酿酒圆叶葡萄Noble和Carlos浆果挥发性成分分析

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)对酿酒圆叶葡萄品种Noble和Carlos浆果中挥发性成分进行鉴定,共鉴定出49种化合物,其中含有醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类等成分。Noble的挥发性成分总含量高于Carlos,2个品种中含量最高的成分都是(E)-2-甲基环戊醇和4-羟基-2-丁酮,二者在挥发性组分种类和含量上有一定的相似性。     

Stability of Non-Pasteurized, Refrigerated Muscadine Grape Juice

The stability of nonpasteurized muscadine grape juice processed with and without 100 mg/L potassium metabisulfite was monitored during storage at 3°C. The muscadine flavor intensity, sweetness, off-flavor levels, and color of white juices remained stable, and ethanol levels remained low for 7 wk. However, the flavor intensity and sweetness of nonsulfited white juice decreased, and off-flavor and ethanol levels increased after 7 wk. Sulfite lowered microbial levels in white juice throughout 9 wk. Red juices did not develop significant levels of off-flavors or ethanol during 9 wk, although the flavor intensity declined, especially in nonsulfited red juice. Sulfite lightened the color of red juice, but the color was stable in both sulfited and nonsulfited red juices.     

五个圆叶葡萄品种在江苏南京地区的引种表现

以引进的5个圆叶葡萄品种‘阿拉紫’‘诺贝尔’‘格威尔’‘卡洛斯’和‘弗雷尔’为对象,调查和分析各品种的植物学特征、生物学特性和栽培性状。结果表明,5个品种均为中熟品种,‘格威尔’成熟期为8月中旬,其它4个品种在8月上旬成熟。果实品质方面,5个品种均表现果皮较厚、无涩味、香味浓郁、种子较多等特点,其中‘格威尔’和‘卡洛斯’的果粒大小和可溶性固形物较高,且两品种的固酸比均超过30,口感较好。栽培性状方面,5个品种在江苏南京地区的高温、高湿气候条件下均表现长势良好、抗病性强。综合不同栽培条件和果实经济性状发现,‘卡洛斯’耐热性强,在南京地区避雨条件下表现优异,‘格威尔’和‘阿拉紫’在露地栽培条件下表现良好,‘诺贝尔’‘弗雷尔’有待进一步观察。     

通化葡萄产区主栽4个品种品质的比较

以吉林省通化葡萄产区主栽‘双红’、‘双优’、‘公酿1号’和‘北冰红’4个葡萄品种为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱仪和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪等技术对4个葡萄品种的基本理化指标、总酚、总花色苷、色度、香气成分进行分析比较。结果表明,不同葡萄品种之间具有一定差异性。‘双红’和‘北冰红’的硬度较大,‘双优’和‘公酿1号’的单果质量和出汁率较好;‘双红’矿物质元素含量较丰富;4个葡萄品种有机酸种类和含量存在差异;‘公酿1号’的总酸含量、‘北冰红’的总糖含量和糖酸比、‘双红’的总酚和总花色苷含量均显著高于其他3个品种(P0.05);4个葡萄品种均呈紫红色,颜色最深为‘双红’;4个葡萄品种果实中共鉴定出7大类96种香气成分,以酯类为主,种类和相对含量最高为‘北冰红’。4个葡萄各具独特的口感和风味,可以利用其各自特点开发出具有地方特色的葡萄加工制品。     

Quality response of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) during cold storage to postharvest cap stem excision and hot water treatments

Berry quality, total phenol, sensory characteristics and decay incidence of grapes (V. vinifera cvs. Mü?küle and Red Globe) as affected by prestorage hot water immersion with or without cap stem excision treatments were investigated with 7‐day interval during storage at 1 °C for 21 days. Weight loss occurred mainly up to the second week and was more pronounced for the untreated control samples subjected to the stem excision. In Mü?küle, the least weight loss value was obtained from hot water–treated grapes (0.62%), while the highest loss occurred in control grapes of stem‐excised berries (0.96%). Immersion of stem‐retained grapes in hot water was the best applications for maintenance of overall storage quality for both cultivars. According to panellist scores, it is evident that hot water has positive effect on maintaining the minimally processed table grapes without altering the flavour and taste of the commodity. Stem‐retained berries of hot water treatment had the highest score for both Mü?küle and Red Globe, with their values 3.8 and 4.2, respectively, while the least values were obtained from stem‐excised berries of untreated control group of both the cultivars (1.9 and 3.0, respectively). At the end of three‐week storage, the least decay rates were determined in stem‐retained berries that received hot water treatment (5.3% for Mü?küle and 1.1% for Red Globe). Attenuate influence of brief high temperature exposure on ripening parameters (SSC, TA, MI, pH) was also observed. Postharvest hot water treatment may be used as a nonchemical means to extent storage life of minimally processed grapes with its alleviating effect on physiological disorders. Cap stem retaining in minimal processing can be recommended to maintain the quality of grapes.     

