Impact Energy of Functionally Graded Steels in Crack Arrester Configuration

Charpy impact energy of functionally graded steels produced by electroslag remelting composed of graded ferrite and austenite layers together with bainite or martensite intermediate layer in the form of crack arrester configuration has been investigated. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the notch tip position with respect to bainite or martensite layer significantly affects the impact energy. The closer the notch tip to the tougher layer, the higher the impact energy of the composite due to increment of energy absorbed by plastic deformation zone ahead of the notch and vice versa. Empirical relationships have been determined to correlate the impact energy of functionally graded steels to the morphology of layers.     

Resistance-curve and fracture behavior of Ti–Al3Ti metallic–intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites

The R-curve and fracture toughness behavior of single-edge notch beams of Ti–Al₃Ti metallic–intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites has been investigated. Composites with 14, 20, and 35% volume fraction Ti, with a corresponding intermetallic layer thickness of ~540, ~440, and ~300 microns, respectively, were tested in crack arrester and crack divider orientations. In the arrester orientation, the R-curve could not be determined for the two highest Ti volume fraction compositions as the main crack could not be grown through the test samples. In the divider orientation, R-curves were determined for all three Ti volume fractions tested. The laminate composites were found to exhibit more than an order of magnitude improvement in fracture toughness over monolithic Al₃Ti. Crack bridging and crack deflection by the Ti layers were primarily responsible for the large-scale bridging conditions leading to the R-curve behavior and enhanced fracture toughness. Estimates of steady-state toughness under small-scale bridging conditions were in close agreement with experimental results.     

EFFECT OF CREEP FRACTURE TOUGHNESS ON CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH

本文研究了蠕变断裂韧性对二种低合金耐热钢蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展的影响。试验表明:随着蠕变断裂韧性提高,抗蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展能力增加。材料呈韧性或脆性状态时,蠕变裂纹萌生和扩展过程不同。韧性状态时,裂纹为穿晶和晶界二种混合形式:穿晶裂纹可在晶内碳化物处发生,或在晶界上形核后向晶内扩展,晶界裂纹仍是由晶界上空洞形成和相互连接而成,裂纹可沿晶界和晶内扩展,但不连续。脆性状态时,裂纹沿晶界发生,它是由晶界形成空洞和相互连接而成,扩展仅沿晶界发生。     

载荷速率对充氢SA508-3钢断裂韧性的影响

采用高温高压气相热充氢方法将氢充入SA508-3钢,采用J积分方法比较不同载荷速率下未充氢与充氢钢的断裂韧性,考察氢对SA508-3钢断裂韧性的影响。结果表明,在相同载荷速率下,与未充氢SA508-3钢相比,充氢钢断裂韧性明显降低,充氢断口均为韧性和脆性混合断口形貌。随着载荷速率的降低,断裂韧性损失逐渐增加,准解理所占面积增加,脆性提高。在三向应力的作用下,氢与静水应力的交互作用能大于氢与可动位错的交互作用能,静水应力更易捕获到氢。SA508-3钢断裂韧性测试过程中,在三向应力的诱导下会促进氢富集在裂纹尖端碳化物和基体的界面处,从而降低了碳化物和基体的结合强度,致使阻碍裂纹扩展的能力减弱,因此钢充氢后断裂韧性降低。随着载荷速率的降低,三向应力作用在裂纹尖端的时间增加,氢富集在碳化物和基体界面浓度增加,氢压增强,加速裂纹扩展,钢的脆性提高,断裂韧性损失增加。     

X70管线钢不同温度下断裂韧性实验研究

以三维弹塑性断裂理论为基础，对有限厚度板裂纹端部应力场、三维应力约束进行了分析，通过对不同厚度、不同初始裂纹长度在不同温度下三点弯曲试件的断裂韧性测试断口观测和理论分析获得如下结果：离面约束对裂尖应力场及断裂韧性有强烈的影响；断口均产生分层裂纹，其位置、大小和数量与试样厚度、温度和裂纹初始长度有关；温度较低时，分层裂纹距主裂纹根部一定距离，分层裂纹宽度较小，对厚度效应影响较小；温度较高时，分层裂纹首先出现在主裂纹根部，分层裂纹宽度较大且充分张开，降低了试样的有效厚度，对X70管线钢进行性能评价时必须考虑管道壁厚、层裂和环境温度的耦合作用。     

