VECTOR WAVE FUNCTION EXPANSION FOR SOLVING ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING BY BURIED OBJECTS

An analysis of solving the electromagnetic scattering by buried objects using vectorwave function expansion is presented.For expanding the boundary conditions both on the planarair-earth interface and on the spherical surface,the conversion relations between the cylindricaland spherical vector wave functions are derived.Hence the vector wave function expansion isconveniently applied to solve this complex boundary-value problem.For the excitation of the in-cident plane wave and the dipole above the earth,the scatterlng patterns of the buried conductingand dielectric spheres are presented and discussed.     

On the use of evanescent electromagnetic waves in the detection andidentification of objects buried in lossy soil

In some electromagnetic (EM) systems proposed for the detection of buried objects, such as landmines, the transducers (antennas) are located very close to the surface of the Earth. The coupling of energy into the Earth is then by the near field of the transducers, or, more precisely, by evanescent waves as well as propagating waves in the spectrum for the radiation from the transducers. Evanescent waves also contribute to the coupling of the scattered field from the shallowly buried object to the transducers. In this paper, we use simple models based on a plane-wave spectral analysis to perform a preliminary examination of the role that evanescent waves can play in the detection and identification of the buried object. The degree to which features in the image of the object can be resolved is of particular interest, since the features can be used to distinguish the object from clutter (such as rocks). The effect of loss in the soil on imaging is also of interest     

求解埋入体电磁散射问题的矢量波函数展开法

本文利用矢量波函数展开法求解了任意激励原埋入体的电磁散射问题。通过导出圆柱和圆球矢量波函数的转换关系,使场量满足分界平面和数学球面边界条件,从而方便地利用矢量波函数展开求解了这一复杂边值问题。作为示例,本文计算了在平面波和偶极子激励下,埋入导体球和介质球的散射场。     

On the Use of Surface Impedance in the Detection and Location of Buried Objects

A method to detect and locate the cylindrical objects buried in a half-space is presented. The method is based on the reconstruction of the appearing surface impedance of the half-space through remote field measurements of scattered field for a single plane wave illumination. The existence of the objects causes surface impedance to be a function of location. The inhomogeneous surface impedance is determined from the boundary condition itself which requires to know the scattered field and its derivative on the boundary. These values are calculated by analytically continuing the measured data to the boundary of the half-space. The method yields satisfactory results if (i) adjacent cylinders are not very close to each other, (ii) the cylinders are not deeply buried and (iii) the half-space of burial is not highly attenuative.     

FDTD modeling of scatterers in stratified media

The FDTD technique is well suited for calculating the fields scattered by buried objects when the sources are close enough to the air/ground interface so that they can be incorporated into the solution space. Difficulties arise, however, when the sources are far from the interface since the total fields in the solution space are not all outgoing waves. Using well-known formulas for the fields transmitted and reflected by stratified media, this paper discusses a method whereby the fields scattered by a buried object can be easily calculated by the FDTD technique when the incident field is a plane wave     

Electromagnetic scattering from an inhomogeneous object by raytracing

A shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) formulation is presented for treating the electromagnetic scattering from electrically large, inhomogeneous objects. A dense grid of rays representing the incident plane wave is shot toward the inhomogeneous objects. At the scatterer boundary, reflected rays and refracted rays are generated due to the discontinuity of the medium parameters. The trajectory, amplitude, phase and polarization of the rays inside the inhomogeneous object are traced based on geometrical optics. Whenever the rays cross the scatterer surface, additional reflected/refracted rays are generated and are tracked. This is repeated until the intensities of the refracted/reflected rays become negligible. The contributions of the existing rays to the total scattered field are calculated using the equivalence principle in conjunction with a ray-tube integration scheme. The ray formulation is applied to calculate the backscattering from cylinders and spheres and good agreement with the exact series solutions is observed in the high-frequency range. In addition, the backscattering mechanisms in penetrable objects are interpreted in terms of simple ray pictures     

Electromagnetic surface waves: New formulas and applications

Relatively simple and accurate formulas are now available for the complete electromagnetic field generated by vertical and horizontal dipoles located on or near the boundary between two electrically different half-spaces such as air and water or rock and sea water. The principal part of the field is an outward-traveling lateral wave with useful properties. The formulas are given and their application to a variety of problems reviewed briefly. These include: radio communication over the surface of the earth or sea, the wave antenna, communication with submarines using vertical dipoles in air and horizontal dipoles in the sea, the location of buried objects using horizontal dipoles on the surface of the earth, and the measurement of the conductivity of the sea floor.     