圆叶葡萄种子发育过程中多酚积累特性

以栽培于广西地区2 个圆叶葡萄品种‘Noble’和‘Carlos’为实验材料,以真葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’和‘雷司令’为对照,使用超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆飞行时间质谱,分析其种子发育过程中多酚组成和积累特性。结果表明：在4种葡萄发育过程的种子样品中共检测到106种多酚,包括48种鞣花酸及前体物、24种黄酮醇、20种羟基苯甲酸、9种黄烷-3-醇、3种芪类和2种羟基肉桂酸。鞣花酸及前体物（主要是前体物）和黄烷-3-醇（主要是没食子酰化体和单体）分别是圆叶葡萄和真葡萄种子中最主要的多酚类型,但其含量在不同年份和品种间具有较大差异。前体物含量在圆叶葡萄‘Noble’幼果期种子中较高,然后逐渐下降,完全转色后再次上升;‘Carlos’则在浆果转色前种子中含量较高,随后略有下降。黄烷-3-醇在真葡萄‘雷司令’种子中2013年随着浆果发育含量显著升高,转色时含量达到最高,随后有所下降,2014年不受发育期的影响;‘赤霞珠’则分别在2013年幼果期和2014年果实完熟时的种子中含量最高。     

羊肉熏制感官品质属性评价模型的建立

主要探讨不同品种、部位羊肉熏制后感官品质的差异,为羊肉加工利用提供数据支持,采集了10个品种肉羊的米龙、通脊部位肉,烟熏后进行感官属性测定,并采用方差分析、相关性分析、层次分析的方法对数据进行处理。结果显示:米龙与通脊熏制后,盐池滩羊的总体可接受性得分最高。品种对米龙熏制感官评价得分的影响大于通脊。同一品种米龙与通脊熏制羊肉的感官评价得分无明显差异(p>0.05)。最终筛选出外观、多汁性作为熏制羊肉感官品质评价的主要指标,得到熏制羊肉的感官评价模型:总评分=0.596外观+0.633多汁性-1.487(R²=0.811)。本结果既为熏制羊肉工业化生产提供依据,又为消费者理性选择熏制羊肉提供技术参考。     

基于气候条件与烟叶质量的烤烟适宜种植品种选用

以云烟87、K326、黔西1号、毕纳1号、南江3号、韭菜坪2号、杜鹃1号品种为材料,在贵州省毕节市江苏中烟大方基地单元开展品种筛选试验。在对比分析毕节大方与国内外优质烟区气候相似性的基础上,研究不同烤烟品种烟叶化学指标可用性与感官质量,对烟叶质量作出综合评价,为卷烟工业引导基地单元的种植品种提供理论支撑。结果表明,大方与三明、津巴布韦、巴西的气候条件具有很高的相似性,夹角余弦值在0.95以上,与三明的相似性最高,达0.98;云烟87的烟叶化学指标可用性指数最大,为92.14%,且感官质量表现最好。总的来看,江苏中烟大方基地单元最适宜种植云烟87。     

Anthocyanin profiles of major red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties cultivated in Greece and their relationship with in vitro antioxidant characteristics

A range of fourty‐six red grape (Vitis vinifera spp.) samples, originating from six widely cultivated varieties and covering major parts of the Hellenic vineyard, were assayed for their content in six principal anthocyanin pigments. Representative in vitro antioxidant parameters were also determined, including antiradical activity (A_AR), reducing power (P_R) and hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity (SA_HFR). Quantitative determination using high performance liquid chromatography showed that the prevalent pigment was malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside (average content 82.53 mg per 100 g fresh berry weight), followed by its coumarate derivative (29.26 mg per 100 g), paeonidin 3‐O‐glucoside (10.84 mg per 100 g), petunidin 3‐O‐glucoside (7.80 mg per 100 g) cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside (5.67 mg per 100 g) and delphinidin 3‐O‐glucoside (1.28 mg per 100 g). The richest variety was Syrah, with total average anthocyanin content of 186.02 mg per 100 g, whereas the Hellenic native variety Xinomavro had the lowest average anthocyanin level (38.70 mg per 100 g). The establishment of correlations of individual and total anthocyanin contents with the values from the antioxidant test was accomplished with linear regression. The links of total anthocyanins were significant with all antioxidant parameters (P < 0.001), but more importantly with SA_HFR (R² = 0.740). Malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside content had the higher correlation with SA_HFR compared with all other anthocyanins (R² = 0.698, P < 0.001).     

