WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂的制备及可见光催化降解甲基橙

以Bi(NO_3)5·5H_2O、Na Br、H_2WO_4为原料,采用一步水热合成法合成不同n(W)∶n(Br)的WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂,并通过SEM和TEM对催化剂进行表征分析。以甲基橙为探针污染物,考察前驱液pH、水热温度、水热时间和n(W)∶n(Br)对WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,在pH为10.2、100℃水热时间6 h合成n(W)∶n(Br)为0.02的WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂活性最好,光照120 min后,对目标污染物的降解率达99.39%,较BiOBr催化剂(合成条件为原始pH值,100℃水热反应6 h)提高了30.85%。采用水热合成法制备的WO_3/BiOBr复合催化剂具有良好的可见光活性。     

Catalytic performance of a novel ceramic-supported vanadium oxide catalyst for NO reduction with NH3

A novel TiO₂/Al₂O₃/cordierite honeycomb-supported V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃ monolithic catalyst was studied for the selective reduction of NO with NH₃. The effects of reaction temperature, space velocity, NH₃/NO ratio and oxygen content on SCR activity were evaluated. Two other V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃ monolithic catalysts supported on Al₂O₃/cordierite honeycomb or TiO₂/cordierite honeycomb support, two types of pellet catalysts supported on TiO₂/Al₂O₃ or Al₂O₃, as well as three types of pellet catalysts V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃–Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅–MoO₃–WO₃–TiO₂ were tested for comparison. The experiment results show that this catalyst has a higher catalytic activity for SCR with comparison to others. The results of characterization show, the preparation method of this catalyst can give rise to a higher BET surface area and pore volume, which is strongly related with the highly active performance of this catalyst. At the same time, the function of the combined carrier of TiO₂/Al₂O₃ cannot be excluded.     

Photodegradation catalyst screening by combinatorial methodology

In this work, a combinatorial methodology was developed for photodegradation catalyst screening. A fluorescence imaging detection system was designed for high throughput analysis, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine was used as the probe molecule for catalyst testing. The photodegradation activity of catalysts was evaluated by 1,6-hexamethylenediamine consumption during the photodegradation reaction. The methodology could provide reliable results. We found that pure TiO₂, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₅, MoO₃, and WO₃ did not show much activity for 1,6-hexamethylenediamine photodegradation under visible light. TiO₂ catalysts doped with different metal ions were tested. When TiO₂ was doped with Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, V₂O₅, MoO₃, or WO₃, higher activity for photodegradation was observed. The doping of La³⁺, Ba²⁺, and Br⁻ to TiO₂ did not improve the catalytic activities. When doping TiO₂ with Mn²⁺, Cl⁻, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Li⁺, F⁻, Co²⁺, or K⁺, catalytic activity was lower than that of pure TiO₂. After elaborate catalysts screening, we discovered new catalysts, such as 50–70% TiO₂/0–20% WO₃/20–40% VO_2.5 and 20–30% TiO₂/30–50% MoO₃/40–60% VO_2.5 as well as 30% WO₃/20% ZrO₂/50% NbO_2.5 (synthesized from ZrCl₄, NbCl₅, and (NH₄)₅H₅[H₂(WO₄)₆]·H₂O in ethanol solution or suspension) and 60–70% WO₃/Nb₂O₅ (synthesized from WCl₆ and NbCl₅ in ethanol solution). We observed that the catalytic activity is sensitive to preparation methods and catalyst specific surface areas. When P123 (HO(CH₂CH₂O)₂₀(CH₂CH(CH₃)O)₇₀(CH₂CH₂O)₂₀H, designated EO₂₀PO₇₀EO₂₀) was used as template to synthesize mesoporous materials, the mesoporous catalysts showed higher activity than regular catalytic materials.     

New approach to environmentally benign epoxidation: the solid-phase-system using urea–H2O2 and recyclable dodecatungstate on apatite

On the basis of new concept using a solid disperse phase we have developed an efficient catalytic solid-phase-system for epoxidations of alkenes using urea–hydrogen peroxide (urea–H₂O₂) complex and cetylpyridinium dodecatungstate ((CetylPy)₁₀[H₂W₁₂O₄₂]) catalyst on fluorapatite (FAp). The recovered solid catalyst phase was reused to keep the catalytic activity after several times. In the conceptual idea it is a key point that in situ solid-phase-activation of the catalyst with urea–H₂O₂ proceeds to form microcrystals of the active species dispersed on the solid phase. The dispersion of the catalyst on FAp in the case of tungstic acid (H₂WO₄) was suggested by EPMA analysis. We proposed the peroxo type of species keeping the parent polyoxometalate framework as novel active species from FT-IR spectroscopic studies. FAp phase plays important roles of dispersing the active species on its surface to have high catalytic activity and of stabilizing the active species to lead to high reusability.     

