Effects of Olive Maturation and Stoning on Quality Indices and Antioxidant Content of Extra Virgin Oils (cv. Coratina) during Storage

ABSTRACT: Quality indices, antioxidant compounds, and antioxidant activities of extra-virgin oils from Coratina olives were evaluated during a 12-mo storage. Whole and stoned olives, picked at 2 different maturation index (MI), were submitted to malaxation for 45 min and extracted by a 3-phase continuous system. A 90-min malaxation trial was also performed for the stoned olives. The following parameters were monitored: free acidity, peroxide value, K₂₃₂ and K₂₇₀ indices, sensory profile, total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic profiles, tocopherol compounds, and antioxidant activity (AA). The highest TPC, AA, and sensory score were found for the oils obtained by olives picked at low MI and by stoned olives. After 12 mo, all the oils were still included into the “extra-virgin” category, and those deriving from whole olives picked at the lowest MI showed the best sensory characteristics due to high fruity and well-balanced pungent and bitter tastes. Practical Application: This study could represent a helpful tool for oil-makers to improve the marketing of extra-virgin olive oils produced from cultivars with very high phenolic contents, such as Coratina, generally not adequately appreciated by consumers because of their excessive bitterness and pungent taste. These oils, when extracted from whole olives, are generally consumed after a certain period of time (at least 6 mo) during which a decrease in the phenolic content occurs. The results of the present work demonstrate that oils extracted from olives picked at low maturation index can be marketed immediately after production if subjected to stoning and malaxed for a short time. This procedure allows to adjust the phenolic content and to obtain a high flavor and a well-balanced taste.     

Microbial Succession and Metabolite Changes during Long‐Term Storage of Kimchi

Kimchi is often stored for a long period of time for a diet during the winter season because it is an essential side dish for Korean meals. In this study pH, abundance of bacteria and yeasts, bacterial communities, and metabolites were monitored periodically to investigate the fermentation process of kimchi for 120 d. Bacterial abundance increased quickly with a pH decrease after an initial pH increase during the early fermentation period. After 20 d, pH values became relatively stable and free sugars were maintained at relatively constant levels, indicating that kimchi fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was almost completed. After that time, a decrease in bacterial abundance and a growth in Saccharomyces occurred concurrently with increased free sugar consumption and production of glycerol and ethanol. Finally, after 100 d, the growth of Candida was observed. Community analysis using pyrosequencing revealed that diverse LAB including Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc holzapfelii, Lactococcus lactis, and Weissella soli were present during the early fermentation period, but the LAB community was quickly replaced with Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum, and Weissella koreensis as the fermentation progressed. Metabolite analysis using ¹H‐NMR showed that organic acids (lactate, acetate, and succinate) as well as bioactive substances (mannitol and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)) were produced during the kimchi fermentation, and Leuconostoc strains and Lactobacillus sakei were identified as the producers of mannitol and GABA, respectively. Practical Application In this study, we have shown that the growth inhibition of yeasts including Saccharomyces and Candida is necessary to extend the shelf life of kimchi in long‐term storage. Additionally, we have shown that a mixed culture of Leuconostoc strains and Lactobacillus sakei is necessary to produce kimchi that contains both mannitol and gamma‐aminobutyric acid.     

Changes in Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Italian Extra‐Virgin Olive Oils during Storage

ABSTRACT: Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of extra‐virgin olive oils extracted from several Italian varieties were studied at production and during storage. The antioxidant activity was measured according to the following tests: in the aqueous phase, by radical scavenging of the 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation; and in the lipid phase, using the β‐carotene bleaching method. The phenolic content was not correlated to the oxidation indices (peroxide value and spectrophotometric constants). The phenolic contents and profiles of the various cultivars showed remarkable differences. The phenolic content was strongly correlated with the antioxidant activity measured according to the β‐carotene test and weakly correlated with the radical scavenging ability.     

