Performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain scheme vs. IPv6 mobility protocols

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and services. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. IETF has standardized several protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6 to provide mobility management on the IP network. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domain and describe the main features and key strengths of Virtual Mobility Domain that are designed to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. Instead of IP addressing, the proposed Virtual Mobility Domain uses a tiered-addressing scheme to identify a mobile node with a single address regardless of its location. The tiered addressing provides a dynamic address length which brings less signaling overhead and scalable management. We also propose a collaborative network-based mobility management mechanism to provide low-latency handoffs and less processing-overhead on the mobile node compared to the IPv6-based protocols. The proposed mobility scheme unifies inter and intra-domain mobility management by introducing common anchor cloud concept which provides a distributed management and seamless mobility experience. We present comparative qualitative and quantitative performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain and aforementioned IPv6-based mobility protocols for Intra-AS roaming support. We examine handoff latency and signaling overhead performance of each protocol based on numerical results retrieved from analytical models and OPNET modeler based simulations. The results from a comparative performance study show the potential for more efficient mobility management under the proposed Internet architecture.     

移动IPv6的路由特性分析

移动IPv6是为了使各种移动设备在下一代IP网络间实现无缝漫游而设计发展的路由协议。尽管在移动IPv4中已经解决了节点移动的问题,但由于IPv4本身的限制,它无法解决各种节点和网络移动组合的路由情况。文章在移动IPv6下,不仅对节点移动,还对网络移动的路由特性进行了分析。     

Mobile networking through Mobile IP

Mobile IP is a proposed standard protocol that builds on the Internet Protocol by making mobility transparent to applications and higher level protocols like TCP. Mobile IP (RFC 2002) is a standard proposed by a working group within the Internet Engineering Task Force; it allows the mobile node to use two IP addresses: a fixed home address and a care-of address that changes at each new point of attachment. The article presents the Mobile IP standard in moderate technical detail and points the reader toward a wealth of further information. Is also describes how Mobile IP will change with IP version 6, the product of a major effort within the IETF to engineer an eventual replacement for the current version of IP. Although IPv6 will support mobility to a greater degree than IPv4, it will still need Mobile IP to make mobility transparent to applications and higher level protocols such as TCP. There is a great deal of interest in mobile computing and apparently in Mobile IP as a way to provide for it. A quick Web search for items related to Mobile IP returned over 60,000 hits-impressive even given the notorious lack of selectivity for such procedures. Mobile IP forms the basis either directly or indirectly of many current research efforts and products. The Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), for example, has created a widely deployed communications infrastructure based on a previous draft specification of the protocol. In addition, most major router vendors have developed implementations for Mobile IP     

Fault-tolerant design for wide-area Mobile IPv6 networks

Mobile IPv6 provides the mobility management for IPv6 protocol. To establish a reliable Mobile IPv6 network, fault tolerance should be also considered in the network design. This paper presents an efficient fault-tolerant approach for Mobile IPv6 networks. In the proposed approach, if a failure is detected in the home agent (HA) of a mobile node, a preferable survival HA is selected to continuously serve the mobile node. The preferable survival HA is the HA that does not incur failure and is neighboring the current location of the mobile node. The proposed approach is based on the preference of each mobile node to achieve the fault tolerance of the HA. Finally, we perform simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach.     

Performance Evaluation of Fast Handover in Mobile IPv6 Based on Link-Layer Information

Handover latency is the primary cause of packet loss resulting in performance degradation of standard Mobile IPv6. Mobile IPv6 with fast Handover enables a Mobile Node (MN) to quickly detect at the IP layer that it has moved to a new subnet by receiving link-related information from the link-layer; furthermore it gathers anticipative information about the new Access Point (AP) and the associated subnet prefix when the MN is still connected to the previous Corresponding Node (CN).This paper proposes an enhancement to Fast Mobile IPv6 handover (FMIPv6), based on link layer information, we also present performance evaluations in terms of the packet loss and handover latency using evaluation models.     