Synthesis of bulk and alumina-supported γ-Mo2N catalysts by a single-step complex decomposition method

A single-step complex decomposition method for the synthesis of bulk and alumina-supported γ-Mo₂N catalysts is described. The complex precursor (HMT)₂(NH₄)₄Mo₇O₂₄·2H₂O (HMT: hexamethylenetetramine) is converted to γ-Mo₂N under a flow of Ar in a temperature range of 823–1023 K. Furthermore, decomposition of the precursor in a NH₃ flow forms γ-Mo₂N in a temperature range of 723–923 K. Compared with direct decomposition of the precursor in Ar, the reaction in NH₃ shows obvious advantages that the nitride forms at a lower temperature. In addition, alumina-supported γ-Mo₂N catalysts with different nitride loadings can be prepared from the alumina-supported complex precursor in the Ar or NH₃ flow. The resultant catalysts exhibit good dibenzothiophene HDS activities, which are similar to the γ-Mo₂N/γ-Al₂O₃ prepared by traditional TPR method. The catalyst prepared by decomposition in an Ar flow exhibits highest activity. It proves that such a single-step complex decomposition method possesses the potential to be a general route for the preparation of molybdenum nitride catalysts.     

Accurate low-pressure kinetics for isobutane oxidation over phosphomolybdic acid and copper(II) phosphomolybdates

A low-pressure steady-state technique has been used to investigate the rates and mechanisms of the oxidation of isobutane over H₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀], CuH₄[PMo₁₂O₄₀]₂, Cu₂H₂[PMo₁₂O₄₀]₂, Cu_2.5H[PMo₁₂O₄₀]₂, and Cu₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀]₂. Observed oxidation products over all catalysts are methacrolein, 3-methyl-2-oxetanone, acetic acid, carbon dioxide and water. The most selective catalyst for methacrolein formation at low temperatures (<496 °C) is Cu_2.5H[PMo₁₂O₄₀]₂, where both Cu(II) reduction and acid sites play a role. The least active catalyst at low temperatures is phosphomolybdic acid followed by Cu₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀]₂. This activity is reversed at higher temperatures. The 3-methyl-2-oxetanone is a unique product and is likely to be the precursor to methacrylic acid. Acetic acid is also probably a precursor to complete oxidation. Catalyst deactivation or restructuring is significant only over H₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀].     

一步富氧煅烧法制备长可见光吸收的WO3及其水氧化性能

三氧化钨(WO₃)仅对460 nm以下波长的太阳光有响应,大大限制了其对太阳光的利用率。因此,如何拓宽WO₃的光谱响应范围是当前的研究重点。本文以仲钨酸铵[(NH₄)₁₀H₂W₁₂O₄₂·xH₂O]为前驱体,通过一步富氧煅烧法制备了具有宽光谱可见光响应能力的N₂插入的纳米WO₃(N₂-WO₃)。通过XRD、SEM、EDS、UV-Vis DRS、Raman等表征测试方法,研究了N₂插入对WO₃结构和性能的影响。结果表明:N₂插入有效地窄化了N₂-WO₃的禁带宽度(2.25 eV),较纯WO₃(2.76 eV)减小了0.51 eV;N含量对N₂-WO₃的可见光吸收能力有显著影响,且随着煅烧温度的升高N含量呈减小趋势。入射光子-电流转换效率(IPCE)的测试结果表明,N₂-WO₃可以对520 nm以下的可见光产生响应。光催化测试结果表明,N₂-WO₃的光催化活性优于纯WO₃。     

Carbon oxidation with platinum supported catalysts

The effect of the support oxide, Pt precursor and reactant gas composition on the catalysis of soot oxidation was investigated using carbon black as a model soot and simulated exhaust gases. The Pt precursors used were Pt(NH₃)₄(OH)₂, H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O, Pt(NH₃)₄(NO₃)₂, and Pt(NH₃)₄Cl₂. The support metal oxides used were SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and ZrO₂. Pt/SiO₂ prepared from Pt(NH₃)₄(OH)₂ showed the highest carbon oxidation activity. It had much higher activity in the condition of N₂+O₂+H₂O+NO+SO₂ than without NO and SO₂.     

