鲜食核桃仁抑制褐变与脱色方法及货架期保鲜效应

鲜核桃仁因易于褐变而难以作为成品生产与销售。本实验以‘香玲’核桃湿鲜坚果为试材,分别对新鲜核桃仁、已褐变核桃仁进行不同工艺参数下4 种方法抑制褐变以及2 种方法脱色处理,根据20 ℃货架期下色值变化和感官观测结果,选取两组实验的最佳处理条件分别为1.0%（质量分数,后同）抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,AsA）＋0.05%柠檬酸（citric acid,CA）浸泡5 min（抑制褐变）以及1.0% AsA 20 ℃下浸泡1 h（脱色）。分别用两种方法单独处理或与1 kJ/m2短波紫外线（ultraviolet radiation C,UVC）复合处理,以同等条件下去离子水处理为对照组,统一用30 μm厚的聚乙烯袋包装,5 ℃货架保鲜。结果表明,两组实验中,单独处理和UVC复合处理均可持续抑制多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力升高,苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL）活力在货架14～21 d时较对照组显著提高（P＜0.05）,第56天时抑制褐变的单一和复合处理组及脱色的复合处理组酸价均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组实验中复合处理可同时延缓细菌和霉菌的滋生,部分提高总抗氧化活性（ferric reducing/antioxidant power,FRAP）;核桃仁过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）有所增加,含油率未受明显影响,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力与对照组差异不明显。核桃仁种衣和去皮核桃仁的PPO活力均受AsA的竞争性抑制。5 ℃货架56 d时,脱色组复合处理核桃仁的亮度（L*值）达到与抑制褐变处理同等效果,且核桃仁无可见霉变。本研究结果可为鲜核桃仁的商品化生产提供理论与技术依据。     

Browning inhibition on fresh‐cut chestnut kernel by exogenous nitric oxide

The potential usage of nitric oxide (NO) as a powerful anti‐browning agent in fresh‐cut chestnut kernels was investigated. Chestnut kernels were dipped in 0, 1, 5 or 10 μm NO solutions for 10 min, respectively, and then stored at 20 °C. Changes of browning index and colour were evaluated, while content of total phenols, activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) and individual phenolic compounds were measured. The results showed that NO treatment delayed browning and lightness of chestnut kernels and 5 μm NO treatment had the best control effect compared with others. PPO and POD activities were inhibited and total phenolic content was increased in NO‐treated fruit, and 5 μm NO significantly increased the content of catechin, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, phloretic acid and ferulic acid but inhibited that of tannic acid. However, it had no significant effect on caffeic acid.     

乙烯利处理通过调节抗氧化酶活性和次生代谢产物的积累促进生姜根茎愈伤

生姜在收获、采后处理和运输过程中经常遭受机械损伤,已有报道称乙烯利能促进植物愈伤。本实验以生姜根茎为材料,研究采后乙烯利浸泡处理对其愈伤的影响及机制。结果表明,50 mg/L乙烯利处理能降低生姜根茎愈伤过程中的质量损失率,提高生姜根茎中过氧化氢、总酚和木质素含量。乙烯利处理还提高了生姜根茎中活性氧代谢相关酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶）活性。乙烯利促进愈伤过程中酚类物质和木质素的积累与其提高过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性密切相关。由此说明,乙烯利处理主要通过调节活性氧代谢中关键酶活性和苯丙烷途径来提高抗氧化能力和次生代谢物质的积累,从而促进生姜根茎的愈伤。     

Alleviation of chilling injury and browning of postharvest bamboo shoot by salicylic acid treatment

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) treatment on chilling injury, disease incidence, electrolyte leakage (EL), flesh browning index, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total phenolic content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and polyamine (PA) content of bamboo shoot, during storage at 1 °C for 50 days, were examined. Chilling injury and disease incidence, EL, MDA content of control shoot increased progressively. Chilling injury promoted PAL, PPO and POD activities, which are associated with shoot total phenolic content and flesh browning index increase. Chilling injury was significantly positively correlated with putrescine (Put) or spermidine (Spd) contents. Suppression of chilling injury by SA treatment was associated with reducing EL, MDA and total phenolic content, retarding activities of PAL, PPO and POD, and promoting PA accumulation. The present findings suggest that SA treatment could be used commercially to control chilling injury in bamboo shoot during cold storage.     

