Propagation Along a Coaxial Cable with a Helical Shield

A leaky coaxial cable is modelled by a dielectric coated conductor shielded by a finite number of unidirectional helical wires. A modal equation is derived and soIved numerically for the propagation constants of both the monofilar and bifilar modes. Numerical results are also presented for the effective surface transfer impedance of the shield. This parameter is found to depend, in general, on the propagation constant.     

Propagation on a Ported Coaxial Cable Buried in Flat Earth

Consider a horizontal coaxial cable with periodic slots in the outer conductor. This ?leaky cable? is buried in the earth as one component of an intruder detection system. We develop the theory for surface-wave propagation on the cable in the presence of the planar air-earth interface. Numerical results are included for the phase velocity and attenuation constant as functions of the various parameters. Data are presented for the electric-field strength at the air-earth interface, and the electric-field distribution in the air region above the buried cable.     

VHF 频段漏泄同轴电缆埋地传感器研究

为了获得漏泄同轴电缆作为一种埋地探测传感器的电气特性,研究适用于周界入侵探测系统的漏泄同轴电缆,设计了一种外导体为八字形开槽的漏泄同轴电缆。基于漏泄同轴电缆的理论分析和相关行业标准,利用商业电磁仿真软件Ansoft HFSS,建立了用于计算漏泄同轴电缆传输衰减和耦合损耗等重要电气特性的电磁仿真模型,作为一种工作在VHF 频段的埋地传感器,利用实验数据分析其VHF 频段工作特性,建立了用于分析耦合损耗特性的埋地传感器系统模型,分析了结构尺寸参数对耦合特性的影响,进一步计算了漏泄同轴电缆的多个电气性能参数及其变化规律。仿真结果表明:在VHF 频段,槽口缝隙的长度、倾角会对埋设双缆的接收特性产生影响,槽口越长倾角越大则接收效率越高,作为传感器单元的LCX 对比实验表明仿真与实测的结果具有良好的一致性。     

Theory and analysis of leaky coaxial cables with periodic slots

Frequency band and coupling loss are the two important parameters of leaky coaxial cables with periodic slots. The frequency band can be predicted by analyzing the arrangement of the slots on the outer shield of the cable, but the coupling loss is not so easy to determine by classical methods. In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to calculate the electric field distribution in the slot cut in the outer conductor of the coaxial cable. The dyadic Green's function is then used to calculate the radiation field of the equivalent surface magnetic current densities. By these two methods, the coupling losses of the leaky coaxial cables with different periods, sizes and shapes of the slots can be accurately obtained. Some results in this paper were verified by the experimental results of leaky coaxial cables designed for railway mobile communications with a frequency band of 100-500 MHz     

Generalized Form of Telegrapher's Equations for the Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Buried Wires of Finite Length

In this paper, a generalized form of telegrapher's equations for electromagnetic field coupling to buried wires is derived. The presented approach is based on thin-wire antenna theory. The effect of a dissipative half-space is taken into account via the reflection/transmission coefficient approximation. The conductor losses can be taken into account via the surface impedance per unit length. The derived equations are treated numerically via the Galerkin–Bubnov indirect boundary element method. Numerical results are presented for induced current along the wire, and compared with transmission-line (TL) and modified TL (MTL) approximations, respectively, for the case of perfectly conducting electrode buried in a lossy medium. It is shown that the TL and MTL approximations can result in an inaccurate induced current distribution along the conductor at HFs and for shorter electrode lengths, respectively.      

Research on the Radiation Characteristics of Patched Leaky Coaxial Cable by FDTD Method and Mode Expansion Method

Patched leaky coaxial cable (PLCX) is proposed as an alternative to the conventional leaky cable for wireless links in a complex environment. It is expected to have the capability of adjusting the coupling between the cable and the environment and give smoother electric field coverage. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of the PLCX with general inclined patches are studied by a hybrid method that involves the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the near-field computation and the mode expansion method for the transformation of near field to far field. In the method, the space around the patched leaky cable is divided into two regions by an artificial closed cylindrical surface that is incorporated with the FDTD lattice surface when implementing the FDTD iteration. The field distribution on the artificial surface is obtained after the implementation of the FDTD method. Meanwhile, the field outside the artificial boundary is expanded in terms of the Floquet modes with coefficients to be determined. By matching the field expressed by modes and the field obtained from the FDTD method at the artificial boundary, a matrix equation with unknown coefficients is obtained. Solving this matrix equation, the expansion coefficients are known, and the field outside the artificial boundary is ready to be obtained.     

Lightning induced disturbances in buried cables - part II: experiment and model validation

This paper presents experimental results obtained at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida during the summers of 2002 and 2003. Currents induced by triggered and natural lightning events were measured at the terminations of a buried power cable, in the cable shield, and in the inner cable conductor. Measurements of the horizontal component of the magnetic field above the ground surface for both natural and triggered lightning are also presented. For distant natural lightning events, locations of ground strike points were determined using the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Based on the theoretical developments presented in Part I of this paper , the field-to-buried cable coupling equations are solved in both the time domain and in the frequency domain. The obtained experimental results are then used to validate the numerical simulations provided by the relevant developed codes.     

