Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages from a Microbiological and Nutritional Perspective: The Colombian Heritage

Fermentation has been used for preserving foods for centuries prior to the invention of pasteurization and sterilization, and every culture has a variety of fermented products as part of its diet. This paper reviews the diversity of fermented foods and beverages from Latin America; these fermented products are produced by traditional methods that exploit mixed cultures of various nonpathogenic microorganisms. Fermented foods covered in this review include maize, cassava, palm sap, sugar cane juice, cocoa, and milk. We explore the history of some Colombian fermented foods and beverages, which are today part of the tradition of some ethnic groups, and evaluate their technology, microbiology, the presence of some nutritional factors, and safety concerns. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 1st systematic review on Colombian fermented beverages and foods, and we believe that it may contribute to valorize these products that are still part of the Latin America tradition.     

Immunomodulatory Properties of Fermented Soy and Dairy Milks Prepared with Lactic Acid Bacteria

ABSTRACT:  Fermented soy and dairy milk preparations provide a means for delivering lactic acid bacteria and their fermentation products into the diet. Our aims were to test immunomodulatory bioactivity of fermented soy beverage (SB) and dairy milk blend (MB) preparations on human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and to determine the impact of freezing medium on culture survival prior to bioactivity analyses. Fermented SB and MB were prepared using pure or mixed cultures of  Streptococcus thermophilus  ST5,  Bifidobacterium longum  R0175, and  Lactobacillus helveticus  R0052. Immunomodulatory bioactivity was assessed by testing selected SB and MB ferments on tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-treated IEC and measuring effects on Interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. Impact of timing of ferment administration relative to this pro-inflammatory challenge was investigated. The most pronounced reductions in IEC IL-8 production were observed when IEC were treated with either SB or MB ferment preparations prior to TNFα challenge. These results indicate that freezing-stable MB and SB ferments prepared with selected strains can modulate IEC IL-8 production  in vitro , and suggest that yogurt-like fermented soy formulations could provide a functional food alternative to milk-based fermented products.     

Microwave Processing: Current Background and Effects on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Aspects of Dairy Products

Overheating is still a major problem in the use of conventional heating for milk and various dairy products, because it leads to the lowering of quality and sensory and nutritional values. Microwave (MW) heating has been credited with providing superior‐quality dairy‐based products with extended shelf‐life, representing a good alternative to conventional heat treatment. The main drawback of MW heating refers to nonuniform temperature distribution, resulting in hot and cold spots mainly in solid and semisolid products; however, MW heating has been shown to be suitable for liquid foods, especially in a continuous fluid system. This review aims to describe the main factors and parameters necessary for the application of MW heating technology for dairy processing, considering the theoretical fundamentals and its effects on quality and safety aspects of milk and dairy products. MW heating has demonstrated great ability for the destruction of pathogenic/spoilage microorganisms and their spores, and also inactivation of enzymes, thereby preserving fresh characteristics of dairy products.     

酪蛋白水解产物对含益生菌酸奶中益生菌数量的影响

文研究了牛奶蛋白水解产物对发酵牛奶中益生菌生长的促进作用,并对在两周的贮存期内活性益生菌菌数的稳定性进行了比较研究。实验以益生菌菌株-嗜酸乳杆菌作为研究用菌种。利用novo型碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白获得水解度分别为4.7%、7.1%、8.8%、10.1%、12.6%的酪蛋白水解产物,研究以0.5、1、2和4g/L四个添加水平加入发酵酸奶中,分析其对益生菌生长情况的影响。结果证明,酪蛋白水解产物的添加普遍促进了嗜酸乳杆菌在酸奶中的生长。随着添加量的增加,嗜酸乳杆菌在发酵牛奶中的稳定性得到了同步提高。但综合分析,水解度为8.8%的水解产物,添加量为2g/L时,可使益生菌的生长活性和稳定性状态最佳。研究结果证实,选择优化的酪蛋白水解产物对发酵牛奶中益生菌的生长及维持其生存能力均会产生积极地促进作用,也对发酵乳行业生产符合国际标准的益生菌产品具有重要的理论和实践的价值。     