核桃仁发育过程中不同形态酚及其抗氧化活性的动态变化

阐明发育期核桃仁中3种不同形态酚（游离、酯化和结合）及其单体酚组成的变化,探究酚类成分与抗氧化能力的关系,为深入了解核桃功能性成分形成规律和深化功能性产品开发提供参考。以核桃品种‘寒丰’为对象,运用UPLC-MS/MS测定3种形态酚组成,分光光度计法测定核桃的羟自由基清除能力,皮尔逊相关分析用于研究酚类物质与羟自由基清除能力的相关性关系。在核桃仁发育过程中,酚形态中以游离态为主且占比大于58%;3种形态总酚含量最高值均出现在采前63 d,分别为10.47 mg/g（游离态）、2.76 mg/g（酯化态）、1.28 mg/g（结合态）;鞣花酸、咖啡酸、绿原酸等单体酚的3种形态含量随着核桃仁发育显著降低58.03%-88.83%;单体酚含量与抗氧化活性呈现显著相关性,相关系数为0.63-0.97。核桃仁3种形态总酚含量和抗氧化活性最大值均出现在未成熟早期,游离态是核桃仁中提供抗氧化活性的酚类物质主要形态,并且核桃仁发育过程中单体酚的抗氧化能力与成熟度、酚形态有关。这些发现将对核桃的适时采摘和营养管理以及核桃仁深度开发利用、产业提质增效等提供重要的基础数据和理论参考。     

Effects of heat treatment on the quality of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut

A heat treatment to inhibit browning and maintain the quality of fresh‐cut Chinese water chestnut was developed. Slices of Chinese water chestnut, cv. Guilin, were immersed in boiling water for 30 s, placed into film‐wrapped trays and then stored at 4 °C for up to 12 days. Changes in browning, eating quality and disease incidence were measured. The effect of heat treatment on the content of total phenolics and activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) was also evaluated. The heat treatment effectively prevented browning associated with PAL, PPO and POD activities and total phenolic content and delayed the decrease in eating quality, which is associated with reduced total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid, compared with fresh‐cut Chinese water chestnut. Inhibition of browning by heat treatment without microbial growth was achieved for 12 days of storage at 4 °C. These results showed that heat treatment effectively maintained the quality of fresh‐cut Chinese water chestnut.     

高浓度二氧化碳气调包装通过调节酚代谢抑制鲜切莲藕的酶促褐变

鲜切莲藕褐变的主要原因是酶促褐变,高浓度CO_2气调包装(Modified-atmosphere packaging,MAP)可以有效延缓鲜切果蔬褐变,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶(L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)的编码基因是引起果蔬褐变的主要基因。然而,高浓度CO_2 MAP对鲜切莲藕片PAL、PPO、POD酶及其编码基因表达的影响却鲜有报道。本文分析了100%CO_2MAP对鲜切莲藕贮藏过程中褐变度、总酚含量、PAL、PPO和POD酶活性及其编码基因表达的影响。结果表明:100%CO_2 MAP对延缓鲜切莲藕褐变有较好效果,且100%CO_2 MAP贮藏期间鲜切莲藕PAL、PPO和POD酶活性随褐变程度的增加而同步变化。此外,Nn PAL1,Nn PPOA和Nn POD2/3的表达变化与PAL,PPO和POD酶活性的变化及褐变相一致,说明高浓度CO_2 MAP可能通过下调Nn PAL1,Nn PPOA和Nn POD2/3的表达来延缓鲜切莲藕褐变。     