Q690CFD高强钢焊接热影响区的断裂韧性

选用Gleeble-1500试验机模拟了两种成分Q690CFD高强钢的焊接粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ),测试了CGHAZ的冲击韧性,并通过三点弯曲试样,测试了CGHAZ的CTOD特征值. 利用SEM对CTOD试样断口及近断口区裂纹扩展行为进行了分析. 结果表明,示波冲击止裂功及CTOD特征值δm/c/u(8)随温度降低呈明显下降趋势;将CTOD特征值δm用Boltzmann函数拟合后所得脆韧转变温度与示波冲击变化规律相对应;两种成分钢的CTOD失稳裂纹扩展路径与近断口区组织亚结构中大角度晶界和M/A分布位置有关.     

15Mn钢在3.5%氯化钠水溶液中的腐蚀疲劳

研究了不同组织状态的15Mn钢在3.5％氯化钠水溶液中的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,测定了裂尖区的平均氢含量和裂纹闭合力,发现外部条件(力学及环境)和材料的显微组织对腐蚀疲劳有重要影响。结合断口和裂纹走向观察,提出了15Mn钢腐蚀疲劳断裂的复合机制和断裂机制图。     

预应变对16MnR钢断裂韧性的影响SCIEI

本文实验发现预应变对16MnR钢的断裂韧性具有显著的影响,断裂过程中裂尖区域材料的组织结构发生了变化,裂纹在二次珠光体组织上扩展。16MnR钢断裂韧性的大小取决于碳原子的扩散及二次珠光体组织生成的难易程度。     

EFFECT OF CREEP FRACTURE TOUGHNESS ON CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION UNDER CREEP FATIGUE INTERACTION

本文研究了蠕变断裂韧性对三种低合金Cr-Mo-V钢在蠕变一疲劳交互作用下裂纹开裂和扩展的影响.试验表明,材料韧性对裂纹开裂和扩展起重要作用,脆性状态时,裂纹开裂时间比蠕变时短,二者间的裂纹扩展速度无明显差别;韧性状态时,裂纹开裂时间不仅比蠕变时短,而且其裂纹扩展速度比蠕变时大得多.此外,低合金Cr-Mo-V钢经蠕变一疲劳交互作用后有脆化倾向,其脆性程度取决于钢的原始韧性值.韧性状态时,蠕变-疲劳交互作用显著促使三种Cr-Mo-V钢由韧性向脆性转变;而在脆性状态时,这种脆性转变不明显。     

Influence of nonmetallic inclusion characteristics on the mechanical properties of rail steel

An extensive investigation has been carried out on six commercial heats of pearlitic rail steel to study the influence of nonmetallic inclusion characteristics on the tensile, fatigue, and fracture toughness properties. The steels investigated were made through the basic oxygen furnace (BOF)-continuous casting route and rolled in the rail and structural mill into 90 kg/mm² ultimate tensile strength (UTS) grade rails. While tensile properties (yield strength [YS], UTS, and elongation) of the rail steels investigated were found to be insensitive to inclusion type and volume fraction at their present level (0.23 to 0.45%), the fracture toughness and high-cycle fatigue properties were found to be inclusion sensitive. The fracture toughness values of the steels were found to range between 42.33 and 49.88 MPa √m; higher values, in general, were obtained in heats exhibiting lower volume fractions (0.15 to 0.19%) of sulfide inclusions. The high-cycle fatigue limit, i.e., stress corresponding to 10⁷ cycles, was found to be higher in cleaner steels, particularly in those with lower volume fractions of oxide inclusions. This phenomenon was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of fracture surfaces, where oxide inclusions in particular were found to be instrumental in crack initiation. Although fatigue life did not show any direct correlation with the volume fraction of sulfides, elongated MnS inclusions were sometimes observed at crack initiation sites of fatigue-tested specimens.     