自然发酵优势菌对小米淀粉物化性质的影响

小米自然发酵过程难控制,研究自然发酵液分离并鉴定出的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)对发酵小米淀粉物化性质的影响,可更好地剖析小米自然发酵的机理,为掌握并控制自然发酵提供理论依据。采用质量浓度为0.2 g/100 mL的NaOH溶液提取发酵后小米淀粉,并测定自然发酵、乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉溶解度、膨润度、透明度、热特性、黏度特性。结果表明,随发酵时间的延长,3种发酵方式所得小米淀粉的溶解度、膨润度和透明度均降低,且乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉的透明度较自然发酵下降1.4%和1.0%;乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵96 h时糊化温度较自然发酵下降1.84℃和1.13℃,峰值温度较自然发酵下降1.04℃和0.43℃;终止温度降低3.69℃和2.85℃;热焓值较自然发酵相比上升1.00 J/g和0.78 J/g;而乳酸菌和酵母菌的衰减值、回生值较自然发酵分别下降978 mPa·s和400 mPa·s、743 mPa·s和471 mPa·s,峰值黏度较自然发酵相比上升185 mPa·s和103 mPa·s。自然发酵的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)使小米淀粉发生改性,且发酵后的物化性质较自然发酵发生显著变化。     

纳豆菌的米糠发酵物对小鼠肠道菌群的调节

通过动物试验来考察纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵米糠的提取物(RBF)对小鼠肠道正常茵群生长的影响.结果表明:灌胃RBF能够显著促进以乳酸杆茵、双歧杆菌等厌氧菌为优势茵群的小鼠肠道正常菌群的生长,抑制肠杆菌、肠球菌等好氧茵的增殖,作用效果与微生态制剂培菲康相当.纳豆芽孢杆菌的米糠发酵物中,纳豆芽孢杆菌及其米糠发酵成分均对小鼠的肠道正常茵群具有调节作用,两者复合能发挥更强的功能.     

菊粉、大豆拉丝蛋白及茶叶提取物在发酵香肠中的应用

以菊粉部分代替肥肉,以大豆拉丝蛋白部分代替瘦肉,在肉馅中添加茶叶提取物,通过质构仪结合感官评定,对产品主料配方进行研究,确定产品的主料配方为:猪瘦肉56％、猪肥肉10％、菊粉10％、大豆拉丝蛋白9％、茶叶提取物15％.用少量的菊粉及大豆拉丝蛋白分别部分替代肥肉及瘦肉,添加少量茶叶提取物生产发酵香肠可行,在此条件下,产品...     

香蕉花提取物对牦牛肉自然发酵香肠理化品质及挥发性风味物质的影响

以二丁基羟基甲苯（butylated hydroxy toluene,BHT）为阳性对照,研究不同质量分数（0.01%、0.05%、0.10%）香蕉花提取物（banana flower extract,BFE）对牦牛肉发酵香肠理化品质的影响,评价香肠在发酵和贮藏过程中pH值、水分含量、色泽、保水性、质构、流变学特性、菌落总数、挥发性风味物质及感官品质的变化。结果表明：BFE添加量为0.10%的发酵牦牛肉香肠具有更强的保水能力及抑菌能力,增加BFE添加量会降低发酵香肠的质构特性和储能模量。发酵过程中各处理组共计检测出醇、醛、酸、酯等七大类挥发性风味物质,通过主成分分析得到3个主成分,累计贡献率达75.014%。综上所述,BFE具有较强的抗氧化活性,0.10%添加量的效果最好,可显著改善牦牛肉发酵香肠理化特性。     

加热方式和加热时间对鱼类明胶理化性质的影响

为探究加热方式和加热时间对鱼类明胶理化性质的影响,对加热明胶溶液的蛋白组成、粘度、流变性质和热稳定性,以及明胶凝胶的强度、质构（texture profile analysis,TPA）参数和微观结构进行分析和比较。结果显示,鱼类明胶溶液的粘度、流变性质及热稳定性随加热时间的增加而明显降低,但间歇加热明胶中这些性质的变化幅度均低于连续加热明胶。连续加热明胶至48 h时电泳图谱中β条带消失,96 h时α₁和α₂亚基明显降解,而当间歇加热明胶至96 h时β条带才消失。鱼类明胶形成的凝胶其强度和TPA参数随热处理时间的延长逐渐减小,但间歇加热明胶的凝胶形成能力优于连续加热明胶。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,连续加热的凝胶表面光滑平整,而间歇加热凝胶的结构更加粗糙且多孔隙。研究结果表明,间歇加热及加热时间小于12 h有利于减少明胶热降解。     

Effect of Guar Gum on the Physicochemical, Thermal, Rheological and Textural Properties of Green Edam Cheese

In attempts to produce a low-fat cheese with a rheology and texture similar to that of a full-fat cheese, guar gum (within 0.0025–0.01%; w/v, final concentration) was added to low-fat milk. The obtained cheeses were characterised regarding their physicochemical, thermal, rheological and textural properties. Control cheeses were also produced with low and full-fat milk. The physicochemical properties of the guar gum modified cheeses were similar to those of the low-fat control. No significant differences were detected in the thermal properties (concerning the enthalpy and profile of water desorption) among all types of cheeses. The rheological behaviour of the 0.0025% modified cheese was very similar to the full-fat control. Overall, no trend was observed in the texture profile (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity) of the modified cheeses versus guar gum concentration, as well as in comparison with the control groups, suggesting that none of the studied polysaccharide concentrations simulated the textural functions of fat in Edam cheese.     

