Chemical Treatments for Reducing the Yellow Discoloration of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Fillets

The effect of chemical pretreatments on the color and carotenoid content of yellow discolored channel catfish fillets was studied. The color and carotenoid content of the fillets were analyzed by the L*a*b* color system and high‐performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Untreated fillets turned more yellow and darker after 12‐d storage. Sodium bicarbonate had a beneficial effect on reducing the degree of yellowness, but the fillets still turned darker after storage. Sodium bisulfite gave the best results with fillets becoming less yellow and brighter after storage. Ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, citric acid, and sodium metabisulfite were not successful at reducing the discoloration. The sum of carotenoid contents of untreated fillets decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during storage as compared to the fresh fillets. However, the sum of the carotenoid contents of fillets treated by various chemicals was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the fresh or untreated fillets. The appearance of catfish fillets may be improved during storage by pretreating with sodium bisulfite.     

酵母多糖对斑点叉尾鮰免疫功能的影响

研究在日粮中添加不同水平的酵母多糖对斑点叉尾鮰免疫功能的影响.结果表明:O.2%、0.3%酵母多糖组斑点叉尾细的头肾指数比对照组分别提高15.09%和7.50%,但试验组间差异不显著;0.3%酵母多糖组脾脏指数比对照组提高9.84%,但试验组间差异不显著.酵母多糖组斑点叉尾鮰血液中白细胞总数比对照组呈不同程度的降低,但各组间差异不显著.0.2%酵母多糖组斑点叉尾鮰白细胞吞噬率显著高于对照组和0.1%酵母多糖组,而0.2%、0.3%酵母多糖组间差异不显著;0.3%酵母多糖组斑点叉尾鮰吞噬指数比对照组显著提高29.77%.     

冻藏对斑点叉尾鮰鱼片蛋白质冷冻变性和肌原纤维超微结构的影响

目的:研究不同冻藏温度及抗冻剂对鮰鱼片蛋白质冷冻变性和肌原纤维超微结构的影响。方法:鮰鱼剖片后一部分置于-18、-30和-50℃3种温度下冻存15个月,另一部分先用三聚磷酸钠混合液浸渍2min,取出沥干,10min后置于上述温度下,测定冻藏前、后各品质指标的变化情况。结果:鮰鱼片3种不同温度冻藏15个月后,粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量下降,pH值下降,TVB-N值和K值上升,盐溶蛋白的含量下降,Ca2+-ATPase活性降低,鱼肉营养品质下降,蛋白质发生冷冻变性。冻藏温度越低,蛋白质的冷冻变性程度越轻,纵肌切片基本结构特征保持较好。添加多聚磷酸盐抗冻剂有助于保持鱼片的营养品质,降低蛋白质冷冻变性。结论:冻藏温度对鮰鱼片蛋白质冷冻变性和超微结构有显著影响,抗冻剂可有效防止蛋白质的冷冻变性。     

鱼骨粉添加量对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠色度、质构及感官特性的影响

研究添加鱼骨粉对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠品质的影响。采用梯度添加鱼骨粉的方法制作鱼肉火腿肠,并对其色度和质构进行测定,同时进行感官评定。结果表明：鱼骨粉添加量为2%时,白度值下降显著(P＜0.05) ;鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼性随着鱼骨粉添加量的增多而增大,弹性变小;当添加量为2.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼度和弹性变化趋势极显著(P＜0.01),但黏聚性变化不明显;随着鱼骨粉添加量的增加,鱼肉火腿肠切面较粗糙,咀嚼时颗粒感较强,当鱼骨粉添加量为3%时鱼肉火腿肠总体可接受度较差。综合考虑,鱼骨粉添加量为1.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠色度和质构较好,感官总体可接受度高。     

Nisin、溶菌酶用于斑点叉尾鮰鱼片保鲜的研究

以Nisin(乳链菌肽)、溶菌酶及VC(抗坏血酸)为保鲜剂,用于斑点叉尾鮰鱼片的冷藏保鲜,采用正交试验对复合保鲜剂的配比进行优选,并以细菌总数、TVB-N 值、pH 值及感官评分为鲜度指标,测定复合保鲜剂的保鲜效果。结果表明：复合保鲜剂最优配比为0.5% Nisin+0.3% 溶菌酶+3.0% VC,并用乳酸调节pH4.5,用此保鲜剂处理再结合真空包装能使斑点叉尾鮰鱼片在0℃条件下保鲜21d。     

