圆叶葡萄的特性与应用概况

圆叶葡萄(Muscadinia rotundifolia Michx.)属于葡萄科圆叶葡萄属,落叶木质藤本浆果果树,起源于美国东南部,具有400多年的栽培历史,是当地栽培最早的葡萄种之一。圆叶葡萄具有良好的环境适应性,对主要葡萄病害高抗,也是抗性育种的良好材料。圆叶葡萄品种繁多,有众多鲜食品种和酿酒品种,也有鲜食加工兼用品种。圆叶葡萄营养价值高,多酚类及白藜芦醇含量丰富,也是唯一富含鞣花酸的葡萄种类。本文综述了圆叶葡萄植株的特征、起源、分布、分类和栽培历史,分析了其植物学和生物学特征,总结了应用现状和加工属性等,并对其在中国的发展前景进行了探讨和展望。     

Stability of Non-Pasteurized, Refrigerated Muscadine Grape Juice

The stability of nonpasteurized muscadine grape juice processed with and without 100 mg/L potassium metabisulfite was monitored during storage at 3°C. The muscadine flavor intensity, sweetness, off-flavor levels, and color of white juices remained stable, and ethanol levels remained low for 7 wk. However, the flavor intensity and sweetness of nonsulfited white juice decreased, and off-flavor and ethanol levels increased after 7 wk. Sulfite lowered microbial levels in white juice throughout 9 wk. Red juices did not develop significant levels of off-flavors or ethanol during 9 wk, although the flavor intensity declined, especially in nonsulfited red juice. Sulfite lightened the color of red juice, but the color was stable in both sulfited and nonsulfited red juices.     

Low‐Dose Irradiation Can be Used as a Phytosanitary Treatment for Fresh Table Grapes

Grapes (Vitis vinifera var. Sugraone and Vitis labrusca var. Crimson Seedless) were treated with 400, 600, and 800 Gy and the effects on physicochemical factors were measured alongside sensory testing during 3 wk of storage. Significant changes in texture and color with irradiation and age were measured but little visual difference was seen between control and irradiated grapes. However, age had a greater effect on firmness than irradiation for Sugraone grapes. Irradiation did not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affect the SSC/TA ratio, which increased during storage. The trained panel detected significant changes in the berry texture and rachis color but rated sweetness and flavor significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) for irradiated Sugraone as compared to the control. Consumers liked both the untreated and 800 Gy treated Sugraone grapes, but liked the untreated grapes more for texture (P ≤ 0.05). However, there was no difference in liking between irradiated (600 Gy or 800 Gy) and control samples of Crimson Seedless for any attribute. The results show that there are varietal differences in response to irradiation but the overall maintenance in quality of irradiated grapes during 3 wk of storage indicates that irradiation can serve as a viable phytosanitary treatment.     

圆叶葡萄种子发育过程中多酚积累特性

以栽培于广西地区2 个圆叶葡萄品种‘Noble’和‘Carlos’为实验材料,以真葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’和‘雷司令’为对照,使用超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆飞行时间质谱,分析其种子发育过程中多酚组成和积累特性。结果表明：在4种葡萄发育过程的种子样品中共检测到106种多酚,包括48种鞣花酸及前体物、24种黄酮醇、20种羟基苯甲酸、9种黄烷-3-醇、3种芪类和2种羟基肉桂酸。鞣花酸及前体物（主要是前体物）和黄烷-3-醇（主要是没食子酰化体和单体）分别是圆叶葡萄和真葡萄种子中最主要的多酚类型,但其含量在不同年份和品种间具有较大差异。前体物含量在圆叶葡萄‘Noble’幼果期种子中较高,然后逐渐下降,完全转色后再次上升;‘Carlos’则在浆果转色前种子中含量较高,随后略有下降。黄烷-3-醇在真葡萄‘雷司令’种子中2013年随着浆果发育含量显著升高,转色时含量达到最高,随后有所下降,2014年不受发育期的影响;‘赤霞珠’则分别在2013年幼果期和2014年果实完熟时的种子中含量最高。     

Modified Atmosphere Packaging Maintains Quality of Table Grapes

Table grapes were packed in either nonperforated polypropylene or perforated polypropylene films and stored at 1 °C for 53 d. Nonperforated polypropylene packages had the highest CO₂ and lowest O₂ contents, with reduced weight losses and increased berry and skin firmness. Soluble solids concentration increased in unwrapped control grapes as a consequence of the higher weight losses, whereas no significant differences were found for titratable acidity. Both films were equally effective in maintaining skin color, whereas control grapes showed a reduction of color. The highest scores in sensory analyses for crunchiness, juiciness, sourness, and quality were given to nonperforated polypropylene packages after 18 d of storage, and good visual aspect and no off‐flavor were detected after 53 d of cold storage.     