天麻提取酒液与天麻渣液态发酵酒的调配酒初探

为开发一种含有天麻素的调配酒,采用固态白酒浸泡的方式提取天麻素得到天麻提取液,并利用剩余天麻渣进行液态发酵酿酒,将天麻提取酒液与天麻渣液态发酵酒按一定比例调配得到一种新型的天麻调配酒。采用单因素及正交试验确定天麻素最佳提取条件,并探究不同调配比例对酒感官的影响。试验结果表明:提取天麻素的最佳条件为提取温度100℃、固液比1:15、提取时间60 min;在液态发酵阶段,添加天麻渣可以提高酒液的酒精度发酵速率,且最佳添加量为8%;天麻提取酒液与天麻渣液态发酵酒的调配比例为1:3,其感官总评分为99分,所得调配酒清亮透明且无悬浮物、香气纯正且有轻微天麻药香、口感酣厚且回味持久。最终证实了利用天麻提取酒液与天麻渣液态发酵酒开发调配酒具有一定的可行性。     

乳链菌肽对明胶-酪蛋白钙复合膜理化及抑菌特性的影响研究

本研究将不同浓度的乳链菌肽添加到明胶-酪蛋白钙中,开发出一系列可生物降解的乳链菌肽-明胶-酪蛋白钙抗菌复合膜,并对其力学特性、光学特性、表面形貌、抑菌活性和保鲜效果进行分析。结果表明:加入乳链菌肽后,成膜液中的乳链菌肽等成分物质与明胶相互作用,导致复合膜的宏观和微观性能均有不同程度改变。随着乳链菌肽浓度的提高,复合膜的厚度和断裂伸长率逐渐增大;外观颜色变深;抗拉强度、水溶性和水蒸气透过系数逐渐降低;复合膜透光率的降低,对光的阻隔性能逐渐增强;对常见致食品腐败菌(尤其是革兰氏阳性菌)有明显抑制作用,且逐渐增强;原子力显微镜观测其表面粗糙程度逐渐增大,对冷藏肉的保鲜效果越来越好。因此,乳链菌肽-明胶-酪蛋白钙复合膜的开发在食品包装和保鲜等方面表现出潜在的应用价值。     

发酵大麦提取物对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化及脂代谢的影响

研究乳酸菌发酵大麦提取物(LFBE)对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化及其脂代谢的影响与作用途径。利用植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1)发酵大麦获得LFBE,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定总酚含量;凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量与苯酚硫酸法测定多糖含量;采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力和油红O染色法分析前脂肪细胞的分化程度;采用Realtime PCR法检测LFBE对脂代谢关键基因转录水平的调控作用。结果表明,与未发酵大麦提取物相比,LFBE中总酚含量增加了20.88%;LFBE中蛋白质含量从发酵前的13.93%增加至34.94%;多糖含量从未发酵时的64.94%下降至35.43%。与未发酵大麦提取物组相比,LFBE能够有效地抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的生长,其IC_(50)约为560μg/mL;与模型组和未发酵大麦提取物组相比,400μg/mL LFBE能够显著抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化,抑制率达到58.85%。与模型组相比,LFBE能显著抑制脂代谢关键基因C/EBPα、PPAR-γ、SREBP-1c、PTP1B和aP2的mRNA表达水平,上调GLUT4的mRNA表达水平(p0.05)。LFBE可有效抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖,并通过调节脂代谢相关基因的转录水平抑制其分化,表明其可能具有预防肥胖的作用。     

低聚果糖对植物乳杆菌A33发酵酸角汁的影响

使用植物乳杆菌A33对酸角汁进行发酵,研究添加低聚果糖(fructooligosaccharides,FOS)对其发酵过程和贮藏期品质的影响.发酵过程中,添加FOS显著提高了植物乳杆菌A33的产酸能力,其中乳酸和乙酸的最大产量为3.12 g/L和0.34 g/L,分别为空白组的2.5倍和9倍;同时,添加FOS显著提高了...     