Modelling of an SCR catalytic converter for diesel exhaust after treatment: Dynamic effects at low temperature

As part of a fundamental and applied work on the development of an unsteady mathematical model of the NH₃-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process for design and control of integrated after-treatment systems of heavy-duty engines, we present herein a transient kinetic analysis of the standard SCR NO + NH₃ system which provides new insight in the catalytic kinetics and mechanism prevailing at low temperatures. Based on kinetic runs performed over a commercial powdered V₂O₅–WO₃–TiO₂ catalyst in the 175–450 °C T-range feeding NH₃ and NO (1000 ppm) in the presence of H₂O (1–10%, v/v) and O₂ (2–6%, v/v), an original dual-site modified redox rate law is derived which effectively accounts for NH₃ inhibition effects observed during transient reactive experiments at T < 250 °C. We also demonstrate that implementation of the novel modified redox kinetics into a fully predictive 1D + 1D model of SCR monolith reactors can significantly improve simulations of SCR transient runs at different scales, including engine test bench experiments over full-scale SCR honeycomb catalysts.     

In-situ growth of needlelike LaAl11O18 for reinforcement of alumina composites

In situ growth of needlelike LaAl₁₁O₁₈ grains reinforcing Al₂O₃ composites can be fabricated by a coprecipitation method using La(NO₃)₃√6H₂O and Al(NO₃)₃√9H₂O as starting materials. The new two-step process involved firstly preparing needlelike LaAl₁₁O₁₈ grains distributed homogeneously in Al₂O₃ powder and then pressureless sintering the composite powders. The Al₂O₃/25 vol.%LaAl₁₁O₁₈ samples pressureless sintered at 1550°C for 4 h achieve relative density up to 96.5% and exhibit a bending strength of 420±30 MPa and a fracture toughness of 4.3±0.4 MPa m^1/2.     

Porous structures constructed from [SiMo12O40] and [SiW12O40] Keggin units

Three compounds, K₂(H₂O)₄H₂SiMo₁₂O₄₀ · 7H₂O (1), K₂Na₂(H₂O)₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ · 4H₂O (2), and Na₄(H₂O)₈SiMo₁₂O₄₀ · 6H₂O (3) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, IR, and thermogravimetry. Compounds 1 and 2 both show the high symmetry trigonal space group P3₂21 and a novel 3D network structure. The Keggin anions [SiM₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻(M = Mo, W) are linked by potassium or sodium cations to generate hexagon-shaped channels along the c-axis, in which water molecules are accommodated. Compound 3 is tetragonal, space group P4/mnc constructed from [SiMo₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻ anions and Na ions.     

WO_3负载量对V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

采用V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2作为脱硝催化剂,考察活性组分V_2O_5和助剂WO_3负载量对催化剂脱硝活性和抗硫抗水性能的影响。结果表明,3%V_2O_5/x WO_3-TiO_2催化剂(x=3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%)上NOx转化率随着WO_3负载量增加而升高,催化剂反应温度窗口不断拓宽。单独通水蒸汽及同时通SO2和水蒸汽对催化剂的毒害作用均较强,表明H2O和NH3的竞争吸附是催化剂抗硫抗水性能较差的重要原因。SO_2与H_2O和NH_3反应生成亚硫酸铵盐和硫酸铵盐,导致催化剂孔隙堵塞,催化活性降低。     

Effect of ammonium polyacrylate on rheology of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in silicon alkoxide sols

Ammonium polyacrylate (NH₄PA) was introduced into powdered mixtures consisting of anatase-structured TiO₂ nanoparticles and silicon alkoxide precursors at the sol level, and the rheological behavior of the mixtures was examined under various solid loadings (φ=0.05–0.13 in volumetric ratios), shear rates (  s⁻¹) and NH₄PA concentrations. The alkoxide precursors were mixtures of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Si(OC₂H₅)₄), ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH), H₂O and HCl in a constant [H₂O]/[TEOS] ratio of 11. The nanoparticle–sol mixtures generally exhibited a pseudoplastic flow behavior over the shear-rate regime examined. The NH₄PA appeared to serve as an effective surfactant which facilitates the suspension flow by reducing the flow resistance at low NH₄PA concentrations. At φ=0.10, a viscosity reduction ca. 85% was found at  s⁻¹ when the NH₄PA concentration was held at 2.5 wt.% of the solids. As the NH₄PA exceeded a critical level, e.g., [NH₄PA]≥3.0 wt.%, the NH₄PA acted as a catalyst which quickly turned the TiO₂–silica sol mixtures (φ=0.10) into a gelled structure, resulted in a pronounced increase of mixture viscosity. The maximum solids concentration (φ_m) of the mixtures was experimentally determined from a derivative of relative viscosity, i.e., (1−η_r^−1/2)–φ dependence. The estimated φ_m increased from 0.127 to 0.165 when NH₄PA of 0.5 wt.% was introduced into the TiO₂–silica sol mixtures.     