臭氧处理对黄花梨果实褐变的影响

为研究臭氧处理对梨果实褐变的影响,采用5.0、2.5mg/L 臭氧水和蒸馏水浸泡黄花梨整果和鲜切果,5min后晾干,分别贮于20℃和5℃条件下,对贮藏过程中果实和切片的褐变指数、总酚(TP)含量及与酶促褐变相关的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性变化进行研究。结果表明：臭氧处理的黄花梨整果与鲜切果各项指标均优于对照组;臭氧处理显著降低贮藏5d 后黄花梨整果果心和整个贮藏期鲜切片的褐变指数,维持梨整果与鲜切果较高的总酚含量,对二者PPO、POD 活性均有一定的抑制作用;可增加梨整果较高的PAL 活性,抑制鲜切梨果PAL 活性。抑制黄花梨整果和鲜切果褐变以2.5mg/L 臭氧水处理为好。     

Properties of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in natural complexes from walnuts (Juglans regia) and in active DL-DOPA copolymers

Black polymers were extracted from walnut husk homogenates (Juglans regia L) in a phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) after air-bubbling for 24 h. After several purification stages, ultrafiltration and gel chromatography (Sephadex and Ultrogel), three extracts (two soluble and one insoluble) were isolated. At the same time, a synthetic DL DOPA/POD/PPO copolymer was prepared. Two walnut extracts exhibited POD and PPO activity. Both DL DOPA/POD/PPO copolymers (soluble and insoluble) only presented a POD activity. The insoluble and more complex extracts (either natural or synthetic) presented the lowest oxidase activities. The soluble walnut extract exhibited low though not negligible PPO and POD activities. It was observed using electrophoresis and gel chromatography that both enzymes were present in phenolic complexes. The high level of adsorption observed on polyacrylamide gel, as well as the elementary composition of these complexes enabled a comparison with phytomelanins. PPO and POD in the soluble copolymers (from both natural and synthetic sources) were governed by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Apparent constants were calculated using the Lineweaver-Burk method. The use of limited proteolysis and an inhibitor showed good resistance of POD activity in walnut and synthetic copolymers and exceptional resistance of PPO activity in walnut extracts (particularly insoluble extract).     

Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant capacity of different pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivars

Six pecan cultivars were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity (AC), total phenolics (TP), condensed tannin (CT), HPLC phenolic profile, tocopherol and fatty acid composition. Kernels which included the outer brown testa or pellicle, and shells which is the hard cover that surrounds the kernel, were evaluated for each cultivar. Strong correlations were found in kernels between AC and TP for both DPPH (r² = 0.98) and AC_ORAC (r² = 0.75) antioxidant assays. AC_ORAC values ranged from 372 to 817 μmol trolox equivalents/g defatted kernel, corresponding to Desirable and Kanza cultivars, respectively. CT ranged from 23 to 47 mg catechin equivalents/g defatted kernel and TP from 62 to 106 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalents/g defatted kernel. After a consecutive basic-acid hydrolysis, gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin and epicatechin were identified by HPLC. The TP, AC and CT were 6, 4.5 and 18 times higher, respectively, for shells compared to kernels. The presence of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity in kernels and shells indicates pecans can be considered an important dietary source of antioxidants.     

采后苯丙噻重氮处理促进梨果实的愈伤

研究采后苯丙噻重氮（benzothiadiazole,BTH）处理对梨果实愈伤的促进作用,探讨苯丙烷代谢及抗氧化 酶在愈伤中的作用。以‘玉露香’梨果实为试材,人工模拟损伤后,用100 g/L BTH处理,在常温（20～25 ℃）、 相对湿度80%～85%的黑暗条件下进行愈伤,通过测定质量损失率和损伤接种梨果实的发病率来评价愈伤效果,比 较BTH处理组和对照组梨果实愈伤期间苯丙氨酸解氨酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活力,以及 总酚、类黄酮和木质素含量的差异。结果表明：BTH处理对梨果实愈伤期间的质量损失率没有显著影响;愈伤期 间,BTH处理组和对照组梨果实的发病率均降低,处理组和对照组之间存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,由此表明, BTH处理降低了梨果实的采后发病率;BTH处理明显提高了苯丙烷代谢途径关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶、抗氧化酶多酚 氧化酶、过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活力;此外,BTH处理还有效促进了梨果实总酚、类黄酮和木质素的积 累。相关性分析结果表明,处理组梨果实的发病率和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力、总酚含量和类黄酮含量之间呈显著负相 关,和过氧化物酶及多酚氧化酶活力之间呈极显著负相关。采后BTH处理可促进梨果实的愈伤,苯丙烷代谢以及过 氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶在愈伤组织形成中发挥了重要作用。     

