烟气在不同材料表面沉积规律的研究

模拟火灾现场易燃液体(汽油)燃烧,在烟气上部放置不同载体材料采样板,提取采样板上的烟尘进行GC/MS成分分析.通过分析各采样板烟尘成分含量的多少确定各载体采样板的吸附能力,从而确定在火灾现场中提取何种材料表面的烟尘使检测结果最佳,有效地指导火灾现场中烟尘物证的提取部位,增强了鉴定的准确性和科学性.     

易燃液体燃烧烟气沉积物环境时效性研究

设计了一个燃烧收集装置,模拟火灾现场中易燃液体燃烧的烟气蔓延和沉积特点,使易燃液体在装置中燃烧产生烟气,平行定量收集后制备成标准烟气样品,在不同时间及温度条件下放置后,利用GC/MS进行成分分析,以此确定易燃液体火灾烟气沉积物是否存在时效性。实验结果表明,型号对汽油燃烧后生成的成分影响不大,但用量和燃烧时间会造成一定影响;采样位置不同,烟气中各成分比例有很大差别;是否加水对烟尘成分没有明显影响;时间越长,温度越高,成分变化越明显。     

公安部消防局科研计划项目《环境条件对常见易燃液体烟气特征成分影响的研究》通过验收

<正>公安部天津消防研究所承担的《环境条件对常见易燃液体烟气特征成分影响的研究》项目研制了烟尘燃烧沉积装置,制备了烟尘试验样品,对材料、温度、湿度、时间、高度等环境条件的变化进行监测记录,确定了汽油和柴油烟尘的组分变化特征,获得大量易燃液体助燃剂谱图,明确了火场中液体助     

环境条件对常见易燃液体烟气特征成分的影响

公安部天津消防研究所承担完成了公安部消防局应用创新计划项目《环境条件对常见易燃液体烟气特征成分影响的研究》,该项目成果已通过了专家验收。该项成果在研制建立燃烧烟气沉积试验装置的基础上,以汽油、柴油为研究目标物,得到不同高度位置、不同材料表面上燃烧烟尘样品,并通过     

空调通风工况地铁站台初期火灾烟气运动规律

通过在地铁站台进行的火灾实体试验,对车站各种空调通风条件下棉绳阴燃火与聚氨酯明火的烟气速度、温度进行监测与分析,研究地铁中具有格栅镂空吊顶的车站站台在不同空调通风工况下火灾初期烟气运动的规律。多点风速探头和温度记录探头设置在火源正上方以及在距火源水平距离约2 m远的4个位置,分别设置在镂空格栅吊顶的上方和下方。在空调通风工况下,送风对烟气的上升有不同程度的抑制作用,一定程度上延长了火源的燃烧时间。对于阴燃火源,烟气温度的降低导致烟气很难升至吊顶上方。     

易燃液体的危险性及预防对策

易燃液体是指闭杯试验闪点≤６１℃的液体、液体混合物或含有固体混合物的液体,但不包括内于存在其他危险性已列入其他类项管理的液体。 一、危险特性及防火原理 （一）高度的易燃性 由于液体的燃烧是通过其挥发出的蒸气与空气形成可燃性混合物,在一定比例范围内遇火源点燃而实现的,因而液体的燃烧是液体蒸气与空气中的氧进行的剧烈反应。所谓易燃液体实质上就是指其蒸气极易被引燃,从表（１）可以看出,一般液体被引燃只需要０．５ｍＪ左右的能量。由于易燃液体的沸点都很低,故十易于挥出易燃蒸气．且液体表面的蒸气压较大,加之着火…     

公路隧道相向射流与竖井自然排烟组合烟气控制研究

通过开展相似试验,研究在相向射流与竖井自然排烟组合模式下,火源位置、风速和火源功率对烟气控制段长度的影响。试验考虑了3种组况,53种工况,通过改变火源位置、风速和火源功率,分析讨论了不同工况下火源烟气控制段长度。试验表明,增加上游（距离火源更近端）风速,会导致上游烟气控制段减少;增加下游（距离火源更远端）的风速,烟气控制段长度会受到火源功率、火源位置等多种因素的耦合作用。增大火源功率会增加烟气热浮力,使下游机械风对烟气的影响减弱。     