黑豆乙醇萃取物中抗氧化成分的分离与鉴定

目的：研究黑豆抗氧化活性成分。方法：采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）法筛选黑豆乙醇提取物抗氧化活性部分,并综合运用硅胶柱色谱、聚酰胺柱色谱、D-101大孔吸附树脂柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱等方法对黑豆乙醇提取物具有较强抗氧化活性部分进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质和波谱数据对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果：采用DPPH法筛选表明黑豆乙醇提取物乙酸乙酯萃取部分和正丁醇萃取部分具有较强抗氧化活性,并从黑豆乙酸乙酯萃取部分、正丁醇萃取物经大孔吸附树脂体积分数30%乙醇洗脱部分中分离鉴定了10 个化合物,其中包括7 个黄酮类化合物：染料木素（1）、大豆素（2）、黄豆黄苷（3）、大豆苷（4）、染料木苷（5）、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（6）、3’-甲氧基-表儿茶素-7-O-葡萄糖苷（7）,以及胡萝卜苷（8）,麦芽酚（9）、岩白菜素（10）。结论：化合物6、7、9、10为首次从大豆植物中分离得到,黑豆的抗氧化活性与其含较多酚类化合物有关。     

Quality Index, Consumer Acceptability, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Fresh-Cut "Ataulfo" Mangoes (Mangifera Indica L.) as Affected by Low-Temperature Storage

ABSTRACT:  To measure bioactive compound losses due to minimal processing, mature green fresh-cut mangoes ( Mangifera indica L.) cv. "Ataulfo" were subjected to an antioxidant treatment and stored at 5 °C during 15 d. Quality index, total phenols, flavonoids, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and antioxidant activity were measured during the storage period of fruits. Antioxidant capacity was estimated using ORAC_FL, TEAC, and DPPH assays. The dipping treatments with ascorbic acid (AA) + citric acid (CA) + CaCl₂ affected positively quality delaying deterioration of fresh-cut mango as compared with whole fruit. However, dipping treatment affected the consumer preferences of fresh-cut mangoes. The highest vitamin C, β-carotene, and vitamin E losses were observed after 10 d, being similar in whole and fresh-cut mangoes. The antioxidant activity was not significantly affected by storage time. We conclude that fresh-cut mangoes retained their bioactive compound content during storage and their antioxidant and nutritional properties make them a good source of these compounds.     

不同冷藏期鲳鱼及草鱼气味变化分析

以鲳鱼和草鱼分别作为海水鱼和淡水鱼代表,利用电子鼻评价冷藏条件下不同贮藏期的鱼肉气味,并通过气相色谱-质谱检测挥发性风味成分的变化。结果表明,电子鼻可以较好区分不同贮藏期的鱼肉气味,且草鱼的气味变化较鲳鱼更为显著。贮藏期间鲳鱼和草鱼分别鉴定出22 种和19 种挥发性物质,主要包括醛类、醇类、酯类及腐败性化合物等。新鲜鲳鱼挥发性风味主要以1-戊烯-3醇、己醛、1-辛烯-3醇、庚醛、2-辛烯醛为主,草鱼以己酸甲酯为主。贮藏期间,鲳鱼和草鱼气味成分变化也具有差异性,鲳鱼中和腐败相关的化合物主要为三甲胺和3-甲基丁醇等,且贮藏过程中醛类、醇类均呈下降趋势;草鱼贮藏过程中的第2天及第4天较为相关的化合物为癸醛、1-辛烯-3醇、己醛和壬醛等脂肪氧化的产物,而贮藏后期与腐败相关的化合物较少。上述结果初步说明生长环境、脂肪氧化及微生物腐败影响了海鱼和淡水鱼冷藏期气味形成。     

纳豆发酵和体外模拟消化中活性物质含量及抗氧化活性的变化研究

本文研究了利用纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵纳豆过程中活性物质-总酚和异黄酮含量的变化,通过体外模拟消化实验,测定消化过程中总酚、异黄酮含量及抗氧化活性的变化规律。研究发现,由于发酵细菌及高温的作用,从干燥大豆到后熟24 h大豆,总酚含量提高了60.56%,异黄酮含量降低了63.30%。不同发酵阶段纳豆经过体外模拟消化处理,总酚的释放率为70.64%,异黄酮的残余率为21.79%。抗氧化活性测定采用了DPPH、ABTS和ORAC测定法。不同发酵阶段的纳豆经过体外模拟消化后,其DPPH自由基清除能力下降,ABTS和ORAC值有所提高;模拟胃消化阶段,后熟24 h大豆清除ABST自由基能力和ORAC值分别是干燥大豆的1.80和2.22倍;模拟肠消化阶段,后熟24 h大豆清除ABST自由基能力和ORAC值分别是干燥大豆的1.70和1.41倍。总体上来讲,经过发酵的纳豆抗氧化活性得到加强;在模拟消化过程中,胃消化阶段的纳豆具有更高的抗氧化活性。     

