食品防腐剂的概况与发展

食品的腐败变质会引起巨大的经济损失，如何防止腐败是食品科学工作者最为关注的一个问题。目前，常用的防腐措施是添加食品防腐剂，食品防腐剂分为化学防腐剂、天然防腐剂和复合型防腐剂，其中使用最为广泛的是化学防腐剂。但随着人们对健康的重视，天然防腐剂和复合型防腐剂的应用会越来越广泛。本文将对食品防腐剂分类进行阐释。     

微生物对食品防腐剂的抗性研究进展

食品腐败是影响食品安全的主要因素之一,向食品中添加防腐剂是比较普遍采用的防腐方法,食品防腐剂可以抑制微生物的生长,同时微生物对于防腐剂的作用也存在一定的抗性,本文主要介绍了微生物对食品防腐剂的抗性研究状况,为将来进行进一步的机理和应用研究提供一定的理论依据。     

微生物对食品防腐剂的抗性研究进展

食品腐败是影响食品安全的主要因素之一，向食品中添加防腐剂是比较普遍采用的防腐方法，食品防腐剂可以抑制微生物的生长，同时微生物对于防腐剂的作用也存在一定的抗性，本文主要介绍了微生物对食品防腐剂的抗性研究状况，为将来进行进一步的机理和应用研究提供一定的理论依据。     

新型植物源天然食品防腐剂及其抑菌性能

食品发生腐败变质会造成巨大的经济损失,目前常采用的防腐措施就是添加食品防腐剂.食品防腐剂是食品加工、贮藏过程中必不可少的添加剂,要求具有无毒、少残留、高效、对人体无害等特点.食品防腐剂分为化学防腐剂、天然防腐剂和复合型防腐剂.天然食品防腐剂按其不同的来源又可分为植物源天然防腐剂、动物源天然防腐剂以及微生物源天然防腐剂等类型.天然植物源食品防腐剂由于其本身的优越性,越来越受到人们的青睐.本文主要对六种新型植物源天然食品防腐剂 (即香辛料提取物、中草药提取物、芦荟提取物、竹叶提取物及荸荠皮提取物) 的抑菌成分、抑菌机理和抑菌性能等进行了较为详尽的论述.旨在为我国新型、安全、高效、天然植物源食品防腐剂的研究和开发提供参考.     

溶菌酶(Lysozyme)

在人们的日常生活中,食物经常会腐败、变质,误食后会导致一系列疾病的发生,严重威胁人们的健康.引起食物腐败变质原因较多,有物理因素、化学因素和生物性因素,其中由微生物污染所引起的食物腐败是最主要和最普遍的.考虑到化学防腐剂的毒副作用,开发一种安全、高效的天然食品防腐剂成为必然.溶菌酶就是一种值得开发的天然食品防腐剂.     

微生物源食品防腐剂的研究现状

随着消费需求的增加,食品加入防腐剂以延长保质期已成为常态.防腐剂通过干扰微生物的遗传物质、细胞壁和细胞膜系统、酶和功能蛋白的正常运作,抑制微生物生长和繁殖,从而达到防腐效果.食品防腐剂可分为化学防腐剂和天然防腐剂,其中微生物源防腐剂是天然防腐剂三大组成之一,取自微生物不同时期的代谢产物,具有绿色、安全的特点.本文根据微...     

食品防腐剂国内外市场行情及发展趋势

食品防腐剂是指为食品防腐、加工、储运的需要,加入食品中的化学合成物质或者天然物质。它能防止食品因为微生物引起的腐败变质,使食品在一般的自然环境中具有一定的保存期。食品防腐剂的用途,广义地说,就是减少、避免人类的食品中毒;狭义地说,就是防止微生物作用而阻止食品腐败的有效措施之一。     

微生物源天然食品防腐剂的研究进展

天然食品防腐剂按其来源不同可分为植物源天然防腐剂、动物源天然防腐剂和微生物源天然防腐剂。微生物源天然食品防腐剂由于其本身的优越性,越来越受到人们的青睐。本文主要介绍了微生物来源的天然食品防腐剂乳酸链球菌素、ε-聚赖氨酸、曲酸、溶菌酶和甲烷氧化菌素的最新研究进展,阐述了它们的理化性质、抑菌机制和应用现状,同时简单介绍了纳他霉素、抗菌肽、罗伊氏菌素和嗜杀酵母等微生物源天然食品防腐剂的应用现状,旨在为高效、无毒、天然食品防腐剂的研究提供参考。天然食品防腐剂最有发展的可能是将几种来源不同的天然食品防腐剂复配,或者将一种天然防腐剂与其他化学防腐剂复配使用,不仅可以减少防腐剂在食品中的用量,同时还可以使食品的杀菌或抑菌条件更加温和化,对人们的饮食健康非常有利。     

天然防腐剂及其在食品加工中的应用

在食品加工工业发展的过程中,防腐保鲜是人们非常关心的问题。食物的防腐离不开防腐剂,但是化学防腐剂不利于人体的健康,所以在食品加工中应采用天然无害的防腐剂。本文主要分析了天然防腐剂及其在食品加工中的应用,以供参考。     

微生物防腐剂的研究与应用

<正> 近年来,崇尚健康的消费者对“过于精细加工”和“使用化学防腐剂”的食品,愈来愈失去兴趣,并开始将注意力转向纯天然或尽可能天然的食品。因此,食品加工的趋势将是以尽可能少的人为加工,以及不采用化学防腐剂的生产方法。但是,食品大都存有活性微生物细胞和腐败菌,若不经过相当程度的加工处理,如高温加热灭菌、干燥处理或使用化学防腐剂等,在适宜的条件下微生物便有机会繁殖,在一定情况下会使食品的消费安全性下降,甚至丧失其可食性。 微生物包括细菌、酵母、霉菌和病毒,通过各种途径污染食品,其在加工     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.