水酶法提取斑点叉尾鮰内脏油的工艺研究

为提高鱼类加工废弃物的综合利用率,以斑点叉尾鮰内脏为原料,采用水酶法制备鱼油。结果表明：水酶法提取鱼油的最佳工艺条件为初始pH7.5、料液比1:1、加酶量3500U/g、酶解温度55℃、酶解时间0.5h,该条件下鱼油的提取率达到80.94%;提取到的鱼油(即粗鱼油)外观呈黄褐色,具有鱼腥味和轻微的酸败味,其过氧化值较低,而酸值相对较高;粗鱼油中的饱和脂肪酸相对含量为19.42%,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸分别为61.76% 和16.83%,Σn-3/Σn-6 的脂肪酸比值达到3.63。表明斑点叉尾鮰内脏是生产鱼油的良好来源。     

Using Fish Sauce as a Substitute for Sodium Chloride in Culinary Sauces and Effects on Sensory Properties

Historically, fish sauce has been a standard condiment and ingredient in various Southeast Asian cuisines. Moreover, fish sauce imparts umami taste, which may enhance perceived saltiness in food. This quality suggests that fish sauce may be used as a partial substitute for sodium chloride (NaCl) in food preparation, which may present a valuable option for health‐conscious and salt‐restricted consumers. However, the degree to which NaCl can be decreased in food products without compromising taste and consumer acceptance has not been determined. We hypothesized that NaCl content in food may be reduced by partial replacement with fish sauce without diminishing palatability and consumer acceptance. Preparations of 3 types of food were assessed to test this hypothesis: chicken broth (n = 72); tomato sauce (n = 73); and coconut curry (n = 70). In the first session, the percentage of NaCl that could be replaced with fish sauce without a significant change in overall taste intensity was determined for each type of food using the 2‐Alternative Forced Choice method. In the second session, subjects rated 5 samples for each food with varying NaCl and/or fish sauce content on 3 sensory attributes: deliciousness; taste intensity; and saltiness. Our results demonstrate that NaCl reduction was possible in chicken broth, tomato sauce, and coconut curry at 25%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, without a significant loss (P < 0.05) in deliciousness and overall taste intensity. These results suggest that it is possible to replace NaCl in foods with fish sauce without reducing overall taste intensity and consumer acceptance.     

不同冷冻方式对调味鱼贮藏品质的影响

为了开发斑点叉尾鮰调理食品并考察不同冷冻方式对其冻藏品质的影响,将加工好的调味鱼进行缓慢冷冻(-18 ℃)、中速冷冻(-30 ℃)和快速冷冻(-80 ℃)处理后,转入-18 ℃贮藏。在贮藏期间,测定调味鱼的pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、2-硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、K值、生物胺,再结合感官评价,分析不同冷冻方式对调味鱼冻藏品质的影响。结果表明,在贮藏期间3种处理的调味鱼pH均随贮藏时间的延长先降低后升高,TVB-N值、TBA值、K值、腐胺、尸胺等随着贮藏时间的延长不断上升。缓慢冷冻的调味鱼在贮藏期间综合品质低于其他2组处理,贮藏末期感官评分已略低于可接受分值,且检出尸胺56.9 mg/kg;中速和快速冷冻的调味鱼直至贮藏末期感官评分均未低于可接受分值,但中速冷冻处理的调味鱼在贮藏末期检出尸胺33.4 mg/kg;快速冷冻的鱼肉在整个贮藏期间未检出尸胺,综合品质较高。     

Carcass Characteristics of Channel and Hybrid Catfish, and Quality Changes during Refrigerated Storage

Channel (Ictalurus punctatus) and hybrid (channel, I. punctutus, female × blue, I. fircatus, male) catfish were harvested from the same pond. Fillets were overwrapped or vacuum-skin packaged and stored 13 days at 4°C. Carcass characteristics, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities were compared. No significant differences in body weight and proximate composition between the two genotypes were found. However, the visceral fat of the hybrids was significantly higher than that of channel catfish. Vacuum-skin packaged fillets had significantly lower free fatty acid levels and psychrotrophic populations than did overwrapped fillets on the 13th day of refrigerated storage.     