3GHz宽带“八”字槽漏泄同轴电缆的设计及性能

3GHz宽带漏泄同轴电缆的设计要求是在3GHz宽带频率范围内所有使用频段都具有有效的传输距离（衰减）及良好的辐射特性（足够的耦合损耗及均匀的全向辐射场强图）。通过外导体“八”字槽孔结构参数的设计调整,研制出在3GHz所有的通信频率中均能使用,并具有优良性能的辐射型漏泄同轴电缆。     

Propagation Along a Braided Coaxial Cable in a Circular Tunnel

The modes of propagation along a coaxial structure contained within a circular tunnel are considered. The primary objective is to develop an approximate impedance boundary condition at the outer surface of the shielded cable that can be used in previously developed formalisms for axial conductors in tunnels. It is assumed that the metal braid can be characterized by a surface-transfer impedance. We also account for the possibility that a Iossy film exists on the outer surface of the dielectric jacket of the cable.     

馈电同轴芯径对微带天线性能的影响

针对同轴线馈电的微带天线,建立了等效电路模型。该等效电路表明,馈入到微带天线内部的导体直径直接影响天线的输入阻抗。为此设计了单频圆极化微带天线,采用电磁计算软件HFSS仿真计算了不同馈电芯径对天线参数的影响,验证了该理论。同时设计了双层介质的双频微带圆极化天线,采用同一个馈点馈电,上层微带介质中馈电导体的直径与下层微带介质中馈电导体直径不同。通过HFSS软件的优化仿真,得到了对应于两个不同频段的最优上下层馈电导体直径,获得了最佳的驻波。研究表明,对于单频和双频微带天线,通过优化馈入到介质中导体的直径可以改善天线的驻波特性。     

Parametric effects on the transient Voltage performance of a DC superconducting cable

The objective of this work was to determine the significant parameters of a 3-GW 200-kV dc superconducting cable system which influence the transient voltage distribution in the various parts of the cable. The cable system consists of four coaxial metallic cylinders. It was found that the dielectric constant and the electrical resistivity of the soil significantly affect the severity of the transient voltages; lower dielectric constant and higher resistivity of the soil will increase the magnitudes of the transient voltages by increasing the earth-return impedance. It was also found that the effect of the conductor internal impedances of the cable is insignificant. Shorting the coaxial cylinders of the cryogen flow and the cryostat will lessen the severity of the transient voltages. Grounding the second, third, and fourth cylinders at regular intervals with low-impedance grounding impedance will also improve the transient performance of the cable. More research is needed to evaluate these procedures.     

Lightning-Induced Transients on Buried Shielded Transmission Lines

This paper is primarily concerned with the analysis of induced transient current and voltage surges on buried shielded transmission lines due to earth-conduction effects of nearby lightning discharges. An analytical method is presented in this paper to model the conductive coupling mechanisms in the earth and to determine the amount of coupling between a lightning discharge to ground and an earth-return transmission line. The transmission line is assumed to be a long straight horizontal coaxial cable with an inner shield and an outer armor, terminated on both ends with typical communication-equipment load impedances. The general case is considered here, in which the outermost conductor is not necessarily in perfect contact with the conducting earth, but has a contact impedance with the earth, as in cables with an outer dielectric covering for corrosion or water protection. Average lightning-channel conditions and a representative buriedcable geometry are examined. The results are conveniently displayed via several graphs of the time histories of the resulting transient current and voltage surges.     

A numerical simulation of scattering from one-dimensionalinhomogeneous dielectric random surfaces

An efficient numerical solution for the scattering problem of inhomogeneous dielectric rough surfaces is presented. The inhomogeneous dielectric random surface represents a bare soil surface and is considered to be comprised of a large number of randomly positioned dielectric humps of different sizes, shapes, and dielectric constants above an impedance surface. Clods with nonuniform moisture content and rocks are modeled by inhomogeneous dielectric humps and the underlying smooth wet soil surface is modeled by an impedance surface. In this technique, an efficient numerical solution for the constituent dielectric humps over an impedance surface is obtained using Green's function derived by the exact image theory in conjunction with the method of moments. The scattered field from a sample of the rough surface is obtained by summing the scattered fields from all the individual humps of the surface coherently ignoring the effect of multiple scattering between the humps. The statistical behavior of the scattering coefficient σ° is obtained from the calculation of scattered fields of many different realizations of the surface. Numerical results are presented for several different roughnesses and dielectric constants of the random surfaces. The numerical technique is verified by comparing the numerical solution with the solution based on the small perturbation method and the physical optics model for homogeneous rough surfaces. This technique can be used to study the behavior of scattering coefficient and phase difference statistics of rough soil surfaces for which no analytical solution exists     

压电波动法监测土壤含水率的可行性研究

基础工程施工的安全性常以基坑稳定性为前提,而土壤的含水率是边坡稳定性的关键因素.但是,土体内部含水率的观测困难,很难实时了解土体内部水分的变化情况.目前对土壤含水率进行监测的方法较少,故而迫切需要一种对土体结构含水率进行实时监测的方法.该文通过制作简易土箱,利用压电智能骨料并结合压电波动法对土箱内土壤进行含水率监测,获...     

