certain dissonance emerges between the infrastructure and prestige projects, with the latter presenting an imagined and fabricated notion of Iraqi history, blended with a grandiose colonial style imported from India, and designed predominantly by James M. Wilson. The infrastructure projects began with sanitation improvements, road and rail installation, and expansion of the Basra docklands to attract international shipping and for the export of oil. Further building projects undertaken by the Public Works Department included a large number of administrative buildings called serais. Built at strategic locations, they were deployed as multi-functional centres for justice, taxation and land registration as well as places where local devolved empowerment was instigated. Iraqi architecture from this period has been largely overlooked in the emerging global histories of architecture, yet it offers an important view of the quandaries that faced late British colonial architecture in its attempts to respond to, and reflect changing and hostile political conditions.     

Urban History Matters: Explaining the German–American Homeownership Gap

The homeownership rate in the United States has continuously been about 20 percentage points higher than that of Germany. This homeownership gap is traced back to before the First World War at the urban level. Existing approaches, relying on socio-economic factors, demographics, culture or housing policy, cannot explain the persistence of these differences in homeownership. This article fills this explanatory gap by making a path-dependence argument: it argues that nineteenth-century urban conditions either began to create the American suburbanized single-family house cities or compact multi-unit-building cities, as in Germany. US cities developed differently from German ones because they lacked feudal shackles, were governed as “private cities” and gave easier access to mortgages and building land. The more historically suburbanized a city, the lower its homeownership rate today. Economic and political reinforcing mechanisms kept the two countries on their paths. The article’s contribution is to give a historical and city-focused answer to a standing question in the housing literature.     

New plans for housing in urban Kenya, 1939–63

Until about 1939, guided by a policy of trusteeship, the colonial government in Kenya limited the number of Africans in urban areas. As elsewhere in East and Central Africa, employers and municipalities were supposed to provide only ‘bachelor’ housing for unaccompanied African men. After 1939, encouraged by London, the Kenyan government began to promote a policy of development which implied urbanization. The permanent presence of Africans in towns was accepted, as was the growing responsibility of municipalities for the provision of housing for families as well as for bachelors. Municipalities began to plan for new types of housing, with more community facilities in new types of neighbourhood layouts. From the early 1940s, a wave of construction created many thousands of new dwellings in all major urban areas, but only a minority were designed for families. Many women and children were accommodated in ‘bachelor’ housing where they were compensated through rental subsidies. Although Kenya’s housing initiatives in the late colonial period did not satisfy all of the rapidly growing urban needs, they were a substantial achievement.     

马尼拉大都会的发展与挑战

对菲律宾首都马尼拉的城市演变、现状及未来城市发展所面临的挑战进行综合介绍和分析，主要包含两部分内容：一是马尼拉城市演变的5个阶段--16世纪中期被西班牙探险航行初次发现时的马尼拉、此后三百多年的西班牙殖民统治、至1898年成立亚洲第一个共和国、再到1901-1946的美国殖民时期以及当今的马尼拉大都会；二是从贫富差距与住房问题、自然灾害和城市环境问题几个方面分析马尼拉大都会未来发展面临的挑战及对策。     

Index for Volume 22

Using a number of physical elements/built forms that were distinctive of Benin City during the pre‐colonial period as a benchmark, the study establishes the traditional character of the city. It then examines changes in the economy and society as well as technology and their impacts on the character of the city through the colonial and post‐colonial periods. The study shows that in spite of the significant impact of colonialism on the transformation of the urban structure, urban change had minimal impact on the character of the city during the colonial period. It shows, further, that massive changes which have taken place in the society, economy, and technology particularly since independence have, in the context of inadequate planning, resulted in considerable changes in the character of and, consequently, erosion of cultural values in the city. A number of measures including land use planning, urban design, legislative and financial provisions as well as cultural education are suggested for addressing the situation.     

锻造质量是高等教育的永恒主题

我国自 1 999年高校扩招后 ,开始步入高等教育大众化发展阶段 ,质量问题变得更加突出。因此 ,锻造高质量的高等教育成为社会发展的必然选择 ,也是新世纪我国高等教育要唱响的主旋律。这就要求我国政府要加大对高等教育的投入 ;建立和完善高等教育质量的市场调节机制 ;高校从内部多管齐下 ,推进改革 ;加紧构建新型的质量监控体系