红地球、巨峰葡萄采后果实品质变化的研究

研究了红地球和巨峰葡萄采后果实品质的变化规律。结果表明：无论在常温下还是在贮藏过程中,红地球和巨峰葡萄中还原糖、可滴定酸、VC含量逐渐减少,其中可滴定酸VC含量变化与贮藏时间呈显著的负相关;保鲜剂处理能明显降低还原糖、可滴定酸、VC的降解和损失。红地球葡萄的耐藏性明显好于巨峰葡萄,在0℃ CT-2 聚乙烯塑料包装条件下,巨峰葡萄贮至135d好果率为87.8%,而红地球葡萄贮至150d好果率仍达92.7%。     

紫化茶树品种多茶类适制性研究

以浙江省丽水市群体种茶园中选育的两份紫化茶树品种丽紫1号和丽紫2号作为供试品种,以紫娟为对照,对茶树新梢色泽、色素含量进行测定,制作生化样、绿茶样、红茶样和白茶样,通过生化成分检测和感官审评进行多茶类适制性分析。结果表明丽紫1号、丽紫2号的新梢色泽分别呈紫红色和紫绿色,花青素含量分别为（5.59±0.07）、（4.44±0.06）mg/g。丽紫1号、丽紫2号的水浸出物、氨基酸含量显著高于对照,酚氨比、咖啡碱含量均低于对照。加工成不同类别茶叶后,绿茶中氨基酸和茶多酚含量最高,丽紫2号绿茶氨基酸含量最高[（4.54±0.19）%],丽紫1号绿茶茶多酚含量最高[（27.90±0.51）%]。红茶水浸出物含量最高,茶多酚含量最低;丽紫2号红茶水浸出物含量最高[（47.86±0.58）%],同时茶多酚含量最低[（8.92±0.28）%]。绿茶和红茶中咖啡碱含量较高,白茶最低,丽紫1号白茶咖啡碱含量最低[（2.87±0.16）%]。根据所有茶样感官审评总分,3个品种制作绿茶、红茶、白茶均有较好的适制性。绿茶和红茶均以丽紫2号感官品质最佳;丽紫1号和对照制作白茶的总分稍高于丽紫2号。     

汉中茶区5个茶树品种夏秋季白茶品质差异分析

为探究不同茶树品种夏秋季白茶的品质差异。以汉中茶区5个茶树品种（福鼎大白茶、陕茶1号、平阳特早、碑坝群体种、翠峰）的夏季和秋季鲜叶为原料制成寿眉白茶。采用感官审评、高效液相色谱法（High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）、气相色谱-离子迁移谱法（Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS）等技术方法对白茶进行检测分析。结果表明,翠峰品种的夏季和秋季白茶感官审评得分均为最高,分别为91.6分和89.8分。夏季白茶和秋季白茶的水浸出物含量分别为46.78%~50.50%、42.30%~49.62%,茶多酚含量分别为16.71%~22.59%、17.60%~24.32%,游离氨基酸总量分别为4.41%~5.46%、2.94%~3.33%,酚氨比分别为3.43~2.15、5.69~8.18,咖啡碱含量分别为3.39%~5.36%、3.40%~4.49%,儿茶素总量分别为14.91%~21.42%、13.29%~20.34%,其中翠峰夏季白茶的游离氨基酸总量（5.46%）和咖啡碱含量（5.36%）最高。不同茶树品种的夏季和秋季白茶中共检测出挥发性成分102种,其中已知挥发性成分82种,包括醛类28种、醇类19种、酮类14种、酸类7种、呋喃类6种、酯类5种、吡嗪类2种和氧化环类物质1种,醛类相对含量最高,为33.70%~36.86%,其次是醇类为24.80%~26.78%,其中翠峰夏季白茶中的正丙醇、异丁醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇相对含量最高。挥发性成分通过主成分分析（Principal component analysis,PCA）可以区别不同茶树品种及季节的白茶。综上所述,本研究中的5个茶树品种夏秋季白茶的主要理化成分和挥发性成分均有显著差异,翠峰夏季白茶的适制性最好。本研究可为揭示汉中茶区白茶品质特点、夏秋季茶品类多样化开发和鲜叶的高值化利用提供数据支撑和理论依据。