An FDTD near- to far-zone transformation for scatterers buried instratified grounds

The finite-difference time-domain (EDTD) technique is being used with increasing frequency for modeling the scattering characteristics of buried objects. The FDTD has, for some time, been able to model the near-zone scattered fields of buried objects due to near-zone sources. This is adequate for modeling the scattered returns of ground-based ground-penetrating radar, but not for airborne radar. This paper describes an FDTD-compatible technique whereby far-zone scattered fields of objects buried in a stratified ground can be calculated. This technique uses the equivalence principle to model a buried object in terms of equivalent electric and magnetic currents. The fields radiated by these currents in the presence of a stratified ground are then calculated using the reciprocity theorem and the well-known field equations for plane waves in a stratified media. Numerical results are presented that show excellent agreement between this technique and both analytical and numerical results     

Bistatic frequency-swept microwave imaging: Principle, methodologyand experimental results

The basic principle, methodology, and experimental results for frequency-swept microwave imaging of continuous shape conducting and discrete line objects in a bistatic scattering arrangement are presented. The theoretical analysis is developed under the assumptions of plane wave illumination and physical optics approximation. The measurement system and calibration procedures are implemented based on plane wave spectrum analysis. Images of three different types of scattering objects reconstructed from the experimental data obtained in the frequency range 7.5-12.5 GHz are shown to be in good agreement with the scattering object geometries. The results demonstrate that this bistatic frequency-swept microwave imaging system has potential as a cost-effective tool for remote sensing, imaging radar, and nondestructive evaluation     

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Elastic Targets Using Acousto-Electromagnetic Wave Interaction and Time Reversal Focusing

The objective of this research is to demonstrate the efficacy of using acoustic and electromagnetic (acousto-EM) wave interaction and time-reversal focusing in the non-destructive evaluation of an object. Acousto-EM wave interaction occurs when an electromagnetic wave scatters from an object under seismic or acoustic illumination; the acoustic vibration of the object gives rise to a frequency modulated scattered electromagnetic field which is a function of the object and both the electromagnetic and acoustic source parameters. A recently developed model, which is capable of predicting the first Doppler component of the frequency modulated scattered field for arbitrary two-dimensional objects over a wide bandwidth, is used in the analysis. Time reversal focusing is also used to improve sensitivity and obtain information about the location of flaws within the target. Both the unshifted electromagnetic fields scattered from the stationary target and the Doppler component are analyzed. The sensitivity of the Doppler component to the presence of flaws, which perturb the mechanical mode shape and resonance frequency, is demonstrated for application in non-destructive evaluation.      

Simulation of near-surface detection of objects in layered media by the BCGS-FFT method

Near-surface electromagnetic characterization of objects buried in multilayered earth is important for the detection and identification of landmines, unexploded ordnance, and underground structures. However, so far little progress has been made in the development of fast algorithms for inhomogeneous objects in a layered medium. We report an iterative technique, the stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform (BCGS-FFT) method, that simulates near-surface detection of three-dimensional, inhomogeneous objects buried in multilayered media. The CPU time and memory cost of the BCGS-FFT method is O(NlogN) and O(N), respectively, where N is the number of unknowns. This method is significantly more efficient than method of moments. It is capable of solving large-scale electromagnetic scattering problems with an arbitrary inhomogeneous object embedded in a layered medium with an arbitrary number of layers. Examples in subsurface detection of large buried objects are shown to demonstrate the efficacy of this method. At present, the object must be located completely within one single layer in this multilayer medium, but efforts are underway to remove this limitation.     

半空间模型的地下目标成像

由于电磁波在穿越不同介质时会出现折射现象,因此在对地下目标成像时,电磁波信号在穿越从雷达到达地下目标的组合通道时,路径不是直线而是折线,此时利用常规的自由空间中的合成孔径成像方法已经不能对目标进行成像。为此,基于电磁波的传播规律和地层有耗媒质的特性,提出了电磁波传输的半空间模型,使其能够充分反映电磁波信号在整个传播过程中的真实路径,并得到了相应的目标回波表达式。将其应用到机载条件下的地下目标成像之后,通过仿真比较,可以明显看出,使用半空间模型对地下目标成像效果有改善,验证了半空间模型适用于对分层土壤中的地下目标成像。     

Subsurface Sensing of Buried Objects Under a Randomly Rough Surface Using Scattered Electromagnetic Field Data

This paper proposes a new inverse method for microwave-based subsurface sensing of lossy dielectric objects embedded in a dispersive lossy ground with an unknown rough surface. An iterative inversion algorithm is employed to reconstruct the geometry and dielectric properties of the half-space ground as well as that of the buried object. B-splines are used to model the shape of the object as well as the height of the rough surface. In both cases, the control points for the spline function represent the unknowns to be recovered. A single-pole rational transfer function is used to capture the dispersive nature of the background. Here, the coefficients in the numerator and denominator are the unknowns. The approach presented in this paper is based on the state-of-the-art semianalytic mode matching forward model, which is a fast and efficient algorithm to determine the scattered electromagnetic fields. Numerical experiments involving two-dimensional geometries and TM incident plane waves demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of this inverse method     

Electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric cylinder buried beneath a slightly rough surface

An analytical solution is presented for the electromagnetic scattering from a dielectric circular cylinder embedded in a dielectric half-space with a slightly rough interface. The solution utilizes the spectral (plane-wave) representation of the fields and accounts for all the multiple interactions between the rough interface and the. buried cylinder. First-order coefficients from the small perturbation method are used for computation of the scattered fields from the rough surface. The derivation includes both TM and TE polarizations and can be easily extended for other cylindrical buried objects (e.g., cylindrical shell, metallic cylinder). Several scattering scenarios are examined utilizing the new solution for a dielectric cylinder beneath a flat, sinusoidal, and arbitrary rough surface profile. Results indicate that the scattering pattern of a buried object below a slightly rough surface differs from the flat surface case only when the surface roughness spectrum contains a limited range of spatial frequencies. Furthermore, the illuminated area of the incident wave is seen to be a critical factor in the visibility of a buried object below a rough surface.     