实体隧道燃烧烟气试验研究

为研究公路隧道火灾烟气扩展特性,设计了火源采集、温度采集、烟雾采集、风速测定等一系列数据采集方案,建立了一套隧道现场燃烧试验系统。在已建成的隧道中开展实体隧道燃烧试验,测试了不同通风模式、不同燃烧工况下隧道火源上下游不同断面处的烟气沉降情况和烟气扩展情况,为隧道火灾试验研究及烟气控制工作提供参考方法及数据支持。     

隧道火灾自然通风最不利火源位置的研究

为了确定排烟系统设计参数和更好地保障人员安全疏散,开展1∶20的缩尺模型试验,研究隧道内6种不同火源位置、4种火源热释放率的火灾对隧道纵向烟气温度分布的影响,通过对火源段烟气温度的分析确定自然通风条件下隧道火灾最不利火源位置。结果表明:火源外边缘位于孔口内侧时,不同火源位置对火源段的烟气温度影响不大;火源外边缘越过孔口内侧壁时,火源段内的烟气温度显著下降;火源最不利位置为火源外边缘位于孔口内侧壁正下方。     

塑料制品燃烧物对易燃液体放火剂鉴定干扰的研究

以固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)方法,分析各种塑料制品如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)的燃烧产物,探讨添加不同体积汽油时燃烧产物对鉴定的干扰。实验结果显示,有些塑料制品的燃烧残留物可检出甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、苯乙烯、甲基乙基苯、联苯等成分;添加微量易燃液体,燃烧残留物中无法检出易燃液体成分,但是添加足量易燃液体,气相色谱-质谱法所得结果中易燃液体为主要成分,干扰物明显减少。     

易燃液体危险品闭杯闪点与持续燃烧试验探讨

闭杯闪点是评估液体易燃危险性的重要指标之一,持续燃烧试验则用于测定物质在试验条件下加热并暴露于火焰时是否持续燃烧,通过实验探究不同测试标准下易燃液体危险品闭杯闪点低于35 ℃、55 ℃≤闭杯闪点＜63 ℃的特点及其持续燃烧情况。结果表明：存在闭杯闪点低于35 ℃但被定为不持续燃烧的液体,首次提出能否将此类液体划分为非易燃液体;55 ℃≤闭杯闪点＜63 ℃的液体在某一适合测定方法条件下闭杯闪点低于60 ℃且被测定为持续燃烧的液体,建议划分为易燃液体。此探讨将为研究易燃液体危险性评估及分类提供参考。     

水溶性液体固定顶储罐泡沫混合液供给强度探讨

通过对小型水溶性液体灭火试验数据的分析，试图找出水溶性液体在水中的溶解度、闪点、燃烧热等理化性能指标对泡沫混合液供给强度与供给时间的影响，探讨现行《低倍数泡沫灭火系统设计规范》未规定的水溶性液体固定预储罐最小泡沫混合液供给强度与供给时间的确定思路。     

国内外重大森林火灾研究进展

摘 要：随着全球气候变暖,人为干扰活动增多,全球森林主要分布区发生重大森林火灾的可能性不断增加。本文介绍了国内外关于重大森林火灾的概念,对比了重大森林火灾的研究内容和主要研究方法。结果表明：现有重大森林火灾研究的规模和尺度都较小,主要集中于研究夏季森林大火的发生发展,较少研究较高海拔山地森林重大火灾发生的机制;未来研究应集成遥感与地理信息系统等大尺度方法,长期动态研究大、中规模重大森林火灾发生区域的植被、天气特征,深入研究景观层次的重大森林火灾火行为、火损失和火的长期影响,为重大森林火灾防控提供依据。     

Chemical composition of fine particles in fresh smoke plumes from boreal wild-land fires in Europe