中强度脉冲电场对娃娃菜活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为探明中强度脉冲电场（moderate intensity pulsed electric fields,MIPEF）诱导果蔬代谢的应激机制,同时确定最佳处理条件以获得高活性物质含量的娃娃菜,本实验研究不同电场强度（0.4～2.0 kV/cm）和占空比（0%～49.2%）的MIPEF处理对娃娃菜活性物质含量、抗氧化酶系（过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶）活性以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,MIPEF可刺激娃娃菜酚类物质、抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽、总硫代葡萄糖苷和异硫氰酸酯的合成（2.76%～818.03%）,同时显著提升抗氧化酶系的活性（2.22%～42.00%）,从而提高1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-dipenyl-2-pierylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、羟自由基（·OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（O2－·）清除率和总还原力（1.81%～202.11%）,以延缓娃娃菜衰老进程。通过拟合预测和验证实验,得出最优处理条件为电场强度1.1 kV/cm、占空比46.4%,此时活性物质含量为理论预测值的88.91%～103.40%。结论：MIPEF处理可显著提升娃娃菜活性物质含量和抗氧化能力,是一种极具潜力的果蔬非热预处理方式。     

红树莓叶片生长代谢过程中酚类物质含量及抗氧化酶活性分析

为探究红树莓叶片生长代谢过程中酚类物质含量与抗氧化酶活性的变化规律,以‘海尔特兹’和‘秋福’红树莓叶片为材料,对其总黄酮、7种酚类物质和3种抗氧化酶活性的变化规律进行比较分析。结果表明：从5月到12月,两品种红树莓上、中、下部叶片的鞣花酸含量、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活性在生长代谢过程中均呈双峰曲线,水杨酸含量在生长代谢过程中均呈下降趋势,阿魏酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、芦丁、总黄酮含量在生长代谢过程中均呈单峰曲线,超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性一直处于较高水平,过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性呈先下降再上升又下降的变化趋势;两品种红树莓上部叶片的咖啡酸含量均呈下降趋势,中部和下部叶片均呈单峰曲线。红树莓叶片中的酚类物质含量和抗氧化酶活性因生长代谢过程而异。其中,水杨酸、阿魏酸、鞣花酸、表儿茶素含量最高的时期依次是‘秋福’的5月份上部叶片、6月份上部叶片、7月份中部叶片、7月份上部叶片,依次为59.33 mg/100 g、158.18 mg/100 g、250.84 mg/g、350.04 mg/100 g;芦丁、咖啡酸、儿...     

虾类冷藏期间ATP关联产物含量的变化及其降解途径的研究

研究了冷藏期间斑节对虾(海水虾)、罗氏沼虾(淡水虾)死后ATP关联产物的变化及其降解途径。以高氯酸溶液作为蛋白沉淀剂,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对(4±1)℃贮藏期间斑节对虾和罗氏沼虾两种虾肉中9种ATP关联产物含量变化进行分析。结果发现:9种ATP关联产物在25 min内完全分离,在1~250μg/m L范围内有良好线性关系,最低检测限在0.02~0.10μg/m L之间,加标回收率在72.5%~110%之间,表明该HPLC法准确可靠。贮藏期间两种虾肉中ATP、ADP关联产物变化趋势基本相似,ATP、ADP在贮藏1 d后都迅速下降,AMP、IMP、Hx R都呈先上升后下降趋势,Hx、Ad R、Xt基本都呈线性上升趋势,未检测到Ad,两种虾肉中9种ATP关联产物总量基本不变,可以初步确定虾死后ATP同时存在ATP→ADP→AMP→IMP→Hx R→Hx→Xt(占99%以上)和ATP→ADP→AMP→Ad R→Hx R→Hx→Xt(占1%以下)两条降解途径,斑节对虾以蓄积AMP、IMP为主,罗氏沼虾以蓄积IMP为主。     