酿酒圆叶葡萄Noble和Carlos浆果挥发性成分分析

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)对酿酒圆叶葡萄品种Noble和Carlos浆果中挥发性成分进行鉴定,共鉴定出49种化合物,其中含有醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类等成分。Noble的挥发性成分总含量高于Carlos,2个品种中含量最高的成分都是(E)-2-甲基环戊醇和4-羟基-2-丁酮,二者在挥发性组分种类和含量上有一定的相似性。     

Analysis of Phenolic Composition of Noble Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) by HPLC‐MS and the Relationship to Its Antioxidant Capacity

Abstract: Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in muscadines have attracted much attention due to their diverse biological activities. With bioassays of antioxidant activities in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total procyanidin content (TPA), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of different parts of the Noble muscadine, the butanol (BuOH) extract of the muscadine skin showed the highest TPC (317.91 ± 1.83 mg GAE/100 g FW), which might be ascribed to its high TAC of 227.06 ± 1.29 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the muscadine seed contained the highest TPA (55.30 ± 0.63 mg CE/100 g FW). Correlation analyses demonstrated a significant linear relationship of TPC and TAC compared to their ORAC and FRAP values within the range of R² from 0.9283 to 0.9936, which suggested that phenolics and anthocyanins in the extracts contributed significantly to their antioxidant potential. Nineteen individual phenolics and 5 anthocyanins were identified by HPLC‐MS, which indicated different chemical profiles of anthocyanins and other phenolics in the muscadine extracts. Practical Application: The paper has provided rich information of bioactive phytochemical profiles in different solvent extracts and their correlation with the antioxidant activity in the muscadine that is a very special regional fruit in U.S. Its high content of phenolic compounds demonstrates that muscadine could be beneficial to human health.     

Consumer Acceptability of Low Fat Foods Containing Inulin and Oligofructose

Inulin and oligofructose were used as fat replacers in Anzac cookies, blueberry muffins, carrot cake, chocolate cake, lemon cheesecake, ice cream, and beef sausages at levels ranging from 4 to 13g/100g, achieving a significant reduction in fat content (20% to 80% relative). These foods were rated as acceptable by an untrained taste panel, but scored consistently lower than their full‐fat counterparts (controls). Regression analysis showed that, unlike the controls, texture was more important than flavor in determining overall acceptability of the low‐fat foods. Inulin and oligofructose are readily incorporated into bakery and meat formulations, but their use might be limited by adverse physiological effects when consumed at high levels.     

Consumer Acceptability of Beef Steak Tenderness in the Home and Restaurant

Acceptability of beef steak tenderness in home and restaurant environments was evaluated by 62 consumers. Steaks (loin, ribeye, or bottom and top round) were consumed by each panelist in their home and in a fine dining restaurant. Each consumer rated steaks for tenderness and overall acceptability in the home (over a 2-mo period) and one steak per week (over a 7-wk period) in the restaurant. Acceptability for steaks consumed at home and in the restaurant ranked between 3 (moderately tough) and 4 (slightly tough) on an 8-point scale. The Warner-Bratzler Shear force transition level for beef tenderness acceptability in the home was between 4.6 and 5.0 kg and in the restaurant between 4.3 and 5.2 kg. The unacceptable level of beef steak tenderness was ≤4.3 kg. Results suggested that consumers were more critical of beef tenderness in the home than in restaurants. Consumer responses may have been influenced by receiving free meals in the home or restaurant, as well as by the dining environment.     

Influence of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) variety on protein quality and sensory properties of akara,a popular West African cowpea‐based food

The influence of newly developed cowpea varieties (IT81D‐699, IT82E‐18, IT84S‐2246‐4 and TV_x3236) on the proximate composition, protein quality and sensory properties of akara, a popular West African cowpea‐based food, was investigated and the results obtained were compared with those for akara prepared from a local blackeye cowpea variety. Protein quality was evaluated using weanling albino rats fed diets which were formulated to supply 10% protein using defatted akara samples, with casein as a control. Akara samples prepared from IT81D‐699 and TV_x3236 had crude protein contents, texture and overall acceptability comparable to those of akara prepared from the blackeye variety. Also, akara diets formulated using IT81D‐699 and TV_x3236 showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher values for weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, net protein ratio and true digestibility than diets formulated with IT82E‐18, IT84S‐2246‐4 and blackeye, suggesting an improvement in the nutritional quality of akara produced using these (IT8ID‐699 and TV_x3236) newly developed cowpea varieties. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phenolic Fractions from Muscadine Grape “Noble” Pomace can Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell MDA‐MB‐231 Better than those from European Grape “Cabernet Sauvignon” and Induce S‐Phase Arrest and Apoptosis