A series of smoke plumes was detected in Helsinki, Finland, during a one-month-lasting period in August 2006. The smoke plumes originated from wildfires close to Finland, and they were short-term and had a high particulate matter (PM) concentration. Physical and chemical properties of fine particles in those smokes were characterised by a wide range of real-time measurements that enabled the examination of individual plume events. Concurrently PM₁ filter samples were collected and analysed off-line. Satellite observations employing MODIS sensor on board of NASA EOS Terra satellite with the dispersion model SILAM and the Fire Assimilation System were used for evaluation of the emission fluxes from wildfires. The model predicted well the timing of the plumes but the predicted PM concentrations differed from the observed. The measurements showed that the major growth in PM concentration was caused by submicrometer particles consisting mainly of particulate organic matter (POM). POM had not totally oxidised during the transport based on the low WSOC-to-OC ratio. The fresh plumes were compared to another major smoke episode that was observed in Helsinki during April-May 2006. The duration and the source areas of the two episode periods differed. The episode in April-May was a period of nearly constantly upraised level of long-range transported PM and it was composed of aged particles when arriving in Helsinki. The two episodes had differences also in the chemical composition of PM. The mass concentrations of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, potassium, and oxalate) increased during both the episodes but different concentration levels of elemental carbon and potassium indicated that the episodes differed in the form of burning as well as in the burning material. In spring dry crop residue and hay from the previous season were burnt whereas in August smokes from smouldering and incomplete burning of fresh vegetation were detected.     

防止盛有可燃性液体容器爆炸的新方法

描述了防止盛有可燃性液体的容器爆炸的新方法，其本质是在容器的自由空间内填充多孔渗水的薄铝箔制成的小球。采用实验方法验证了在盛有可燃性液体的容器内装有这种小球时，在不同的火灾场景和务件下的爆炸安全性，其结果在工业过程中有着广泛的用途。     

Smoke release from wall linings in full-scale compartment fires

Smoke densities and rates of smoke production have been measured when different wall lining materials (chipboard, fibre insulating board, hardboard, polystyrene, plasterboard, and glass reinforced polyester) were exposed to fire in a full-scale compartment.A wooden crib was used as the main fire load, of a size equivalent to burning the contents of a lightly furnished room, which produced a level of radiation intensity on the walls similar to that used with the National Bureau of Standards test.Implications of the smoke released by the different linings are discussed, with some reservations because only a single test was carried out with each wall lining, and because in tests of this kind fire development and smoke production relate to environmental conditions and to the exact nature of the material examined.     

Fire spread in a pallet load of bottles of flammable liquid

This communication reports measurements of the rate and mechanism of fire development in a pallet load of 432 1-litre bottles of xylene, in lots of 12 to a box. The most important result is the specification of the rate of time variation in solvent drainage from the pallet, this can be used—with due account for bunding and drainage arrangements—to determine the rate of heat release and the lateral spread of the burning pool that develops below a burning pallet. It is hoped that these results will aid the design of sprinkler systems for this type of commodity and the assessment of risks in the event of sprinkler failure. These results complement the work of Goodman et al., (J. Fire Sciences, 7 (1989)) who have reported on a series of small-scale experiments to investigate the effects of manipulating packaging variables on the fire performance of plastic bottles containing flammable liquids.     

Fire Test Comparisons of Smoke Detector Response Times

As part of an effort to develop objective smoke detector selection criteria, smoldering smoke and flammable liquid fire tests were performed on photoelectric, multicriteria (ion/heat/photo), and laser-photoelectric smoke detectors. Results showed that, when evaluated at similar sensitivities, the laser-photoelectric and multicriteria detectors had response times close to those of the photoelectric detector.     

提高可燃液体闪点的实验研究

在探索可燃液体闪点的变化规律的基础上，研究提高可燃液体闪点的方法。实验结果表明，添加与可燃液体分子间作用力大于纯组分分子间吸引力的可燃溶剂或水、不燃溶剂可提高可燃液体闪点，但只有当添加剂摩尔分数超过0．8时，可燃液体闪点才迅速增大。该研究可为可燃液体加工、储存和运输过程的本质安全提供实用的技术。