Gloss reduction and morphological properties of polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) blends with SAN‐co‐GMA as a reactive compatibilizer

The gloss properties of the polycarbonate (PC)/poly(methyl methacrylate‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (MABS) blend with styrene‐acrylonitrile‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate (SAN‐co‐GMA) as a compatibilizing agent were investigated. For the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA (65/15/20, wt %) blend surface, the reduction of gloss level was observed most significantly when the GMA content was 0.1 wt %, compared with the blends with 0.05 wt % GMA or without GMA content. The gloss level of the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA (0.1 wt % GMA) blend surface was observed to be 35, which showed 65% lower than the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA blend without GMA content. The gloss reduction was most probably caused by the insoluble fractions of the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA blend that were formed by the reaction between the carboxylic acid group in poly(MABS) and epoxy group in SAN‐co‐GMA. The results of optical and transmission electron microscope analysis, spectroscopy study, and rheological properties supported the formation of insoluble structure of the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA blend when the GMA content was 0.1 wt %. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46450.     

Preparation and properties of UV‐curable fluorinated polyurethane acrylates containing crosslinkable vinyl methacrylate for antifouling coatings

To obtain highly effective antifouling coatings, a series of UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates containing diluents [heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (PFA, 6 wt %)/isobornyl acrylate (IBOA, 34 wt %)/methyl methacrylate (MMA, 20‐5 wt %)/vinyl methacrylate (VMA, 0–15 wt %)] were prepared. This study examined the effect of bulky MMA (20‐5 wt %)/crosslinkable VMA (0–15 wt %) weight ratio on the properties of the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates. The fluorine concentration in UV‐cured film surface increased with increasing VMA content up to 9 wt % and then decreased. The T_gα, transparency, elasticity, and mechanical properties of the UV‐cured film samples increased with increasing VMA content. The water/methylene iodide contact angles and surface tension of samples increased from 107/79 to 121/91° and decreased from 17.8 to 12.7 mN/m with increasing VMA content up to 9 wt % and then decreased/increased, respectively. From these results, it was found that the optimum VMA content was 9 wt % to obtain a high‐performance antifouling coating. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42168.     

Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl methacrylate) nanoparticles and their reinforcing effect on natural rubber

Poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl methacrylate) [P(MMA‐co‐BMA)] nanoparticles were synthesized via emulsion polymerization, and incorporated into natural rubber (NR) by latex compounding. Monodispersed, core‐shell P(MMA‐co‐BMA)/casein nanoparticles (abbreviated as PMBMA‐CA) were produced with casein (CA) as surfactant. The chemical structure of P(MMA‐co‐BMA) copolymers were confirmed by ¹H‐NMR and FTIR analyses. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the core–shell structure of PMBMA‐CA, and PMBMA‐CA homogenously distributed around NR particles, indicating the interaction between PMBMA‐CA and NR. As a result, the tensile strength and modulus of NR/PMBMA‐CA films were significantly enhanced. The tensile strength was increased by 100% with 10% copolymer addition, when the molar ratio of MMA:BMA was 8:2. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results presented that the NR/PMBMA‐CA films exhibited smooth surfaces with low roughness, and PMBMA‐CA was compatible with NR. FTIR‐ATR analyses also suggested fewer PMBMA‐CA nanoparticles migrated out of NR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43843.     

Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride)/SiO2?TiO2 hybrid materials and their thermo‐ and photodegradation behaviors

The optically transparent poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride) P(MMA‐co‐MA)/SiO₂? TiO₂ hybrid materials were prepared using 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane as a coupling agent for organic and inorganic components. Real‐time FTIR was used to monitor the curing process of hybrid sol, indicating that imide group formation decreased with increasing titania content. scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry results confirmed their homogeneous inorganic/organic network structures. TGA analysis showed that incorporated titania greatly prohibits the thermodegradation of hybrid films, especially at the content of 5.3 wt %, showing an increase of about 32.6°C at 5% loss temperature in air. The UV degradation behavior of P(MMA‐co‐MA) studied by quasi‐real‐time FTIR showed that TiO₂ incorporated in the hybrid network provides a photocatalytic effect rather than a UV‐shielding effect. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1714–1724, 2005     

Surface structure and properties of water‐based polymer coating materials prepared by the complexation of two polymer latices with chemically complementary structures

In this study, water‐based polymer coating materials used for the surface coating of substrates with lower surface energies were prepared by the complexation of two‐component polymer latices containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and having chemically complementary structures. The film‐forming performance of the polymer latices and the surface structures and properties of the coatings formed by the polymer latices were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and by the measurement of mechanical strength, thermal performance, water absorbability, and contact angle. When the two‐component polymer latices [the poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐methyl acrylic acid)/polydimethylsiloxane system (PA latex) and the poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐pyrrolidone)/polydimethylsiloxane system (PB latex)] were compared, the complex polymer latex formed by the complexation of the PA latex with the PB latex had the best film‐forming performance, with formed coatings that were more smooth and had fewer less cracks. Also, compared to the two coatings formed by the two‐component polymer latices, the coatings formed by the complex polymer latex had a unique structure, a higher mechanical strength and elongation, a higher decomposing temperature, and better water resistance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1748–1754, 2003     

Complexation of poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) latex with poly(dimethylsiloxane)/poly(vinyl acetate‐co‐butyl acrylate) latex

Two latices—the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) system (PA latex) and the PDMS/poly(vinyl acetate‐co‐butyl acrylate) system (PB latex)—were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization, and PA/PB complex latices were obtained through the interparticle complexation of the PA latex with the PB latex. In addition, for the further study of the interparticle complexation of the PA latex with the PB latex, copolymer latices [PDMS/methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐vinyl acetate‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PC)] were prepared according to the monomer recipe of the complex latices and the polymerization process of the component latices. The properties of the obtained polymer latices and complex latices were investigated with surface‐tension, contact‐angle, and viscosity measurements. The mechanical properties of the coatings obtained from the latices were investigated with tensile‐strength measurements. The results showed that, in comparison with the two component latices (PA latex and PB latex) and the corresponding copolymer latices (PC latices), the PA/PB complex latices had lower surface tension, lower viscosities, and better wettability to different substrates. The tensile strengths of the coatings obtained from the complex latices were higher than the tensile strengths of the coatings from the two component latices and copolymer latices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2522–2527, 2004     

Preparation and characterization of polystyrene/titanium dioxide composite particles containing organic ultraviolet‐stabilizer groups

Polystyrene/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) composite particles containing organic ultraviolet (UV)‐stabilizer groups were prepared by the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(3‐methacryloxy‐2‐hydroxylpropoxy)benzophenone with sodium sulfopropyl lauryl maleate as a surfactant in the presence of rutile TiO₂ modified with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, and the product was poly[styrene‐co‐sodium sulfopropyl lauryl maleate‐co‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐(3‐methacryloxy‐2‐hydroxylpropoxy) benzophenone] [poly(St‐co‐M12‐co‐BPMA)]/TiO₂ composite particles. The structures of the composite particles were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The Fourier transform infrared and UV–vis measurements showed that poly(St‐co‐M12‐co‐BPMA) was grafted from the surface of TiO₂, and this copolymer possessed a high absorbance capacity for UV light, which is very important for improving the UV resistance of polystyrene. The thermogravimetric analysis measurements indicated that the percentage of grafting and the grafting efficiency could reach 513.9 and 59.9%, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry measurement indicated that the glass‐transition temperature of the poly(St‐co‐M12‐co‐BPMA)/TiO₂ composite particles was higher than that of poly (St‐co‐M12‐co‐BPMA).These research results are very important for preparing polystyrene with high UV resistance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

The effects of acrylate monomers and polystyrene addition on the morphology of DOP‐plasticized styrene–acrylate polymer particles prepared by SPG emulsification and suspension polymerization

Fairly uniform copolymer particles of methyl acrylate (MA), butyl acrylate (BA), or butyl methacrylate (BMA) were synthesized via Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane and followed by suspension polymerization. After a single‐step SPG emulsification, the emulsion composed mainly of the monomers. Hydrophobic additives of dioctyl phthalate (DOP), polystyrene molecules, and an oil‐soluble initiator, suspended in an aqueous phase containing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) stabilizer and sodium nitrite inhibitor (NaNO₂), were subsequently subjected to suspension polymerization. Two‐phase copolymers with a soft phase and a hard phase were obtained. The composite particles of poly(St‐co‐MA)/PSt were prepared by varying the St/PSt ratios or the DOP amount. The addition of PSt induced a high viscosity at the dispersion phase. The molecular weight slightly increased with increasing St/PSt concentration. The multiple‐phase separation of the St‐rich phase and PMA domains, observed by transmission electron microscopy, was caused by composition drift because the MA reactivity ratio is greater than that of St. The addition of DOP revealed the greater compatibility between the hard‐St and soft‐MA moieties than that without DOP. The phase morphologies of poly(St‐co‐MA), poly(St‐co‐BMA), and their composites with PSt were revealed under the influence of DOP. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1195–1206, 2006     

Crystallization behavior and UV‐protection property of PET‐ZnO nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization

The aim of this study was to investigate the crystallization behavior and UV‐protection property of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)‐ZnO nanocomposits. PET‐ZnO nanocomposites containing 0.5–3.0 wt % of ZnO were successfully synthesized by in situ polymerization. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the silane coupling agent was anchored onto the surface of ZnO. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed ZnO particles were dispersed homogeneously in PET matrix with amount of 0.5–1.0 wt %. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results exhibited that the incorporation of ZnO into PET resulted in increase of the melting transition temperature (T_m) and crystallization temperature (T_c) of PET‐ZnO nanocomposites. The crystallization behavior of PET and PET‐ZnO nanocomposites was strongly affected by cooling rate. ZnO nanoparticles can act as an efficient nucleating agent to facilitate PET crystallization. UV–vis spectrophotometry showed that UV‐ray transmittance of PET‐ZnO nanocomposites decreased remarkably and reached the minimum value of 14.3% with 1.5 wt % of ZnO, compared with pure PET whose UV‐ray transmittance was 84.5%. PET‐ZnO nanocomposites exhibited better UV‐protection property than pure PET, especially in the range of UVA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effect of nanoclay and ZnO on the physical and chemical properties of wood polymer nanocomposite

Wood polymer composite (WPC) was prepared by using solution blended high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) with Phragmites karka wood flour and polyethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate (PE‐co‐GMA). The effect of addition of nanoclay and ZnO on the properties of the composite was examined. The distribution of silicate layers and ZnO nanopowder was studied by X‐ray diffractrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The improvement in miscibility among polymers due to addition of PE‐co‐GMA as compatibilizer was studied by scanning electron microscopy. WPC treated with 3 phr each of clay and ZnO showed an improvement in thermal stability and UV resistance. Mechanical and flame retarding properties were also enhanced after the incorporation of clay/ZnO nanopowder. Both water and water vapor absorption were found to decrease due to inclusion of nanoclay and ZnO in WPC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Synthesis of an acrylate elastomer with UV stabilization and its application in polyoxymethylene

In this study, an acrylate elastomer with light‐stable functional groups was synthesized by methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and a polymerizable UV stabilizer 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(3‐methacryloxy‐2‐hydroxylproroxy) benzophenone (BPMA) via emulsion polymerization, and the product was poly[methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate‐co‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐(3‐methacryloxy‐2‐hydroxylproroxy) benzophenone] [poly(MMA‐co‐BA‐co‐BPMA)]. The composition and characteristics of poly (MMA‐co‐BA‐co‐BPMA) were determined by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H‐NMR), and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis). Further, the obtained poly(MMA‐co‐BA‐co‐BPMA) was blended with polyoxymethylene (POM) to modify its photostabilization, as well as the mechanical properties of POM composite were tested before and after UV irradiation. The result showed that poly(MMA‐co‐BA‐co‐BPMA) can be dispersed well in the POM matrix, which could play a role of improving compatibility with and toughening for POM, and its light‐stable functional groups could increase the UV resistance of POM composite. Mechanical properties of modified POM were kept well with higher impact strength and elongation at break than pure POM after UV irradiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation and characterization of photoreactive copolymers containing curable pendants for positive photoresist

tert‐Butyl methacrylate (TBMA) was copolymerized with various comonomers that were selected from methyl methacrylate (MMA), n‐butyl acrylate (NBA), acrylic acid (AA), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). From film physical properties, poly(TBMA‐co‐HEMA) and poly(TBMA‐co‐AA‐co‐NBA), were selected as resin binders. To introduce unsaturated double bonds onto the side chain of copolymers, they were further functionalized with acryloyl chloride and glycidyl methacrylate. Copolymers synthesized in this investigation were all identified by using FTIR and NMR. The thermal decomposition temperature of functionalized poly(TBMA‐co‐HEMA) showed obvious difference before and after crosslinking. Adding a small amount of EGDMA as the crosslinking agent could increase the degree of crosslinking and obviously improve the physical properties. Functionalized poly(TBMA‐co‐HEMA) was used as a binder resin and composed with a photoacid generator for positive photoresists. From exposure characteristics, the optimal lithographic condition was achieved when exposed for 90 s, PEB at 100°C for 2.5 min, and developed in 10 wt % Na₂CO₃ developer for 30 s. After completing the lithography process, the residual pattern of positive photoresist was further treated at 140°C for 30 min to cure the pendant unsaturated groups. The resolution of the positive photoresist was analyzed by an optical microscope and SEM technique. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 328–333, 2001     

Synthesis of terpolymers having a phospholipid polar group and poly(oxyethylene) in the side chain and their protein adsorption–resistance properties

Terpolymers having phospholipid polar groups were synthesized from 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), methacryloyl or acryloyl poly(oxyethylene) macromonomers (POEM) [(CH₂CH₂O)_n (where n = 2–23); PEOM(2), PEOM(23), ME(9), Ph(6)], and n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA). The characteristics of these terpolymer membranes were investigated by water content (H) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The content of water in the terpolymer increased with increasing content of MPC and length of oxyethylene units. The membranes of terpolymers were found to adsorb bovine serum albumin much less than those of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(BMA). Even though the contents of MPC in the terpolymer were 5 to 25 mol %, the terpolymer depressed BSA adsorption more than poly(MPC‐co‐BMA) consisting of 29 mol % of MPC. The use of terpolymer with POEM can decrease the amount of MPC in the polymer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1092–1105, 2002     

Acrylate/EVA reactive blends and semi‐IPN: Chemical,chemical–physical,and thermo‐optical characterization

In the present work, blends between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or its copolymer with butyl methacrylate P(MMA‐co‐BMA) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) rubbers obtained applying the reactive blending principles were deeply investigated to clarify the chemistry of the system. A copolymeric phase, which is created in situ, was isolated and its chemical structure was determined through NMR analysis. The blends were also crosslinked with a flexible dimethacrylate to realize semi‐interpenetrated networks. The blends were characterized for their properties of interest (mechanical and optical behaviors). Particularly, an accurate investigation of the optical properties as a function of the temperature was performed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006     

Anticorrosive properties of epoxy resin coatings cured by aniline/p‐phenylenediamine copolymer

Aniline/p‐phenylenediamine copolymer [poly(ANI‐co‐p‐PDA)] was prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. FTIR and ¹H‐NMR analysis indicate that the poly(ANI‐co‐p‐PDA) is oligomer with end‐capped amino groups, which can cure epoxy resin. The anticorrosion performance of carbon steel (CS) samples coated by epoxy resin coating cured with poly(ANI‐co‐p‐PDA) and epoxy resin coating cured with triethylenetetramine exposed to 5 wt % NaCl and 0.1 mol/L HCl aqueous solution is studied by the potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the CS coated by epoxy resin coating cured with poly (ANI‐co‐p‐PDA) has more excellent corrosion protection than that of epoxy resin coating cured with triethylenetetramine. Raman spectroscopy analysis indicates that the surface of CS coated by epoxy resin coating cured with poly(ANI‐co‐p‐PDA) forms passive layer, which is composed of α‐Fe₂O₃. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Molecular design of reactive amphiphilic phospholipid polymer for bioconjugation with an enzyme

Water‐soluble amphiphilic phospholipid random copolymers such as poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)‐random‐n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA)) and block‐type polymer, poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) (Mw = 1.0 × 10⁴) with a carboxylic group on a terminal, were designed by photoinduced living radical polymerization. These polymers and poly(MPC) were conjugated to an enzyme, papain. The effects of BMA units in the polymers on the enzymatic activity and stability were investigated. The modification degrees of papain with poly(MPC‐random‐BMA) and poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) were 16–19% versus the total number of amino groups in native papain. The remaining α‐helix content of papains conjugated with poly(MPC‐random‐BMA) and poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) was maintained, but the remaining activity of the papains decreased with an increase in the composition of BMA units in the polymers. These activities were small compared to the papain conjugated to poly(MPC). However, the papains conjugated with poly(MPC‐random‐BMA) with 50% BMA units and poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) with 5% BMA units in the near side of the papain maintained much higher enzymatic activity for 28 days at 40°C compared with the papains conjugated with the other polymers. Moreover, the α‐helix content of the papains conjugated with the polymers was maintained at the initial level for 28 days at 40°C. We concluded that the MPC polymers, which contain BMA units, could effectively enhance the stability of papain by controlling the sequence of monomer units and the composition of BMA units in the polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 615–622, 2005     

Synthesis and properties of a ternary polyacrylate copolymer resin for the absorption of oil spills

A high‐oil‐absorption resin of a ternary copolymer for the absorption of oil spills was successfully prepared by suspension polymerization, and characterizations of the oil‐absorption resin were also examined in this study. The high‐oil‐absorption resin, a ternary copolymerized long‐chain polyacrylate with styrene (St), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and stearyl methacrylate (SMA) as the monomers and synthesized by suspension polymerization, was introduced. The oil‐absorption resin of St/BMA/SMA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The particle morphology of the resin was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of different polymerization technological parameters, such as the mass ratios of the monomer, the benzoyl peroxide initiator, and the crosslinking agent of divinylbenzene; the sort and concentrations of the dispersing agent of hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, and gelatin, and the polymerization temperature, on the oil absorbency of St/BMA/SMA are discussed in detail. The optimum polymerization conditions of the St/BMA/SMA copolymer were obtained as follows: m_St/m_monomer = 50 wt %, m_BMA/m_{soft monomer} = 60 wt %, m_water/m_oil = 3:1, m_DVB/m_monomer = 1.0 wt %, m_BPO/m_monomer = 1.5 wt %, m_HEC/m_monomer = 0.07 wt %, m_SDBS/m_monomer = 0.03 wt %, m_gelatin/m_monomer = 0.14 wt % (where m is the mass), temperature = 85°C. With increasing content of these factors, the oil absorbency increased at first and then decreased. Compared with binary copolymer St/BMA prepared in previous research, the highest oil absorbencies to dichloromethane were 12.80 and 23.00 g/g in the St/BMA and St/BMA/SMA copolymers, respectively. St/BMA/SMA had a higher oil absorbency and faster oil‐adsorbing rate than St/BMA. The oil absorption in the oil–water mixture and the recovery of the resin were also studied in detail. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40180.     

Preparation and properties of UV‐curable fluorinated polyurethane acrylates

A series of UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates (PUA0, FPUA3, FPUA6, FPUA 9 FPUA12, FPUA15, where the numbers indicate the wt % of perfluoroalkyl acrylate), were prepared from a reactive oligomer [4,4 ?‐dicyclohexymethanediisocyanate(H12MDI)/ poly(tetramethylene glycol)(PTMG)/2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA): 2/1/2 molar ratio, prepolymer:40 wt %] and diluents [methyl methacrylate (MMA, 20 wt %)/ isobornyl acrylate (IBOA, 40–25 wt %)/heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (PFA, 0–15 wt), total diluents: 60 wt %]. This study examined the effect of PFA/IBOA weight ratio on the properties of the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates for antifouling coating materials. The as‐prepared UV‐curable coating material containing a 15 wt % PFA content in diluents (MMA/IBOA/PFA) form a heterogeneous mixture, indicating that a PFA content of approximately 15 wt % was beyond the limit of the dilution capacity of diluents for the oligomer. In the wavelength range of 400–800 nm, the UV‐cured PUA0 film sample was quite transparent (transmittance%: near 100%). On the other hand, the transmittance% of the FPUA film sample decreased markedly with increasing PFA content. XPS showed that the film‐air surface of the UV‐cured polyurethane acrylate film had a higher fluorine content than the film‐glass dish interface. As the PFA content increased from 0 to 12 wt %, the surface tension of the UV‐cured urethane acrylates decreased from 26.8 to 15.6 mN/m, whereas the water/methylene iodide contact angles of the film–air surface increased from 90.1/63.6° to 120.9/87.1°. These results suggest that the UV‐curable polyurethane acrylates containing a PFA content up to 12 wt % have strong potential as fouling‐release coating materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40603.     

Surface treatment and characterization of functionalized latex particles and inorganic pigment particles used in the study of film formation from pigmented latex systems

The adsorption of sodium polyacrylate [NaPA] on noncarboxylated and carboxylated poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) [P(BMA/BA)] latexes and ground calcium carbonate (GCC) was studied. The adsorption isotherms of NaPA on P(BMA/BA) latex surfaces showed that NaPA tended to adsorb to a greater extent onto the latex particle surfaces when the carboxyl group surface coverage of latex polymer particles is low, which indicates a repulsive interaction between the dissociated carboxyl groups and NaPA macroions. The electrophoretic mobility of cleaned model P(BMA/BA) latexes decreased with the increasing carboxyl group surface coverage at pH 10 due to the alkali‐swelling characteristics of carboxylated latexes. For GCC, used as extender pigment particles in the pigmented latex blend systems, the size of the GCC pigment particles stabilized with NaPA decreased during a sonification process and their ζ‐potential became increasingly negative with the addition of NaPA to the GCC pigment slurry. Particle size and ζ‐potential measurements showed that NaPA can stabilize GCC particles effectively, and the optimum concentration of NaPA to stabilize GCC is around 1 wt % based on solid GCC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 398–404, 2006     

Application of conducting poly(aniline‐co‐pyrrole) film to cholesterol biosensor

Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) has been covalently immobilized onto poly(aniline‐co‐pyrrole), electrochemically deposited onto indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) glass plates, using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. These poly (An‐co‐Py)/ChOx films have been characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and photometric and amperometric techniques, respectively. The poly(An‐co‐Py)/ChOx bioelectrodes have been utilized for cholesterol estimation in the range of 1–10 mM. The ChOx activity in poly(An‐co‐Py)/ChOx bioelectrode has been found to be the highest at pH 7.0 at 25°C. The sensitivity and stability of poly(An‐co‐Py)/ChOx bioelectrode have been experimentally determined as 93.35 μA/mM and 10 weeks at 4°C, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007