电商物流过程中温度波动对鮰鱼片冷藏品质的变化

该研究测定了实际电商物流和模拟物流过程中鱼片产品的温度变化,并探究了不同终止温度对冷冻鮰鱼片冷藏品质影响。经过实际电商物流中不同运输距离鮰鱼片的温度变化模拟电商物流不同带冰量、包装材料和温度环境下鮰鱼片的温度变化,发现冷冻鱼片的物流终止的温度在0~8 ℃之间。实验设定了3个电商物流终止温度（0、4、8 ℃）,模拟鮰鱼片继续冷藏的过程。结果表明,随贮藏时间的延长,鮰鱼片的汁液损失率、b*值、三甲胺含量、硫代巴比妥酸（Thiobarbituric Acid,TBA）含量、挥发性盐基氮（Total Volatile Base Nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、新鲜度（K值）、菌落总数均显著上升,而pH值和色泽无显著影响。另外,电商物流终止温度为0 ℃的鮰鱼片在冷藏过程中,嫩度、三甲胺含量、TBA、TVB-N、K值最低,其次是终止温度为4 ℃的鮰鱼片,而终止温度为8 ℃时冷藏超过6 d,菌落总数为7.12 lg CFU/g超出鲜鱼的最高安全限量值,不推荐食用。电商物流结束时终止温度对后期产品冷藏品质影响较大,终止温度越低,后期冷藏时品质劣变越慢。     

鮰鱼肌肉组织中不动杆菌的分离及鉴定

将鮰鱼在4℃冷库中取得背部肌肉组织,进行真空包装,在4℃冰箱中贮藏7 d,分离得到2株细菌,分别编号为by 7-2、bs 7-3,进行细菌形态学观察、革兰氏染色、生化鉴定、16S rDNA测序及负染等。结果表明:菌株by 7-2在LB琼脂培养基上为圆形、湿润、白色菌落,菌株bs 7-3在LB琼脂培养基上为圆形、湿润、乳白色菌落;革兰氏染色镜检表明,2株细菌均为革兰氏阴性菌;负染结果表明,by 7-2为短杆菌,bs 7-3为长杆菌,且二者均无鞭毛;生化鉴定结果显示,菌株by 7-2和bs 7-3硝酸盐还原、精氨酸双水解酶、乙酰胺酶、分解木糖、分解麦芽糖、分解甘露醇、DNA酶和氧化酶实验均为阴性,菌株bs 7-3的利用柠檬酸盐和O-F实验为阳性,菌株by 7-2利用柠檬酸盐和O-F实验为阴性;进一步通过16S rDNA测序及系统发育树分析显示,by 7-2与约翰逊不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii)亲缘关系最近,相似度达99.90%,bs 7-3与抗辐射不动杆菌(Acinetobacter radioresistens)亲缘关系最近,相似度达99.79%。因此,菌株by 7-2为约翰逊不动杆菌,bs 7-3为抗辐射不动杆菌。     

斑点叉尾鮰在不同保藏温度下的鲜度变化

从感官评定、僵硬指数、K值、pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、细菌总数等6个方面综合测定斑点叉尾鮰在4℃、10℃和20℃保藏中的鲜度变化,并比较不同评价方法的适用性。结果显示,随着保藏温度水平的升高,其鲜度下降逐渐加快。在20℃时很快达到全僵,并迅速出现解僵,而在4℃和10℃下相对较为缓慢。K值在20℃时上升较快,而在4℃和10℃下增加缓慢。斑点叉尾鮰肌肉的pH总体变化不是很明显。TVB-N水平的升高与细菌代谢有关,其值随着时间的延长而逐渐增大,可作为描述斑点叉尾鮰死后后期质量变化的一个主要分解指标,并与菌落总数之间显示出良好的相关性。总而言之,斑点叉尾鮰在常温保藏时(如20℃)鲜度下降较快,因此宰杀后的鱼体应迅速放在一个相对低温的环境中(如4℃)进行保藏。     