Competition between NO reduction and NO decomposition over reduced V–W–O catalysts

The SCR of NO and NO decomposition were investigated over a V–W–O/Ti(Sn)O₂ catalyst on a Cr–Al steel monolith. The conversions of NO and NH₃ over the reduced and oxidised catalysts were determined. The higher conversion of NO than of NH₃ was observed in SCR over the reduced catalyst and very close conversions of both substrates were found over the oxidised one. The increase of the pre-reduction temperature was found to cause an increase in catalyst activity and its stability in direct NO decomposition. The surface tungsten cations substituted for vanadium ones in vanadia-like active species are considered to be responsible for the direct NO decomposition. The results of DFT calculations for the 10-pyramidal clusters: V₁₀O₃₁H₁₂ (V–V) and V₉WO₃₁H₁₂ (V–W) modelling (0 0 1) surfaces of vanadia and WO₃–V₂O₅ solid solution (s.s.) active species, respectively, show that preferable conditions for NO adsorption exist on W sites of s.s. species and that reduction causes an increase in their ability for electron back donation to the adsorbed molecule. Electron back donation is believed to be responsible for the electron structure reorganisation in the adsorbed NO molecule resulting in its decomposition. The high selectivity of NO decomposition to dinitrogen was considered to be connected with the formation of the tungsten nitrosyl complexes solely via the W–N bond.     

微波水热法制备含磷W/Al2O3催化剂及其加氢脱氮性能

采用微波水热法(MWH)制备含磷W/Al₂O₃加氢精制催化剂, 分别以磷酸(PA)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)和羟基乙叉二磷酸(HEDP)为磷源, 考察磷源、制备方法和磷含量对催化剂物化性质和加氢脱氮(HDN)性能的影响。结果表明, 使用HEDP为磷源不仅可减弱活性组分-载体间的相互作用, 其结构中的羟基还可与MWH产生的H₂WO₄形成氢键而吸附在H₂WO₄表面, 抑制H₂WO₄团聚, 从而实现WO₃的高分散。MWH快速均匀加热的特点可以有效抑制H₂WO₄的过度生长, 并促进其在Al₂O₃表面的均匀快速分散, 使得以HEDP为磷源制备的W/Al₂O₃中WO₃的分散度和HDN活性远高于浸渍法制备的相同磷源、磷含量和金属含量的催化剂。MWH法制备的磷质量分数为3%的催化剂兼具高的WO₃分散度和弱的WO₃-Al₂O₃相互作用, 有最佳的HDN活性。     

Investigation of the ammonia adsorption on monolithic SCR catalysts by transient response analysis

The adsorption of ammonia on three different monolithic SCR catalysts was investigated experimentally. Two of the examined monoliths were coated cordierite honeycombs, containing either V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂ or V₂O₅/TiO₂ as active components. The third sample was a commercially available extruded monolithic honeycomb consisting of V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂, and was tested for comparison. Different transient response methods and a modified temperature programmed desorption (TPD) method were used to investigate the ammonia adsorption in the presence of water (5%) and oxygen (10%). Under typical SCR conditions (stoichiometric ratio NH₃:NO<1), the ammonia coverage of the WO₃-free catalyst sample was significantly lower. Ammonia is more strongly adsorbed on the WO₃-containing catalyst. The extruded catalyst adsorbed substantially larger amounts of ammonia especially at low temperatures, leading to a slow response under transient conditions.     