再生纤维素凝胶对发酵香肠品质的影响

以再生纤维素凝胶分别取代0%、15%、30%、45%、60%的猪背膘生产发酵香肠,探讨再生纤维素凝胶对发酵香肠各理化指标和品质指标的影响。结果表明：随着脂肪替代度的增加,发酵香肠的脂肪含量显著降低,硬度、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均呈现不同程度下降;水分含量和亮度值显著增加（P＜0.05）。替代组发酵香肠的pH值略低于对照组,各处理组间水分活度差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在总体可接受性上,各实验组香肠均有较好的接受度,其中替代度为45%的发酵香肠接受性最高。综合以上结果表明,再生纤维素凝胶可以作为脂肪替代物应用于发酵香肠中,其对猪背膘的最适替代度为45%。     

Effect of Synbiotic Interaction of Fructooligosaccharide and Probiotics on the Acidification Profile, Textural and Rheological Characteristics of Fermented Soy Milk

Preparation of yoghurt-like product from non-dairy raw material, such as soy with probiotic and prebiotic is a novel development in the field of fermented functional foods. This research work aimed at finding the new combinations of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, which can give good product characteristics to fermented soy milk. Fructooligosaccharide was added in an attempt to reduce the after-taste of soymilk, improve acidification rates and growth of probiotics. Acidification rate was enhanced with L. acidophilus–L. plantarum and L. acidophilus–L. plantarum–L. rhamnosus, resulting in a shorter time to reach pH 4.5. Hardness was significantly (P?<?0.05) higher for soy yoghurt fermented by binary co-culture followed by mixed cultures. All the samples showed higher G′ (1,279.70–1405 Pa) and lower tan δ (0.273–0.346) values which signifies firmer and solid-like character of the gel formed by probiotic bacteria. Soy yoghurt made with L. acidophilus–L. plantarum resulted in improved product characteristics with shorter t _pH 4.5 (4.28 h). Soy yoghurt fermented with L. acidophilus–L. plantarum showed more than 9 log cfu/ml count which is required for probiotic functional food.     

挤压对糙米中淀粉理化性质的影响

本文研究了挤压对糙米淀粉糊化和热力学性质、结晶结构、支链淀粉分支链长等的影响。结果表明,挤压处理使糙米淀粉的峰值粘度、回生值和热焓值分别由1811 cP、1677 cP和9.41 J/g降低至107 cP、53 cP和0.97 J/g,淀粉发生糊化。糙米淀粉X-射线衍射峰的强度和位置在挤压后均发生变化,淀粉结晶结构由A型转变为V型,相对结晶度由31.33%降至20.95%。傅立叶变换红外光谱图中1047 cm-1/1022 cm-1的比率由挤压前的0.811下降为挤压后的0.732,表明挤压使淀粉结晶区比例降低。同时,挤压后淀粉-碘复合物吸收光谱强度增加,说明挤压使直链淀粉比例增加。阴离子交换色谱结果显示,挤压后支链淀粉A链（DP6-12）比例增加,B1链（DP13-24）和B2链（DP25-36）比例减少,证明支链淀粉发生降解。此外,扫描电子显微镜结果表明,挤压产物中淀粉颗粒变大,淀粉表面变得粗糙且有褶皱和裂痕。     

低钠复合盐对发酵香肠理化特性及风味的影响

以添加58％氯化钠、30％氯化钾、7％氯化钙、5％甘氨酸的低钠复合盐发酵香肠作为实验组,以100％氯化钠为对照组,通过测定理化指标、感官评价、电子舌味觉特征、游离氨基酸含量以及挥发性风味物质等探究低钠复合盐对发酵香肠品质的影响.结果 表明:在香肠发酵成熟过程中,香肠pH值、水分含量呈显著下降趋势,钠含量显著增加.实验组...     

瓜尔豆胶对发酵小麦淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

向自然发酵72 h的发酵小麦淀粉（fermented wheat starch,FS）里添加不同质量分数（0%、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%）的瓜尔豆胶（guar gum,GG）,研究FS-GG复合物的结构和理化性质的变化。结果表明,添加GG显著降低了FS的浸出直链淀粉含量和膨胀力,FS-GG复合物的峰值黏度、回生值明显低于FS;GG可导致FS颗粒聚集,形成紧密的网状凝胶结构,其储能模量和损耗角正切值整体增大。傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热法和X射线衍射结果显示,GG降低了FS的有序度、热焓值和相对结晶度。贮藏期间,FS-GG复合物的凝胶硬度上升缓慢。本研究结果说明,GG通过改变FS的结晶结构和凝胶结构,延缓了FS的老化,其中,添加0.5%GG的FS-GG复合物效果最好。