Oxygen Surface Exchange at Grain Boundaries of Oxide Ion Conductors

The role of grain boundaries on oxygen surface exchange in an oxide ion conductor is reported. Atomic‐scale characterization of the microstructure and chemical composition near the grain boundaries of gadolinia‐doped ceria (GDC) thin films show the segregation of dopants and oxygen vacancies along the grain boundaries using the energy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM‐EDS). Kelvin probe microscopy is employed to verify the charge distribution near grain boundaries and shows that the grain boundary is positively charged, indicating a high concentration of oxygen vacancies. AC impedance spectroscopy on polycrystalline GDC membranes with thin interfacial layers with different grain boundary densities at the cathodes demonstrated that the cells with higher grain boundary density result in lower electrode impedance and higher exchange current density. These experimental evidences clearly show that grain boundaries on the surface provide preferential reaction sites for facilitated oxygen incorporation into the GDC electrolyte.     

一种新型双侧漏泄同轴电缆辐射特性分析

为了解决室内5G 信号覆盖盲区的问题,对单侧漏泄同轴电缆进行了改进,设计了一种新型的双侧漏泄同轴电缆。根据周期结构的槽孔天线阵列理论,以电磁仿真软件Ansoft HFSS作为分析工具,建立双侧开槽的漏缆仿真模型,得到了电场分布、耦合损耗、方向图和S参数的特性;对不同节距和槽长进行仿真,获得了不同辐射模式下,漏缆耦合损耗随节距、槽长变化的曲线。研究结果表明:双侧漏缆比单侧漏缆的电场强度更均匀,方向图更加对称,通信质量更高,为5G信号在室内覆盖提供解决方案。     

一种基于脉冲压缩的漏缆传感器定位新方法

漏缆传感器的入侵探测定位系统已广泛应用于国防设施、银行、监狱等重要区域,为提高这种系统的定位精度,提出了一种基于脉冲压缩的漏缆传感器探测定位新方法。该方法将巴克码调制的二进制相移键控信号引入系统作为发射信号,并对接收信号进行滤波相减、相干解调、抽样判决和自相关运算等一系列信号处理,以获得含有入侵位置信息的特征信号。应用MATLAB 和电磁仿真软件CST 对该系统进行了协同仿真分析,并搭建了实验系统进行测试。仿真结果与实测结果吻合良好,验证了新方法探测定位的有效性。新方法的定位精度约为0.9 m,优于目前已报道的同类探测定位系统的定位精度。     

基于BOTDA技术的电缆温度监测

由于海底电缆深埋海底,其运行状态的监测尤为重要。因此,提出基于光纤光时域反射（OTDR）的布里渊时域反射分析技术（BOTDA）的分布式光纤传感器对复合海缆进行温度监测。简单介绍了BOTDA技术的原理以及温度监测的实验。对实验测得数据进行数据拟合处理和分析。从实验的数据分析中得出基于BOTDA技术测量出电缆温度的变化趋势和实际温度变化趋势是基本吻合的。从而验证了该技术测温误差小、响应时间短、运行可靠且能实现长距离测量,可有效应用于电缆温度在线监测,为电缆导体温度的确定提供有效的参考依据。     

等效电路法研究漏泄同轴电缆传输和耦合特性

研究了以埋地漏泄同轴电缆作为分布式传感器的电气特性，拟应用于隧道、铁路沿线等防止入侵破坏和预警山体塌方信号的探测.以垂直开槽漏缆结构为例，利用HFSS搭建全波仿真模型，理论分析并提取出缝隙的等效电路模型，从而以该模型为基础分析漏缆的传输、反射和耦合特性.从等效电路模型出发，运用ABCD矩阵计算出了等效电路模型中的电路参数值及漏缆间耦合参数值.理论计算与全波仿真非常吻合，验证了等效电路的正确性.结果表明，与HFSS仿真相比，本文提出的等效电路方法占用计算资源较少且大大缩减了仿真时间，解决了HFSS仿真漏缆长度受限及耗时太长的难题；同时理论计算出了等效参数值和漏缆间耦合参数值，更直观反映了漏缆间的耦合特性.     

Microwave Bistatic Reflectivity Dependence on the Moisture Content And Matric Potential of Bare Soil

Results are presented of an experimental program to determine the functional dependence of the microwave reflectivity of nonvegetated soil surfaces upon volumetric soil moisture and matric potential. A combination evaporation-drainage field experiment was conducted on a bare Captina silt loam with reflectivity, soil moisture content, and matric potential monitored for extended time periods. Results show that for a restricted pressure range (approximately -0.05 to -0.75 bar) there is excellent linear correlation between the log of bistatic reflectivity and both volumetric moisture content and matric potential. Layering effects due to steep moisture content (and matric potential) gradients in the profile are demonstrated to have two distinct and significant effects on the reflectivity response. At near saturation of rough surfaces a very thin dry surface layer appears to modify the effective roughness. This leads to a saturation of reflectivity at high moisture contents. As the surface proceeds to dry further, deeper layers produce coherent interference patterns in the reflectivity response, particularly at the higher frequencies.