Tons of grape pomace which still contained a rich amount of plant polyphenols, is discarded after winemaking. Plant polyphenols have multi‐functional activities for human body. In this study, polyphenols of pomaces from Muscadinia rotundifolia “Noble” and Vitis vinifera “Cabernet Sauvignon” were extracted and fractionated, and then they were analyzed with LC‐MS and the inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells were compared. The inhibition on MDA‐MB‐231 cells of fractions from “Noble” was further evaluated. The results showed that polyphenols from 2 grape pomaces could be separated into 3 fractions, and ellagic acid and/or ellagitannins were only detected in fractions from “Noble” pomace. All 3 fractions from “Noble” pomace inhibited MDA‐MB‐231 better than MCF‐7. But fraction 2 from “Cabernet Sauvignon” inhibited MCF‐7 better while fraction 1 and fraction 3 inhibited both 2 cells similarly. Moreover, the fractions from “Noble” pomace rather than “Cabernet Sauvignon” can inhibit MDA‐MB‐231 better. Finally, fractions from “Noble” pomace can induce S‐phase arrest and apoptosis on MDA‐MB‐231. These findings suggested the extracts from grape pomace especially those from “Noble,” are potential to be utilized as health beneficial products or even anti‐breast cancer agents.     

五个圆叶葡萄品种在江苏南京地区的引种表现

以引进的5个圆叶葡萄品种‘阿拉紫’‘诺贝尔’‘格威尔’‘卡洛斯’和‘弗雷尔’为对象,调查和分析各品种的植物学特征、生物学特性和栽培性状。结果表明,5个品种均为中熟品种,‘格威尔’成熟期为8月中旬,其它4个品种在8月上旬成熟。果实品质方面,5个品种均表现果皮较厚、无涩味、香味浓郁、种子较多等特点,其中‘格威尔’和‘卡洛斯’的果粒大小和可溶性固形物较高,且两品种的固酸比均超过30,口感较好。栽培性状方面,5个品种在江苏南京地区的高温、高湿气候条件下均表现长势良好、抗病性强。综合不同栽培条件和果实经济性状发现,‘卡洛斯’耐热性强,在南京地区避雨条件下表现优异,‘格威尔’和‘阿拉紫’在露地栽培条件下表现良好,‘诺贝尔’‘弗雷尔’有待进一步观察。     

三种保鲜剂对巨峰葡萄保鲜效应的影响

研究了壳聚糖、魔芋和大蒜三种天然保鲜剂对巨峰葡萄果实采后品质及生理活性的变化规律。结果表明:一定浓度的壳聚糖、魔芋和大蒜三种天然保鲜剂处理降低了葡萄果实的呼吸强度,SOD和POD活性在整个贮藏中只出现一次高峰,且低温抑制了MDA的积累。其中以1%壳聚糖涂膜在2℃条件下贮藏30d后贮藏效果最佳。     

基于层次-关联度和主成分分析的无核鲜食葡萄品质评价

通过对银川引种的10个无核鲜食葡萄果实品质的综合评价,筛选出品质优良品种,为宁夏地区鲜食葡萄发展提供可开发资源的科学依据。对供试品种的14个基本品质指标进行观察测定,应用层次-关联度和主成分分析综合评价了无核鲜食葡萄品质,并根据综合得分进行排序。结果表明,在层次-关联度分析中,建立了3个层次,分别是目标层、准则层、指标层,目标层即为果实综合品质,准则层分为外观品质和内在品质,内在品质权重值为0.6,外观品质权重值0.4,指标层香味、风味权重赋值最高,分别是0.1535和0.1413,而单粒重和单穗重是影响外在品质的重要因素,权重值是0.1087和0.1062,‘瑞峰无核’的外观品质表现最好,加权关联度是0.7477,‘爱神玫瑰’的内在品质表现最好,加权关联度是0.9131,综合品质表现最优是‘爱神玫瑰’,其次是‘无核翠宝’,然后是‘夏黑’,加权关联度依次是0.8006、0.7732、0.7291;主成分分析法提取了4个主成分,累积贡献率达到86.332%,第一主成分的总酸、固酸比、糖酸比、风味和香味起主要影响;第二主成分的果皮厚度、果粒整齐度、单穗重和果穗紧密度对其影响大;第三主成分的单粒重、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖和风味对其的影响大;第四主成分的着色一致性和维生素C含量对其的影响大,综合得分最高的是‘无核翠宝’,其次是‘夏黑’,然后是‘爱神玫瑰’,得分依次是1.31、1.17、1.02,综合得分最低的是‘无核白鸡心’,得分为-2.11。两种分析方法综合得分排名前三的均是‘无核翠宝’、‘爱神玫瑰’和‘夏黑’,排名末位的均是‘无核白鸡心’,可作为今后优良品种区试推广的理论依据。     