Determination of lower bound fracture toughness of a high strength low alloy steel welded joint

Abstract

The use of high strength low alloy steels for high performance structures (e.g. pressure vessels and pipelines) requires high strength consumables to produce an overmatched welded joint. This globally overmatched multipass welded joint contains two significantly different microstructures, as-welded and reheated. In this paper, the influence of weld metal microstructure on fracture behaviour is estimated in comparison with the fracture behaviour of composite microstructures (as-welded and reheated). The lower bound of fracture toughness for different microstructures was evaluated by using the modified Weibull distribution. The results, obtained using specimens with crack front through the thickness, indicated low fracture toughness, caused by strength mismatching interaction along the crack front. In the case of through thickness specimens, at least one local brittle microstructure is incorporated in the process zone at the vicinity of the crack tip. Hence, unstable fracture occurred with small, or without, stable crack propagation. Despite the fact that the differences between the impact toughness of a weld metal and the that of base metal are insignificant, the fracture toughness of a weld metal can be significantly lower.     

Der Einfluß der Umgebung auf die Rißzähigkeit und Rißausbreitung bei höherfesten Stählen

Influence of the environment on the cracking toughness and crack propagation in high-strength steels The crack toughness of four fine grained steels and one high strenght steel of different heat-treatments are investigated in 3% NaCl solution depending from the electrochemical polarisation. The steels are of commerical compositions, their strengths are in the range of 635 to 1460 N/mm². The stress intensity factors, K_ISCC for slow crack growth are determined by a method of fracture mechanics. For these investigations the DCB-specimen with an incipient crack is used. The K_ISCC-values generally decrease with increasing strength of the steels, but they show different susceptibility for crack growth under cathodic and anodic polarisation. Outdoor experiments conducted in seawater covering a period of one year confirm the results of laboratory.     

Effect of switching stresses on domain evolution during quasi-static crack growth in a ferroelastic single crystal

The present paper demonstrates the effect of switching stresses on domain evolution and fracture toughening during quasi-static crack growth in elastically isotropic ferroelastic single crystals with transversally isotropic ferroelastic strains. With a simple switching algorithm and crack propagation procedure, domain evolution is simulated in an exemplary material with semi-infinite crack under mode I loading, starting from a mono-domain configuration. Domain reorientation is found to be strongly affected by switching stresses, which therefore have to be considered in the context of domain evolution modelling and fracture toughening. Before the onset of crack growth a needle-like domain is formed at the tip of the stationary crack, but this does not effect the crack tip stress intensity factor. Elongation of this domain during the onset of crack growth causes a large increase of the fracture toughness. Domain separation in a later stage results in toughness reduction. The subsequent domain evolution indicates a periodic formation of needle-like domains as observed in soft ferroelastic materials.     

IMPROVEMENT OF CARBIDE MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cr12MoV STEELS

1. IntroductionCr12MoV steel is used widely as an important high wear resistallt cold die steel aroundthe world[1]. It is well known that Cr12MoV steel has networked carbide in the solidification structure, which leads to the intergranular brittleness. Moreover. The networkcarbide is too stable to be changed during heat treatment even at high temperaturely]. Inthe conventional process, forging is needed to break etwork carbide into a granular form.However, partly owing to Cr12MoV steel hav…     

Crack initiation and propagation of galvanized coatings hot-dipped at 450 °C under bending loads

Crack initiation and propagation behaviors in the intermetallic layers of galvanized coatings subjected to bending loads are characterized and numerically simulated. Coating structure of galvanized steel prepared by hot dipping at 450 °C is a laminate composite consisting of δ, ζ, and η phases, with an infinitesimal layer between the coating and steel article speculatively representing a Γ phase. The specimens were deformed in a four-point bending configuration, and the evolution of cracks was investigated as a function of bending angles. Through-cracks were found to develop in the δ layer of the coatings after thermal cooling due to thermal stresses and propagate toward the outer surface under increments of bending loads. Finite element simulations of galvanized steels were subsequently developed with an initial crack tip located in the δ layer to determine the controlling parameters of the crack propagation and to assess the coatings' fracture parameter, critical far field stress, and stress distributions. The analysis highlights the enhancement of fracture resistance of the galvanized coatings owing to the presence of the ζ layer.     