Studies of the angular correlation function of scattering by randomrough surfaces with and without a buried object

The discrimination of the scattered wave from an object buried in shallow ground from that of the rough surface is a difficult task with present ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems. Recently, a new approach for this classical problem has been proposed and its effectiveness has been verified. This new method is based on the angular correlation function (ACF) of the scattered wave observed at two or more different incident and scattered angle combinations. It has been shown that the angular memory signatures of rough surfaces are substantially different from those of typical man-made targets and by choosing the appropriate incident and scattered angles, the surface scattering can be minimized whereas the scattering from the target is almost unchanged. The authors present detailed numerical studies of the ACF of the scattered wave from rough surfaces with and without a buried object. To obtain the ACF, the three averaging methods: realization, frequency and angular averaging, are tested numerically. It is shown that a single random rough surface of moderate extent can exhibit memory effect by using frequency averaging. Frequency averaging with a wide bandwidth is also effective for suppressing fluctuation in ACF and is most useful for practical applications. Numerical simulations indicate that even when the ratio of scattered intensities with and without the buried object is close to unity, the corresponding ratio of ACF magnitude can be more than 10 dB. Thus, using the ACF is superior to using the radar cross section (RCS) in the detection of buried objects     

涡旋电磁波无线通信技术的研究进展

由电磁动力学可知,电磁波可携带与极化方式相关的自旋角动量(Spin Angular Momentum, SAM) 和与坡印廷矢量运动方式相关的轨道角动量(Orbital Angular Momentum, OAM)。当OAM不为零时,电磁波的波前电场分布呈漩涡状且具有沿轴向传播的特性,人们形象地将这类电磁波称为涡旋电磁波。学界在平面电磁波场强数学模型的基础上引入了一个以OAM 的拓扑荷$ \ell $ (又称模态)为参数的傅里叶旋转因子描述涡旋电磁波的波前场,因此,涡旋电磁波波前具有与拓扑荷$ \ell $相关联的“极化”图案,利用不同模态的涡旋电磁波的极化图案可进一步提升无线通信系统信道容量。研究表明,在开放环境下由均匀圆阵列(Uniform Circular Array, UCA)阵列产生“平面”涡旋电磁波波束尽管可行,但要获得模态复用增益,需要探索基于复平面内单位圆周上分布的正交相位序列的涡旋电磁波波束产生与信息传输方法。文中也调研了无线射频领域OAM与MIMO体制相兼容的研究现状。     

Polarimetric scattering from two-layered two-dimensional random rough surfaces with and without buried objects

A three-dimensional polarimetric analysis of the two-layered rough ground with and without buried objects is investigated here. A rigorous electromagnetic surface integral-equation-based model is used in this analysis. The statistical average of the polarimetric scattering matrix elements is computed based on the Monte Carlo simulations for both the vertically and horizontally polarized incident waves. The results show a significant impact on the scattered intensities due to the two-layer nature of the ground. However, these intensities show almost no difference between the ground signature with or without the object. On the other hand, the statistical average of the covariance matrix elements shows a distinct difference between these two signatures despite the small size of the buried object.     

探地雷达频率波数域速度估计和成像方法的实验研究

探地雷达的分辨率和地下电磁波的速度估计是探地雷达应用中两个重要研究课题,类似地震信号处理中的频率波数域偏移处理,本文提出将频率波数域偏移方法应用到探地雷达的成像和速度估计中来,并用实验数据验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

合成狭缝可移动的彩虹全息术的研究

本文提出一种合成狭缝可移动的彩虹全息术．若三维漫射体在（Ｘｏ，Ｙｏ）平面内平移照明物体的单色平面波处于（Ｘｏ，Ｚｏ）平面内则在透镜后你面上出现调制物光波复振幅分布的ｓｉｎｅ函数，其中心位置决定于物体平移的方向和照明物体的单色平面波在Ｘｏ方向的空间频率，从而实现合成狭缝可移动的彩虹全息术。     

两媒质半空间复杂形体电磁散射

本文利用矢量波函数变换方法讨论了两媒质半空间的电磁散射问题，从Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程出发，讨论了单矩法在三维复杂形体散射问题上的实施。并在数学球面上将内部区域的有限元解与外部区域矢量波函数变换的结果相匹配，从而得到复杂埋入体的电磁散射特性。作为检验和示例，本文计算了在平面波照射下自由空间导体球，埋入导体球，埋入介质覆盖钝锥等的散射场，其中一些结果与可供比较的经典解或其它算法的结果进行了比较，吻合较好。