Development of a Model System for the Study of Spoilage Associated Secondary Cucumber Fermentation during Long‐Term Storage

Abstract: Calcium chloride fermentations represent an alternative to reduce chloride concentrations in the wastewaters generated from commercial cucumber fermentations, currently performed in cover brine solutions containing 6% to 12% sodium chloride. However, preliminary attempts to commercially ferment the cucumbers in the presence of oxygen led to the development of a secondary cucumber fermentation or spoilage. The development of cucumber secondary fermentation has also been occasionally reported by processors using cover brine solutions containing sodium chloride. This study focused on the development of a model system to characterize CaCl₂ and NaCl secondary cucumber fermentations under conditions similar to those present on the commercial scale. Cucumber fruits mixed with cover brine solutions, containing 100 mM CaCl₂ or 1.03 M NaCl, and 25 mM acetic acid, were fermented in 2 L fermentation vessels subjected to air‐purging at a rate of 5 mL/min. Microorganisms and selected biochemical changes detected in the experimental cucumber fermentations had been previously observed in commercial spoilage samples, suggesting the successful reproduction of the secondary fermentation in the laboratory. Experimental secondary fermentations were characterized by the rapid oxidation of the lactic acid produced during the primary fermentation, which, in turn, increased pH. Lactic acid disappearance seemed to be the result of yeast metabolism that also led to the chemical reduction of the environment to levels at which other bacteria could become established and produce butyric, propionic, and acetic acids. This model system will be applied for the identification of strategies to prevent the initiation of the cucumber secondary fermentation and reduce economic losses in the pickling industry. Practical Application: The study of secondary cucumber fermentation has represented a challenge for many years. The successful development of a model system for the study of this phenomenon in the laboratory is instrumental in furthering the study of the event and in optimizing the sodium‐chloride‐free fermentation at the commercial scale.     

Changes in physicochemical and nutritive parameters and bioactive compounds during development and on‐tree ripening of eight plum cultivars: a comparative study

BACKGROUND: There is no literature on changes in organoleptic, nutritive and functional properties during plum development and on‐tree ripening. In this work a comparative study on the evolution of physical, chemical and nutritive parameters and bioactive compounds of eight plum cultivars (yellow and dark‐purple) was performed. RESULTS: The main changes related to ripening (colour, total soluble solids, acidity, firmness and bioactive compounds) started at the early stages of fruit development, with significant differences among cultivars. Colour hue angle was highly correlated with increase in anthocyanins or carotenoids (in both skin and flesh). Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was determined in the hydrophilic (H‐TAA) and lipophilic (L‐TAA) fractions separately, and values were always higher in the skin than in the flesh. A continuous increase in both H‐TAA and L‐TAA during the process of ripening occurred. H‐TAA was about twofold higher than L‐TAA in the dark‐purple cultivars, while the opposite was found in the yellow cultivars. In addition, H‐TAA was correlated with total phenolics and total anthocyanins, while L‐TAA was positively correlated with total carotenoids. CONCLUSION: In order to achieve the optimal organoleptic, nutritive and health‐beneficial properties of plum consumption, it would be advisable to harvest the fruits at the fully ripe stage. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

华富苹果常温贮藏过程中感官品质及挥发性风味物质变化

以华富苹果为实验材料,利用电子鼻、固相微萃取-气质联用技术(SPME/GC-MS)分析苹果在(20±1)℃贮藏1个月的过程中风味物质的变化。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,果皮色泽变暗,逐渐变绿、变黄;果实失重率逐渐增高。苹果糖酸比呈先降后升的趋势;而淀粉含量逐渐降低。利用电子鼻通过主成分分析和线性判别分析均可以对不同贮藏时间的苹果果实进行良好区分,且传感器R2、R6、R8和R9对区分苹果贮藏期内挥发性风味变化效果较好。SPME/GC-MS分析表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,2-甲基丁基乙酸酯、丁酸丙酯、丁酸2-甲基丁酯、异戊酸己酯的含量呈先升后降的趋势,己酸己酯的含量持续下降,2-甲基丁酸乙酯的含量逐渐升高,醇类物质的种类和含量逐渐减少;正己醛的含量成先升高后降低的趋势,2-己烯醛和壬醛的含量均降低;α-法呢烯、双戊烯和甲苯在贮藏期间一直存在。电子鼻有望替代GC-MS对富士苹果货架期内挥发性风味变化进行快速评价。     