TCS不锈钢焊接接头CTOD断裂韧度试验研究

在TCS不锈钢前期焊接试验中发现其焊接接头热影响区的冲击吸收功值在熔合线附近较低,原因是接头热影响区晶粒粗大所致.为了解TCS不锈钢焊接接头发生脆性裂纹的温度,进行了TCS不锈钢焊接接头CTOD断裂韧度试验研究,试验结果得出了发生脆性裂纹的温度.从试验结果和使用情况得出相应的结论,为今后的进一步研究奠定了基础.     

Understanding the factors controlling the interfacial failure strength of advanced high-strength steel resistance spot welds: hardness vs. fracture toughness

The failure of advanced high-strength steels’ spot welds is a critical issue for automotive crashworthiness. This paper deals with understanding the underlying factors of the tensile-shear strength of automotive steels’ resistance spot welds during interfacial failure. It was found that the ratio of the fracture toughness to the hardness of the fusion zone is the critical factor governing the interfacial failure mechanism: ductile shear failure (controlled by the fusion zone hardness) vs. cleavage crack propagation (controlled by the fracture toughness). This clarification could pave the way for more accurate modelling of interfacial failure of advanced steel resistance spot welds and shed light on the design of proper post-weld heat treatment for improving the weld mechanical performance.     

A model of heating a flux-cored wire in arc metallizing and analysis of the structure of the coating

Summary

This paper describes HAZ‐notched CTOD tests of multipass welds in SMYS = 420–460 MPa class high‐strength steels for offshore structural applications. The weld metal strength overmatch causes different fracture behaviour depending on the actual CGHAZ toughness. When the CGHAZ is completely embrittled, the weld metal strength overmatch leads to the lower bound critical CTOD value. This is due to elevation of the local stress in the CGHAZ caused by the restraint effect of the overmatched weld metal. The fracture surface is generally flat, and brittle fracture originates from the CGHAZ sampled by the fatigue crack front. A larger fraction of the CGHAZ along the crack front gives a smaller critical CTOD value. When the CGHAZ has moderate toughness, however, the weld metal strength overmatch may produce a higher critical CTOD value at brittle fracture initiation. This is due to crack growth path deviation towards the base metal. Plastic deformation preferentially accumulates to a greater extent on the softer base metal side before the critical stress conditions for brittle fracture initiation occur in the CGHAZ. This asymmetrical plastic deformation promotes deviation of ductile crack growth from the crack tip CGHAZ. In this case, the critical CTOD value does not always reflect the CGHAZ toughness itself.

A notch location nearer the weld metal sometimes causes fracture initiation in the weld metal if the fatigue crack tip samples the CGHAZ. Such experimental data do not reflect the real CGHAZ toughness.

The significance of the critical CTOD value obtained in the tests must be determined in the fracture toughness evaluation of the weld CGHAZ. This paper presents a procedure for evaluation of CTOD test results obtained for HAZ‐notched welds that considers the strength mismatch effect.     

EFFECT OF GRAPHITE NODULES ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF NODULAR CAST IRON

本文在球铁三点弯曲试件的裂纹尖端区模拟球铁材料的微观结构,建立了宏观与微观相结合的局部复相离散计算模型和复相材料中J积分基本关系式,编制了适合计算多相材料弹塑性大应变及J积分的有限元程序,对石墨形状、大小及体积百分比等对球铁应力强度因子及断裂韧性的影响作了比较全面的分析,和相应实验结果符合得较好。     

含表面裂纹非匹配焊接接头的断裂行为

测试了两种超高强度钢低匹配接头母材、焊缝和热影响区的表面裂纹断裂韧性,比较了母材与热影响区的断裂韧度概率分布.同时采用有限元方法分析了匹配因子和裂纹位置对裂纹尖端张开应力和应力三轴度的影响.结果表明,当裂纹位于热影响区时,由于软焊缝使其应力三轴度降低,其断裂韧性明显好于母材;而当裂纹位于焊缝一侧时,匹配因子越高,距熔合线越远,则应力三轴度越低,断裂韧性越好;当裂纹位于焊缝中心时,两种匹配的断裂韧度相当.从而解释了试验结果.