Effect of nitric oxide on pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit in relation to phenolic metabolism

The effects of nitric oxide (NO) on enzymatic browning of harvested longan fruit in relation to phenolic metabolisms were investigated. Fruits were dipped for 5 min in 1 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, then packed in 0.03 mm thick polyethylene bags, and finally stored for 6 days at 28 °C. Changes in pericarp browning and pulp breakdown were evaluated, while total phenol content, activities of phenolic-associated enzymes, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and concentrations of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid were measured. SNP treatment delayed pericarp browning, inhibited activities of PPO, POD and PAL and maintained a high total phenol content of longan fruit during storage. Furthermore, NO showed a significant inhibition of the in vitro activities of PPO and POD, indicating that the beneficial effect of NO was direct. Moreover, application of NO resulted in a lower pulp breakdown and maintained relatively high levels of total soluble solids and ascorbic acid.     

采收期对青皮核桃抗氧化特性及耐贮性的影响

以8月上、中、下旬采收的中林5号和辽宁4号青皮核桃果实为试材,于0～1 ℃,相对湿度70%～80%条件下贮藏,测定贮期核桃各抗氧化相关指标及贮藏品质。结果表明：8月下旬采收果实总酚和类黄酮含量在贮藏30 d后呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）均于贮藏30 d后持续增长或出现活性高峰。两品种均为8月中旬采收果实腐烂指数最高,辽宁4号果实腐烂指数总体上高于中林5号;贮藏后各采收期采收果实的碘价均下降,不饱和脂肪酸的相对质量分数均上升,以8月下旬采收果实的碘价下降幅度最小,不饱和脂肪酸的相对质量分数最大。8月下旬采收青皮核桃有助于抗氧化物质的积累及防御酶活性的提高,果实较耐贮。     

早实核桃3 个品种青皮果实鲜贮特性比较

为了探明国内主栽早实核桃（Juglans regia L.）的耐贮性,本研究对‘辽二’、‘鲁光’和‘西扶二号’3 个中晚熟早实核桃品种的青皮果实进行了0～1 ℃、相对湿度85%～90%条件下的冷藏,测定了贮藏期间青皮生理生化变化,调查了核仁品质和保鲜效果。结果表明：‘辽二’的乙烯释放高峰出现在贮藏30 d,较‘西扶二号’和‘鲁光’早6 d,峰值约为后二者的4 倍。‘辽二’的两个呼吸高峰分别出现在贮藏12、36 d,均晚于另外两个品种6～12 d。‘辽二’腐烂指数增加最慢,贮藏48 d时‘辽二’、‘鲁光’、‘西扶二号’的腐烂指数依次为14.0%、17.8%、21.1%。贮藏期内‘辽二’果实青皮的多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性持续较低,总酚与类黄酮含量亦低于‘鲁光’和‘西扶二号’。贮藏48 d后,‘辽二’核桃仁的可溶性蛋白质含量、酸值、过氧化值变化幅度最小。因此,‘辽二’的青皮酚类氧化褐变活性较低,在3 个品种间耐贮性最强。     

催熟青皮核桃挤压式脱皮方法的试验与分析

针对目前核桃脱青皮方式存在的问题,在分析被催熟核桃离皮特性的基础上,进行挤压试验并绘制催熟青皮核桃挤压受力变形图。通过试验确定催熟核桃青皮和果壳的破裂压力和相应的压缩量。基于青皮和果壳的破裂压力存在明显差值,以及挤压后青皮破裂及分离状态,提出一种催熟核桃挤压式脱青皮方式,试验结果可为新设备的研制提供依据。     