Supported MoO3 catalysts: preparation by the new “slurry impregnation” method and activity in hydrodesulphurization

A new preparation of supported MoO₃ is described. Slurry MoO₃/water is used instead of the solution (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄. Preparation and HDS activity are illustrated for MoO₃ supported over Al₂O₃, active carbon and ZrO₂. Another application of the new principle is the preparation of high surface area MoO₃/MgO by the reaction of MgO with slurry (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄/methanol. Texture of MgO that is deteriorated in aqueous solution of (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄ is stable in that slurry. “Slurry impregnation” is a special case of equilibrium adsorption impregnation. It is simple and it provides monolayer dispersion of molybdena.     

A theoretical study on Brønsted acidity of WO3 clusters supported on metal oxide supports by “paired interacting orbitals” (PIO) analysis

Ammonia adsorption on Brønsted acid sites of WO₃ cluster supported on metal oxide supports: SnO₂, ZrO₂, and TiO₂, is analyzed by PIO analysis. We employed (HO)(WO₃)₄(H) and (HO)(WO₃)₉(H) on (SnO₂)₁₂, (ZrO₂)₁₂, and (TiO₂)₁₂, respectively, as supported Brønsted acid models and examined two types of Brønsted acid sites, an edge type and a face type. We estimated ammonia adsorption strength by total overlap population (∑OP) of all PIOs between the Brønsted acid site and NH₃. The order of acidity (∑OP) of each model is as follows: edge type: SnO₂, 0.0096 > ZrO₂, 0.0048 > TiO₂, −0.0001  face type: ZrO₂, −0.0759 > TiO₂, −0.0761 > SnO₂, −0.0867. The edge type adsorption is far stronger than the face type one. This order in the edge type coincides with the experimental results. The reason of these results is explained by the difference of the influence of oxygen atoms sitting near the N atom of NH₃.     

杂多酸的共价负载及其对四氢噻吩氧化性能研究

首先采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯（GO）,用3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅氧烷（KH540）对GO进行表面改性,制得氨基改性氧化石墨烯NH₂-GO。然后,通过γ-(2,3-环氧丙基) 三甲氧基硅烷对单缺位的Dawson型磷钨酸盐K₁₀[α-P₂W₁₇O₆₁]·20H₂O（P₂W₁₇）进行环氧基改性,制得环氧基改性的EPO-P₂W₁₇。最后,借助NH₂-GO与EPO-P₂W₁₇之间的席夫碱反应实现P₂W₁₇在GO上的共价固载,制得复合催化剂P₂W₁₇/GO。采用FT-IR、UV-Vis、TG、XPS、TEM等对复合材料的结构和组成进行了表征。以四氢噻吩（THT）作为催化评价的对象,初步考察了P₂W₁₇/GO的催化氧化活性。实验结果表明,共价负载在GO上的P₂W₁₇分散性良好,且复合催化剂P₂W₁₇/GO对THT表现出良好的催化活性和高的选择性。较小的P₂W₁₇/GO用量（0.02 g）下,以H₂O₂为氧化剂,反应75 min,THT转化率达100%;相对于EPO-P₂W₁₇,其催化活性提高了1.7倍;其催化H₂O₂氧化THT的过程符合准一级动力学模型。此外,该催化剂具有良好的重复使用性。     

蛋白土与硫酸铵煅烧反应产物及过程动力学

蛋白土具有良好的应用前景,但是其自然白度较低制约了其开发应用。蛋白土硫酸铵煅烧法可去除其中的显色金属氧化物,提高蛋白土的白度,同时提取其中Al₂O₃。本文采用热重-差示扫描量热（TG-DSC）、同步热分析与红外质谱（TG-FTIR-MS）联用系统,结合X射线衍射对煅烧过程的固相及气相产物进行了表征分析,明析了其化学过程。结果表明,蛋白土中的Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃在200~350℃时反应生成（NH₄）₃（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₃,同时逸出NH₃和H₂O;350~450℃时,进一步反应转化为NH₄（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₂,同时逸出NH₃、H₂O、SO₂和O₂;450~550℃时,NH₄（Al,Fe）（SO₄）₂分解生成（Al,Fe）₂（SO₄）₃,同时逸出NH₃、H₂O、SO₂和O₂;550~750℃时（Al,Fe）₂（SO₄）₃分解生成Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,同时逸出SO₂和O₂。采用Kissinger微分法与Ozawa积分法分别计算出4个阶段表观活化能后取二者平均值,分别为101.74kJ/mol、104.52kJ/mol、201.40kJ/mol、232.51kJ/mol,并获得对应4个热化学反应阶段的频率因子、反应级数和动力学方程。