气体二氧化氯对葡萄杀菌效果及品质的影响

以‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,从其表面分离优势菌并鉴定其为大肠杆菌与考克氏菌,利用NaClO₂与干冰间接反应开发一种气体二氧化氯(ClO₂)处理方法以灭活葡萄表面优势菌,通过测定菌落总数对数值减少量评估气体ClO₂对葡萄的杀菌效果,同时通过测定4℃贮藏30 d期间葡萄样品的色泽参数、果实硬度、质量损失率以及可溶性固形物含量评估气体ClO₂对葡萄品质的影响。结果表明,气体ClO₂处理对接种于葡萄表面的大肠杆菌与考克氏菌具有良好杀灭效果。当ClO₂累积浓度从131μL/(L·h)提升至599μL/(L·h),大肠杆菌菌落总数对数值减少量从1.6(lg(CFU/g))升至3.5(lg(CFU/g)),考克氏菌菌落总数对数值减少量从1.0(lg(CFU/g))升至4.5(lg(CFU/g))。与对照组(S0)相比,经ClO₂处理后贮藏30 d期间葡萄色泽并没有明显变化,与S0和低累积浓度处理组(S1)相比,高累积浓度处理组(S2)在4℃贮藏30 d后...     

Cross‐Cultural Consumer Acceptability and Purchase Intent of Forage‐Finished Rib‐Eye Steaks

Rib‐eye steaks, from 3 forage‐finished systems (S1, S2, and S3) and 1 commercial steak (C), either cooked by 1‐sided‐grilling or 2‐sided‐grilling, were evaluated for sensory acceptability [overall appearance (ORA) and overall appearance of fat (OAF) for raw steaks; overall appearance (OCA), overall beef aroma (OBA), overall beef flavor (OBF), juiciness, tenderness and overall liking (OL) for cooked steaks] and purchase intent by Hispanic, Asian and U.S. consumers. They also indicated preferred degree of doneness and cooking methods. Cross‐cultural differences in preferences and consumer acceptability of rib‐eye steaks were observed. Grilling was the most preferred cooking method. Hispanics and Asians preferred medium and/or medium well, while U.S. consumers preferred medium and/or medium rare. For cooked steaks, the population effect was significant for all sensory attributes; Asians generally scored lower than did Hispanics and U.S. consumers. C and S3 generally had higher scores for all sensory attributes across 3 populations. Purchase intent for all forage‐finished steaks was higher for Hispanics and U.S. consumers compared to Asians (50.0% to 77.8% compared with 43.2% to 65.9%). Attributes influencing purchase intent of forage‐finished steaks differed among populations: tenderness (odds ratio = 1.4) for Hispanics, OCA (odds ratio = 1.5) for Asians, and OBF (odds ratio = 1.3) for U.S. consumers. Overall, this study demonstrated that the type of forage‐finished system and ethnic differences influenced sensory acceptability and purchase intent of forage‐finished rib‐eye steaks.     

Consumer evaluation of novel kiwifruit: willingness‐to‐pay

This paper introduces a research methodology that adds sophistication to the innovation process for agricultural goods. In recognition of the importance of innovation for the long‐term success of firms and the need for market analysis that goes beyond traditional sensory and consumer preference testing, it is demonstrated how to measure the monetary value consumers place on new market goods. In experimental markets, New Zealand (NZ) consumers were willing to pay on average approximately NZ$0.44 per 100 g to exchange the common green‐fleshed Hayward variety for a new‐to‐market red‐ and yellow‐fleshed kiwifruit variety. At the time of the study this was equivalent to a 179% retail price premium. Knowledge that this new variety was not genetically modified increased the price premium to 240%. These results were elicited from convenience samples and should be treated with caution if used as the sole basis for price setting. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry