复合板缺陷的空耦Lamb波扫描仿真与成像研究

针对当前空耦Lamb波缺陷检测的不足,通过有限元仿真与实验验证的方法,对多种复合板缺陷类型的空耦Lamb波扫描成像进行了研究。首先,利用ABAQUS建立了Lamb波在复合板内的三维传播模型,基于该模型研究了空耦Lamb波在不同类型复合板缺陷扫描检测下的衰减特性,仿真结果表明,根据Lamb波扫描信号可以识别出缺陷在扫描方向上的位置与尺寸;然后,基于仿真结果制定了空耦Lamb波扫描实验方案,搭建了扫描实验系统,从两个相互正交的方向对复合板进行扫描检测,通过比较仿真和实验结果,验证了有限元模型的正确性;最后,根据概率损伤算法得到了扫描区域内的缺陷图像,成像结果表明,基于扫描检测的空耦Lamb波缺陷成像方法可以有效识别出多种复合板缺陷的尺寸、形状和损伤程度。     

基于扭转模态的管道裂纹聚焦成像

利用超声导波技术,对管道的裂纹检测进行了研究,理论分析了扭转模态的传播特点。基于有限元模拟,分析了不同尺寸裂纹对T(0,1)模态传播的影响。为检测管道中裂纹的位置和尺寸,引入了综合聚焦成像算法。利用该算法,将接收到的反射波在管道不同位置(θ, z)处聚焦成像,并建立管道的成像分布I(θ,z)。成像结果直观地反映了裂纹的位置和尺寸。      

基于谱元法的板结构中导波传播机理与损伤识别

建立板结构的三维谱元法模型和结构-压电晶片耦合模型,对铝合金板中Lamb波的传播机理和与损伤作用规律进行研究。以单点激励力模型研究了板中Lamb波的频散关系,从理论上对所建立的模型进行了验证;基于压电晶片模型研究了在施加电压激励条件下导波的传播规律;研究单一压电晶片、板中上下表面施加同相位或反相位激励电压的两个压电晶片三种情况下结构的响应;对板中传播Lamb波的幅值与传播距离的关系进行分析;采用减小结构单元刚度的方法模拟结构中的裂纹损伤,研究Lamb波与损伤的作用;结合试验分析,验证所仿真结果结论的正确性。相对二维谱元法模型,所建立的板结构三维谱元法模型能更真实地模拟结构中导波的激励与接收以及波的传播。     

基于Lamb波的复合材料结构损伤成像研究

本文基于Lamb波和时频分析方法，提出了一种损伤成像方法，对复合材料结构进行在线的连续监测。首先通过高阶板理论建立了Lamb波在各向异性复合材料层板中随传播角度变化的频散关系，得到Lamb波的理论速度分布，为损伤成像提供基准信息；然后采用小波变换对由压电传感元件激励和接收的Lamb波信号在时频域进行分析，提取特征信息，得到散射波的能量分布；在此基础上通过考虑各向异性对Lamb波传播速度的影响，将散射波的能量分布与各个像素点的对比度关联起来，得到损伤的图像，将损伤的情况可视化。同时建立了原型结构健康监测系统，实验研究表明了本文所提出方法的可应用性和有效性。     

仿真驱动下的压力容器封底多损伤快速定位方法

面向大型压力容器特种设备的球形封底结构,传统的无损检测较难完成在役大型储底部的在线损伤检测。压电陶瓷传感器（PZT）能够同时激发和接收Lamb波实现大面积区域的损伤检测。文章利用压电陶瓷传感器构造了均匀圆心阵列,并提出了一种仿真数据驱动的压力容器球形封底多损伤快速定位方法。首先,对在半球形封底结构模型上建立阵列Lamb波信号的传播模型,利用阵列导向矢量构造圆心阵列稀疏特征;其次,在ABAQUS有限元软件中建立压力容器封底有限元分析模型,获取虚拟阵列稀疏特征库;最后,将损伤信号的阵列转向向量与虚拟阵列稀疏特征库进行相似性比较,通过损伤成像快速确定损伤信号的位置。数值和实验结果都验证了基于虚拟阵列稀疏特征建模的多损伤定位方法能够有效地监测轴对称结构,且精度较高。     

基于分级概率成像的大电机定子绝缘损伤识别

为了正确评估大电机定子绝缘老化程度,提出了一种基于导波复合特征的分级概率成像损伤检测方法。通过提取损伤前后Lamb波信号之间的相关系数,利用全局概率成像初步获取绝缘损伤的分布区域和损伤程度。通过提取Lamb波散射信号波包传播时间和峰值特征,采用局部概率成像方法进一步表征损伤的局部特征。通过对两种损伤概率成像结果进行图像融合获得定子绝缘损伤识别结果。最后,对不同的典型绝缘损伤进行了损伤检测实验。结果表明:利用复合特征和分级概率成像方法可以识别出定子绝缘损伤位置和损伤程度,能够为大电机定子绝缘故障诊断提供更加有效的参考信息。     

基于密集阵列的参数化Lamb波检测技术研究

Lamb波具有衰减慢、模态多、对结构几何特性和材料属性变化敏感等特点,在大型板壳结构的远距离、大范围快速检测技术研究领域得到了众多的关注。传统Lamb波成像算法将多组散射信号时间相关参数映射到结构每一个离散空间网格上实现缺陷信息的可视化。该类算法的执行效率低,且无法直接提供缺陷位置参数信息。将缺陷成像问题转换为散射信号源点求解问题进行分析,提出一种基于十字形密集阵列的参数化Lamb波检测技术。首先基于时飞原理建立散射信号源点求解函数模型;并提出一种融合烟火算法和统计分析技术的信号源点求解函数模型分析算法,实现缺陷空间位置的参数化分析。最后通过有限元模型和试验验证了所提出的检测技术对不同角度裂纹缺陷检测的有效性,并分析了模型参数设置对检测效果的影响。     

基于匹配追踪的蜂窝夹层复合材料损伤检测

基于Lamb波和匹配追踪时频分析方法,提出一种损伤成像方法,对蜂窝夹层复合材料结构进行损伤监测.首先针对Lamb波传播的特点,提出了匹配追踪方法的快速实现方案,该方法能准确地匹配失真变形的窄带脉冲信号,并识别Lamb波的模态;然后对由压电传感器采集到的Lamb波信号,采用匹配追踪方法提取特征信息,得到Lamb波的能量分布;在此基础上,考虑Lamb波在各向异性结构中传播速度的影响,将损伤处的散射波能量分布和各像素点对比度联系起来,得到损伤图像,将损伤的情况可视化.通过蜂窝夹层复合材料结构实验验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

核密度估计法在板件概率损伤识别中的应用

基于谱元法将核密度估计方法用于解决结构的损伤识别,从而得到了损伤位置的概率密度函数。通过建立压电-结构耦合的三维谱元法模型,模拟Lamb波在铝板完好及损伤结构中的传播过程。利用连续小波变换计算响应信号在传感器之间的飞行时间,得到Lamb波在结构中的传播速度。通过对Rayleigh-Lamb方程的数值分析,得到Lamb波的理论传播速度,并将其与谱元法得到的结果进行对比,证实了谱元法模型的准确性。在椭圆定位技术的基础上,考虑环境不确定性对测量信号的影响,引入核密度估计方法将损伤位置识别转化为一种概率性问题。讨论了3种噪声水平情况下的损伤位置的概率密度函数,并给出了最终识别的结果。结果表明,核密度估计方法能够有效地识别出损伤位置,最大误差在5%左右。     

基于PZT结Lamb波方向算法的损伤定位方法

基于Lamb波在板中的传播特性,针对复合材料的损伤检测,提出一种新型的损伤定位方法。该方法采用3个压电陶瓷片( piezoelectric transducers,简称PZT)组成PZT结,通过从各PZT中提取出损伤散射信号,找到其损伤波包到达的时间差,并依据Lamb波的传播速度得到位移差。首先,结合PZT结中各PZT的几何位置,具体推导出损伤方向算法,运用方向算法找到Lamb波在损伤位置发生散射后的其中一个传播方向,通过传播方向的交点来实现损伤位置的判定;其次,分析了互相关理论的基本原理,并运用互相关算法提取出损伤散射信号;最后,在碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料薄板上对该算法进行实验验证,求出了损伤方向以及损伤位置。验证结果表明,该方法能够对复合材料损伤进行有效的定位。     

Quantitative evaluation of orientation-specific damage using elastic waves and probability-based diagnostic imaging

Different from the damage with relatively smooth boundaries or edges such as a through-thickness hole or delamination which scatters elastic waves omnidirectionally, orientation-specific damage of sizable length in a particular dimension (e.g., a crack or a notch) often exerts strong directivity to elastic wave propagation. As a consequence the damage-scattered waves may not be captured efficiently by sensors at certain locations, posing a challenging issue to elastic-wave-based damage identification. In this study, the influence of damage orientation on Lamb wave propagation was quantitatively scrutinised. Based on the established correlation between damage parameters (location, orientation, shape and size) and extracted signal features, a probability-based diagnostic imaging approach was developed, in conjunction with use of an active sensor network in conformity to a pulse-echo configuration. Relying on enhancive signal features including both the temporal information and signal intensity, this imaging approach is capable of indicating the orientation of individual damage edges clearly and further shape/size of the damage. The effectiveness of the approach was demonstrated by predicting orientation-specific damage cases including a triangular through-thickness hole (through finite element simulation), a through-thickness crack and an L-shape crack (through experiment) in aluminium plates. With the assistance of a two-level synthetic image fusion scheme, all damage cases were visually and quantitatively highlighted in the probability images.     

Finite Element Modelling of Lamb Waves Propagation in 3D Plates and Brass Tubes for Damage Detection

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is becoming very significant for preventing catastrophic failures and uninterrupted operation. Due to continuous developments in SHM Lamb wave technique, finite element simulation is emerging as an initial step to be performed to visualize the potential solution to problem. The present study focus on the simulation of Lamb wave response using finite element method and its application to crack detection and identification in 3D aluminium plates and brass tubes using commercially available finite element package ABAQUS. Phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curve are initially plotted for aluminium and brass material. Subsequently simulation of distinct specimens with and without presence cracks is performed. Simulation results were validated and compared with actual results and were found to be in reasonably good agreement. A damage index parameter i.e. amplitude ratio is defined to notice the effect of crack dimensions variation. Interaction of Lamb waves with rectangular, semi-elliptical and semi-circular cracks (shallow to deep) is studied in detail. Also the application of signal processing techniques such as Spectrogram analysis, Fourier transform and Hilbert transform is also reported in this paper.     

板中Lamb波激励响应计算方法

采用基于半解析有限元的激励响应计算方法来求解薄板中Lamb波的激励响应结果,替代常规的实验方法,实现对薄板中Lamb波传播特性的仿真分析。与三维有限元仿真方法相比,采用激励响应计算方法仿真导波在波导介质中的传播过程可以节省计算量,提高效率。通过求解薄板中Lamb波的一般均质方程,基于频谱叠加原理,可以计算薄板中Lamb波激励响应结果。分别提取激励响应计算结果和实验测量数据,通过小波分析计算两种数据的Lamb波群速度。经验证,激励响应仿真计算结果与实验数据有很好的一致性,通过群速度频散曲线对比两种方法获取的数据,模态分析结论一致。激励响应计算方法还可以仿真计算任意截面波导介质中导波的传播过程,具有较好的通用性。     

A Stoneley wave method to detect interlaminar damage of metal layer composite pipe

The interlaminar defect is a major form of damage in metal layer composite pipes which are widely used in petroleum and chemical industry. In this paper, a Stoneley wave method is presented to detect interlaminar damage in laminated pipe structure. Stoneley wave possesses some good characteristics, such as high energy and large displacement at the interface and non-dispersive in the high-frequency, so the sensitivity of detecting interlaminar damage can be improved and the higher frequency can be used in damage detection compared with Lamb waves. Additionally, as the frequency increases, the wavelength of the Stoneley wave reduces. Thus, its ability to detect small defects at the interface is enhanced. Finite element model of metal layer composite pipe with interlaminar damage is used to simulate wave propagation of Lamb waves and Stoneley wave, respectively. The damage location is calculated by using the Stoneley wave signal obtained from finite element model, and then the results are compared with the actual damage locations. The simulation examples demonstrate that the Stoneley wave method can better identify the interlaminar damage in laminated pipe structure compared with Lamb waves.     

主动Lamb波合成波阵面损伤成像监测方法

对基于压电阵列的主动Lamb波结构健康监测技术进行了研究.分析了主动Lamb波损伤监测过程中损伤散射信号的特点,在已有研究成果基础上,研究提出合成波阵面损伤成像方法.利用压电阵列合成激励波阵面实现对Lamb波损伤散射信号的相干增强,给出了基本原理和实现技术;结合时间反转理论,给出了基于合成波阵面激励的损伤成像监测方法;在复合材料板结构上进行了实验研究,并与传统的单一压电片激励方法进行了分析和对比,实验结果表明,合成波阵面损伤成像监测方法能够有效提高Lamb波损伤散射信号的能量和监测的质量,增强抗干扰能力,同时对该方法存在的问题和解决办法进行了简单分析.     

Rapid localization of damage using a circular sensor array and Lamb wave based triangulation

A damage detection and imaging methodology based on symmetry of neighborhood sensor path and similarity of signal patterns with respect to radial paths in a circular array of sensors has been developed. It uses information regarding Lamb wave propagation along with a triangulation scheme to rapidly locate and quantify the severity of damage without using all of the sensor data. In a plate like structure, such a scheme can be effectively employed besides full field imaging of wave scattering pattern from the damage, if present in the plate. This new scheme is validated experimentally. Hole and corrosion type damages have been detected and quantified using the proposed scheme successfully. A wavelet based cumulative damage index has been studied which shows monotonic sensitivity against the severity of the damage, which is most desired in a Structural Health Monitoring system.     

基于激光激励技术的结构损伤成像

采用了一种新型的损伤检测技术,利用激光脉冲在板类结构中产生热弹效应,激发出板中的导波（Lamb波）。通过分析Lamb波的传播状态与损伤之间的关系,并利用Morlet复数小波变换和频散补偿能量聚焦的方法,从两个不同的角度分析信号并提取信号特征,实现了对平板结构的快速、大面积检测。实验结果表明,该系统具有较高的测量精度,能较好地检测结构缺陷。