移动IPv6路由优化安全方案

移动IPv6为IPv6网络提供移动性支持,移动IPv6路由优化消除了移动IP中移动节点和通信对端存在的三角路由问题。但同时,移动IPv6也引入了一些安全上的威胁,其中有很大一部分是关于路由优化中的绑定更新的授权和认证问题。传统的返回可路由机制和CGA生成家乡地址的方法仍然存在安全上的问题,在CAM-DH协议的基础上进行改进,提出了一种新的增强方案,提高了安全性,优化了计算负载和报文交换性能。     

移动IPv6中移动节点的两种地址

随着网络技术和便携式终端的迅速发展,在网络中实现对移动性的支持变得越来越重要.下一代网络协议IPv6因其巨大的地址空间和合理的报文结构,为节点移动性的实现提供了有力的支持.移动IPv6充分利用了IPv6协议对移动性的内在支持.介绍了移动IPv6的基本概念和通信原理,详细分析了移动节点的本地地址和转交地址,对两种地址之间的关系以及它们在移动通信中的重要作用进行了研究.     

Hierarchical Mobility Label Based Network: System model and performance analysis

Hierarchical Mobility Label Based Network (H-MLBN) is a new approach to the network layer mobility management problem that relies on MPLS-aware control plane and MPLS-based forwarding plane to provide IP mobility support for IPv4 and IPv6 mobile hosts and routers while being able to ensure optimal traffic delivery between the communicating devices. The hierarchical system is capable of both macro- and micro-mobility support without the use of Mobile IP and its derivatives thus eliminating the user and network facing performance penalties associated with triangular routing and bi-directional tunneling. This paper presents a system model and provides performance analysis for H-MLBN and compares its performance with the Mobile IP based schemes. The results indicate significant performance improvements in the forwarding plane traffic delivery as well as the control plane network update costs.     

HMIPv6的LT-TMAP快速切换方案

分层移动IPv6(HMIPv6)作为移动IPv6的一种改进技术用于解决宏移动和微移动之间的切换管理问题。针对移动锚点(MAP)的选取不合理造成移动节点服务时延增加、MAP负载过于集中等问题,提出HMIPv6的授权给临时移动锚点(LT-TMAP)快速切换方案,在理论上描述该实现过程。仿真结果表明该方案能够更有效地利用网络的MAP资源,具有更好的实时性,提高了切换效率。     

分层移动IP网络的自适应移动性管理

移动IP(mobile IP,MIP)使主机在移动过程中不需改变IP地址便可连续访问Internet,其主要缺点是主机在移动过程中需要频繁地进行绑定更新,产生的信令开销较大。为降低移动IPv6的信令开销,IETF(Internet engineering task force)提出了分层移动IPv6(hierarchical mobile IPv6,HMIPv6)协议。基于HMIPv6,提出了一种自适应的分层移动性管理方案。这种方案采用模糊逻辑,根据移动主机的移动次数及移动性管理代价,动态选取MAP(mobility anchor point)并调整MAP区域所管辖的接入路由器个数。仿真分析表明,所提出的方案的代价优于固定MAP区域的移动性管理方案。     

代理移动IPv6认证授权实现

代理移动IPv6协议是基于网络移动管理协议,是未来网络重要的移动性协议体系。代理移动IPv6认证授权实现给出了代理移动IPv6认证授权的设计方案,实现对接入网络中的移动节点进行接入认证和服务授权,并对该系统进行功能验证和性能分析实验,结果验证了设计有效可行。     

Mobile IPv6 deployments: Graph-based analysis and practical guidelines

The Mobile IPv6 protocol is a major solution to supply mobility services on the Internet. Many networking vendors have already implemented it in their operating systems and equipments. Moreover, it was recently selected to provide permanent IP addresses to end-users of WiMAX and 3GPP2. Mobile IPv6 relies on a specific router called the home agent that hides location changes of the mobile nodes from the rest of the Internet. To do so, the mobile nodes’ traffic must flow through the home agent. This mandatory deviation produces longer paths and higher communication delays.In order to solve these problems, we describe a new approach to address deployments of Mobile IPv6 based on graph theory and could be applied to any operator’s network. In particular, we use notions of centrality in graphs to quantify increases of communication distances induced by dogleg routing and identify relevant home agents locations. We evaluate this approach using real-world network topologies and show that the obtained Mobile IPv6 performance could be close to direct paths ones. The proposed algorithm is generic and can be used to achieve efficient deployments of Mobile IPv6 as well as Home Agent Migration: a new Mobile IPv6 architecture using several distributed home agents.     

基于家乡代理的绑定更新注册验证机制仿真

绑定更新注册是实现移动IPv6的移动性以及移动iPv6路由优化的技术基础,同时又会带来一系列新的安全问题,对移动节点和通信对端之间绑定更新注册验证是解决问题的关键.利用移动节点在业务定制阶段与其家乡代理建立的信任关系和共享密钥,提出一种新的基于家乡代理的绑定更新注册验证机制,并建立了移动iPv6环境下的验证模型和仿真试验系统.在同一仿真平台上,通过与该领域其它研究成果对比分析,在安全性和对路由可达的依赖方面,都优于现有验证机制.突出了家乡代理在绑定更新注册验证过程中的地位和作用,充分利用家乡代理在移动IPv6网络部署中的可控性和可管理性,使得移动IPv6的部署和管理变得更加方便.     

Comprehensive performance evaluation of distributed and dynamic mobility routing strategy

In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive performance study of distributed and dynamic mobility management (DDMM). DDMM presents a new architectural paradigm for a sustainable mobile networking against an ever-increasing amount of Internet data traffic, providing IP mobility management with distributed deployment of mobility anchors and dynamic activation when mobility is needed. Such a distributed mobility management concept is generally and intuitively accepted in terms of effective distribution of mobile traffic when compared with centralized mobility management (CMM) approaches. Nevertheless, the routing strategy of DDMM has not yet been properly examined through performance studies, and especially the impact of potential mobility routing strategies on the user plane is an open question. We perform a mathematical analysis of DDMM and present numerical results aiming to identify in which conditions, by which factors, and how much, DDMM improves mobility performance. For comparison, Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), and PMIPv6 localized routing (PMIPv6-LR) were considered as representative IP mobility protocols following CMM approaches. Analytical results demonstrate that DDMM generally achieves higher performance when compared with CMM-based protocols in terms of packet delivery cost, tunneling overhead, and throughput, but specific performance varies in function of multiple input parameters.     

移动IPv6快速切换研究综述

基本移动IPv6协议切换过程造成的延迟无法保证实时通信业务的服务质量，人们在基本移动IPv6协议的基础上提出了各种改进的切换方案．本文介绍了目前移动IPv6快速切换方案的研究进展情况，综述了当前主要的切换方案，并对各切换方案做了深入分析和比较，最后总结并指出今后的研究方向．     

一种具有AAA功能的移动IPv6快速切换方案的研究和实现

和目前WCDMA／GPRS、WLAN网络中的移动性相比，移动IPv6是一种网络层移动性解决方案。具有一定的优势。如垂直切换．但是移动IPv6的切换性能和安全性影响了其商业部署，提出了一种将快速切换和AAA结合起来的机制．并在基于网络处理器的接入路由器和Linux主机上实现了该方案．实验表明，该方案具有较小的切换时延．     

基于PMIPv6协议的QoS上下文转移方案

在IETF的NetLMM（Network-based Localized Mobility Management）工作组中,Proxy Mobile IPv6（PMIPv6）由于不需要移动节点对IP移动性的支持而引起人们的关注。基于PMIPv6框架,提出一种新的QoS上下文转移解决方案。它的优点是在移动节点执行切换的同时为实时应用提供服务质量保证。采用这种方法可以减少移动节点切换后重新发起信令建立QoS转发处理所带来的延时,减少了移动节点会话的QoS服务中断。理论分析和仿真实验表明,本方案可以显著降低实时业务切换时的延迟和开销,并且有较低的丢包率,实现了移动节点的平滑切换。     

移动IPv6与SIP的终端移动网络切换延迟研究与分析

移动IP和SIP(Session Initiation Protocol)以不同的方式提供对终端移动的支持，在下一代互联网IPv6实验环境下，重点分析了重复地址检测DAD(Duplicate Address Detection)、非平滑切换等对移动IPv6、SIP终端移动的网络切换延迟的影响，并提出了建议解决办法。     

Adaptive mobility anchor point to reduce regional registration and packets delivery costs

MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) has been developed as macro-mobility management protocol to support mobility of MUs (mobile users) over the Internet. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been developed as micro-mobility management protocol. There are many other mobility management protocols proposed so far like Fast Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6, Optimal Choice of Mobility management, and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6. These are based on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and have their own advantages and limitations. These protocols do not consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. Many MUs have fixed mobility pattern on daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in regional registration cost. We propose an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of MUs.     

移动IPv6网络及其安全性讨论

移动IPv6是建立在IPv6的体系结构上的,并作为IPv6协议不可分割的一部分,成为IPv6本质性的功能之一。移动IP提供了一种IP路由机制,使移动节点可以以一个永久的IP地址连接到任何的链路上。本文首先讨论了移动IPv6网络,其次对其安全性展开了简单的讨论。