Effects of High Pressure on Texture and Microstructure of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) Fillets

High pressure is an innovative non‐thermal food‐preservation technology. We studied the effect of high‐pressure treatment up to 500 MPa for 5 min on physical characteristics of sea bass fillets after 0, 7, and 14 d of refrigerated storage. Color results exhibited an increase of lightness and a slight change of hue, which might be imperceptible in cooked fish. High‐pressure treatment induced a decrease of exudation and water‐holding capacity. Pressure treatment above 300 MPa provoked higher fish hardness after storage than in untreated sample, proving the ability of high pressure to improve textural quality of chilled, stored fish fillet. These assessments were corroborated with microstructure observations. We showed that high‐pressure treatment at 500 MPa allowed, after 7 d of storage, a total aerobic count equivalent to that of untreated fresh fish fillet to be obtained. Thus, high pressure might be considered to be a technology able to improve safety and textural quality of fresh fish fillets.     

从斑点叉尾(鱼回)鱼头中提取明胶的预处理工艺研究

研究预处理条件对斑点叉尾鲴鱼头提取骨明胶性能的影响,找出最优预处理条件。试验表明,最优酶解制骨条件:采用碱性蛋白酶,酶解pH 9,酶解温度50℃,鱼头:水(g:mL)=1:1,加酶量680 U/g,振荡频率152 r/min。最优浸酸除盐条件:浸酸温度20℃,浸酸用浓度0.4 mol/L HCl,骨粉:盐酸(g:mL)=1:5,搅拌速度130次/min,每次浸酸1.5 h,共浸酸5次。     

Microbial Quality and Safety of X-Ray Irradiated Fresh Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Fillets Stored under CO(2) Atmosphere

The effect of low-dose X-ray irradiation (0, 2, and 3 kGy) on pathogens, spoilage bacteria (psychrotrophic, anaerobic, and lactic acid bacteria), and physicochemical parameters of iced catfish fillets stored under carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) atmosphere were studied. Irradiation of 2 or 3 kGy eliminated all Listeria monocytogenes (4.8 log CFU/g) and Salmonella Typhimurium (4.7 log CFU/g) while CO(2) atmosphere alone showed less than 1 log reduction on Salmonella Typhimurium. There was no recovery of either pathogen for the experimental period. Regardless of dose, irradiation showed 2 log reduction on psychrotrophic, anaerobic, and lactic acid bacteria for 24 d. Further post-irradiation reductions of spoilage bacteria were observed. Spoilage bacteria on catfish fillets treated with 2 kGy irradiation regained their growth after 16 d of storage. However, catfish fillets exposed to 3 kGy did not show growth of spoilage bacteria throughout the experimental period (24 d). Irradiation (2 or 3 kGy) increased pH and TBARS, and decreased Hunter "b" values but produced no effect on water holding capacity and texture. Shelf life of catfish fillets exposed to 2 or 3 kGy irradiation could be extended by more than 24 d at 2 to 4 °C, with the added safety of possibly eliminating pathogens.     

食用胶对西式火腿物性特性的影响

探讨以猪肉为原料的西式火腿加工过程中,食用胶加入的种类、加入方式和加入量对产品物性的影响,并采用正交试验研究不同食用胶在西式火腿中的应用效果。结果表明,卡拉胶的加入对西式火腿的黏着性、凝聚性、弹性均有较好影响,当以单一的食用胶添加在西式火腿中时,使用卡拉胶且以粉状的方式添加以及添加量为0.3% 时的效果为最佳。     

Fish Oil Dietary Effects on Fatty Acid Composition and Flavor of Channel Catfish

A typical channel catfish diet was supplemented with 0, 1.5, and 3% menhaden oil. Fillets were subjected to lipid, fatty acid, and TBA analyses. After 6 mo storage at ?18°C, fillets were again analyzed for TBA value and flavor panel profile. Fillets from catfish fed diets with 1.5 and 3% supplemental fish oil had elevated levels of n-3 fatty acids (P<0.05). TBA number and off-flavor attributes were not affected by treatments. Menhaden oil supplementation up to 3% enhanced the content of n-3 fatty acids in channel catfish fillets without adversely affecting flavor attributes or storage quality.