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential in fresh and dried Jaffa® sweeties,a new kind of citrus fruit

Bioactive compounds in the edible parts of fresh and dried Jaffa^® sweeties, a new kind of citrus fruit, were analysed and their antioxidant capacities were assessed. Antioxidant‐rich fractions were extracted from fresh and dried sweeties with 1.2 M HCl in methanol/water (1:1 v/v), and the antioxidant activities of these extracts were evaluated. Using the β‐carotene/linoleate model system, the extracts from equivalent quantities of fresh and dried sweeties showed 89 and 87% antioxidant activity respectively. Similarly, using the DPPH radical‐scavenging method, the extracts showed 87 and 85% antioxidant activity respectively. The best correlations were between caffeic acid content and β‐carotene and DPPH antioxidant activity values (r = 0.9849 and 0.9798 respectively, p = 0.005). Both fresh and dried sweeties are bioactive natural products; when fresh fruits are not available, properly dried sweeties could be used as a substitute. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同品种猕猴桃汁抗氧化成分及体外抗氧化活性比较

本文以陕西省和四川省两大主产区的美味、中华和软枣3大种系12个品种猕猴桃为材料,测定其果汁中主要抗氧化活性物质多酚、类黄酮、V_C和果实中单体酚含量,比较其体外抗氧化活性,并将抗氧化活性物质和果汁抗氧化能力进行相关性分析,筛选抗氧化物质含量高、抗氧化活性强的品种。结果表明,不同品种猕猴桃的抗氧化活性物质含量和抗氧化能力有显著性差异（P<0.05）,V_C在不同品种间的含量差异较大,范围在27.300~130.380 mg/100 g之间;软枣系两品种（益玉和绿迷）类黄酮含量显著高于其他品种（P<0.05）;原儿茶酸、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素为猕猴桃中主要的多酚类化合物;红阳、翠香、亚特、华优对DPPH·和ABTS+·的清除能力较强,益玉和绿迷对·OH的清除能力和总还原力较强;各品种猕猴桃多酚含量与总还原力具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,单酚含量之间、单酚与抗氧化活性之间也有相关性。根据抗氧化活性进行聚类分析,可将12个品种猕猴桃分为6类。综合分析,12个品种中以软枣猕猴桃的抗氧化活性最强。研究结果为猕猴桃鲜食及加工过程中高抗氧化活性品种的选择提供了科学依据。     

Contribution of low‐molecular‐weight antioxidants to the antioxidant capacity of raw and processed lentil seeds

In this study four cultivars of lentil originating from Spain were examined: cv Paula, cv Agueda, cv Almar and cv Alcor. Since consumption of these seeds after heat treatment and as sprouts has been popularised, the impact of cooking (up to 30 min) and germination process (in dark, at 25°C, for up to 4 days) on peroxyl radical‐trapping capacity (PRTC) and Trolox‐equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the processed seeds was addressed. Also, changes in the content of low‐molecular‐weight antioxidants (LMWA) and soluble proteins in the course of cooking and germination were studied. The analyzed LMWA were: total phenolics, tocopherols (α‐T, β‐T, γ‐T, δ‐T( reduced glutathione, and L ‐ascorbic acid. On the basis of the results obtained, the contribution of LMWA and soluble proteins to the PRTC and TEAC of raw, cooked, and germinated lentil seeds was calculated by multiple mean values for the content of investigated compounds and their relative potential with respect to Trolox. The results showed a very high molar percentage contribution of phenolic compounds and low contribution of tocopherols, glutathione, soluble proteins, and ascorbate (only in germinated seeds) to the total TEAC and total PRTC calculated as a sum of data provided for phosphate‐buffered and 80% methanolic extracts of raw and processed lentil seeds.