Effect of different pre-treatments of fresh coconut kernels on some of the quality attributes of the coconut milk extracted

Fresh, dehusked and shelled coconut kernels were subjected to blanching and freezing treatments and were tested for chemical and enzymatic deterioration and yield of milk by monitoring the percentage extraction of coconut milk, free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide value (PV), lipase (LIP) and peroxidase (POD) activities, once each fortnight for a total period of 8 weeks. The percentage extraction of milk varied between 31.0% and 33.5% in the blanched samples and did not show a significant change at p > 0.05, as compared to the values at week 0. Similar observations were seen in FFA content and the PV. The LIP activity in these samples decreased to almost 0.176% liberated FFA and POD activity to 0.387 Absorbance Units/g fresh-weight. In conclusion, the results indicated the efficiency of the pre-treatment in suppressing the chemical and enzymatic deterioration of coconut kernels, which normally results in the loss of quality of the coconut milk when extracted.     

奉节脐橙果皮褐变生理的研究

以奉园72-1脐橙果实为材料,进行常温(15℃)、低温(5℃)贮藏、涂蜡、机械损伤等处理,测定各处理脐橙果皮褐变率、褐变指数,以及POD、PPO、PAL酶活性的变化,以探明奉节脐橙果皮褐变的影响因素,以及相关酶活性与果皮褐变的关系。结果表明：与常温贮藏的对照果相比,涂蜡、损伤处理均极显著地提高果实的果皮褐变率(p<0.01)以及褐变指数(p<0.01),而低温贮藏可降低褐变发生;说明涂蜡和机械损伤都是引发果皮褐变的主要因素之一,低温贮藏可在一定程度上减少果皮褐变的发生。损伤处理刺激了POD、PAL酶活性的上升,且酶活性的升高与果皮褐变率具有相关性;涂蜡和损伤明显促进了PPO酶活性的升高,从而加速褐变过程,而低温可有效抑制PPO酶活性;实验结果表明POD、PPO、PAL酶活性与果皮褐变间均有密切关系。     

鲜切雷竹笋冷藏过程中木质化机理的研究

研究鲜切雷竹笋在4℃冷藏条件下苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力及丙二醛(MDA)、多酚、木质素含量的变化规律,探讨其木质化机理。结果显示：在冷藏过程中,PAL、POD活力、MDA含量呈先上升,后下降的趋势;PPO活力在前6d缓慢上升,第15天开始下降;多酚含量在冷藏前6d急剧下降,后缓慢上升,第12天又开始下降;木质素含量不断增加,基部为5%～26%,中部为3%～24%,尖部为2%～22%。结果表明：在冷藏期内,PAL、POD活力大幅度增加,是导致鲜切雷竹笋木质化的关键酶;酚类物质作为木质素合成的前体物质,参与木质素的合成;MDA可能参与鲜切雷竹笋的木质化进程,但需进一步验证;木质素含量从基部向尖部逐渐降低,木质化进程是从基部向尖部推进的。     

橄榄多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶的抑制剂筛选及其热失活动力学

本项目研究了七种抑制剂(分别为亚硫酸钠、明矾、O-异抗坏血酸、EDTA-2Na、Ca Cl2、多聚磷酸钠、柠檬酸亚锡二钠)对橄榄多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活力的影响,并采用两段模型分析了高温处理对橄榄果实多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的钝化动力学。结果表明,橄榄中酚类化合物氧化分解与POD和PPO活性有关,在特定的环境条件下,O-异抗坏血酸和柠檬酸亚锡二钠抑制橄榄PPO酶和POD酶活性效果最好,譬如,其浓度为0.20 g/L时,可完全抑制橄榄PPO酶和POD酶活力;热烫时间和温度对橄榄果实PPO和POD活性影响较大,并随着热烫时间和热烫温度的增加,橄榄果实PPO和POD活性呈现先下降后处于平稳的趋势,故高温处理对橄榄PPO和POD的钝化过程符合两段模型。