Factor structure and validity of the Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) with cigarette smokers trying to quit.

The Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) is a scale used to evaluate adherence to medications. The present study assessed the factor structure and validity of the MAQ with cigarette smokers. A principal components analysis was conducted on MAQ scores from a sample of smokers presenting for treatment in a clinical trial of naltrexone and nicotine patch for smoking cessation (N = 385). Indices of convergent and predictive validity were tested using electronic medication caps for naltrexone, nicotine patch counts, plasma drug levels of naltrexone, and treatment outcomes. The principal components analysis revealed two factors. Factor 1, labeled "unintentional nonadherence," measured the extent to which individuals were nonadherent because they were careless or forgot to take their medications. Factor 2, labeled "purposeful nonadherence," assessed nonadherence related to purposefully stopping medication use after feeling better or worse. Only the second factor was shown to have good convergent and predictive validity. Specifically, this factor was related to pill-taking behavior measured with electronic medication caps and drug plasma levels and nicotine patch use based on nicotine patch count data, and it was associated with smoking cessation outcome. Thus the purposeful nonadherence factor of the MAQ may be used as a brief screening tool for medication adherence with cigarette smokers seeking treatment. Information obtained with this questionnaire could be used to counsel patients regarding the importance of medication adherence.     

JF型细纱双短胶圈牵伸形式特点及纺纱试验

探讨JF型细纱双短胶圈牵伸的性能特点及纺纱效果。对比分析了双短胶圈牵伸与SKF型长短胶圈牵伸的工艺特点，并在纯棉普梳和精梳品种上进行了纺纱对比试验。结果表明：双短胶圈牵伸浮游区长度小，胶圈中部摩擦力界大，能有效控制短纤维，成纱粗节、细节明显减少，成纱质量提高。     

Craving, withdrawal, and smoking urges on days immediately prior to smoking relapse.

Rates of smoking relapse remain high, despite the wide availability of cessation aids. Presumably factors such as craving, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking urges are key contributors to relapse, but empirical support for this presumption is not conclusive and is complicated by the high variability in symptoms across individuals and time, as well as by the lack of an absolute symptom threshold for response. Data were analyzed from 137 female smokers, aged 18-40 years, who completed 30 days of a protocol for a longitudinal smoking cessation trial. Subjects were assigned a quit date and followed regardless of subsequent smoking status. At baseline, subjects completed written measures of nicotine craving, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking urges. They also completed these measures daily for 30 days, beginning on their quit date, Scores were standardized within subjects and graphed to identify temporal symptom patterns. A total of 26 women quit smoking and 111 relapsed (at least one cigarette puff). The intensity of subjects' craving, withdrawal, and smoking urges Factors 1 and 2 peaked on the day of relapse by an average of 1.4, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.1 standard deviations, respectively, with symptoms rising during the previous 2-5 days and dropping precipitously over the 2 days subsequent to relapse. Additionally, women who relapsed had higher absolute (unstandardized) symptom scores on their quit day than those who were abstinent for 30 days. These findings imply that escalation of withdrawal symptoms, craving, and smoking urges during a quit attempt may contribute to smoking relapse. Frequent symptom monitoring might be clinically important for relapse prevention.     

Tobacco use and dependence in Asian Americans: a review of the literature.

This article reports on an integrative review of literature on Asian American tobacco use and dependence, identifies gaps in the literature, and proposes studies needed in the future. Articles were retrieved from electronic health-related databases indexed for permutations of the keywords Asian Americans, smoking, tobacco use, tobacco dependence, and nicotine dependence. A manual search also was done to identify additional literature. A total of 216 articles were identified; the review includes 39 articles reporting gender- and ethnic-specific information on subgroups of Asian Americans in the following areas: Smoking prevalence, correlates of smoking, and tobacco dependence treatment. In addition, 13 articles on tobacco and nicotine metabolism were reviewed. Empirical studies have concentrated on Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese American men. Smoking prevalence is higher among Asian American men with low acculturation than among their counterparts, but the reverse pattern is observed among Asian American women. Asian Americans tend to smoke fewer cigarettes per day than White Americans, and this difference may be explained by differences between the two groups in nicotine metabolism. More research is needed on this diverse population, especially Asian American women of all ethnic subgroups and Asian Indian, Filipino, Pakistani, and Thai American men. A need also exists for the development of specialized tobacco dependence treatments to address the cultural issues of specific Asian American ethnic subgroups, to enhance access to treatment, and to determine how treatment recommendations should reflect differences in acculturation level and tobacco and nicotine metabolism.     

印前数据格式的灵活性和可靠性比较

在印前数字化工作流程中，为了使页面数据在设备、软件之间做到无缝交换，许多公司、组织一直致力于可靠的文件格式的开发，现在用于印前数据交换的主要文件格式有应用文件格式、PostScript、EPS、PDF、PDF／X、TIFF／IT、Copydot等，文件的格式不同，其灵活性和可靠性不同，如图1所示。     

The reliability and validity of self-reported puffing behavior: evidence from a cross-national study.

Self-reported puffing behavior has considerable potential as an indicator of smoking intensity, particularly in survey research evaluating population-based changes in smoking patterns. However, little is known about the reliability and validity of self-reported puffing behavior. This study compared smokers' perceptions of their puffing behavior with measures of both machine-determined puffing behavior and nicotine uptake to assess the utility of self-report. We assessed self-reported puffing behavior as well as demographic and smoking characteristics of 118 smokers from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. At two visits, participants were asked to provide a saliva sample and to smoke a cigarette through a portable smoking topography device, the CReSSmicro, to measure puffing behavior. Saliva samples were assayed for cotinine, a measure of nicotine uptake, to provide estimates of smoke exposure. Intraclass coefficients for all measures of self-reported general puffing behavior were above .6, indicating that self-reported measures had fair-to-good test-retest reliability. Self-report, in particular of interpuff interval and number of cigarette puffs, was correlated only moderately with machine-determined puffing measures (.2相似文献   

Factorial and convergent validity of nicotine dependence measures in adolescents: toward a multidimensional approach.

The present study investigated the possibility of forming a multidimensional scale for the measurement of nicotine dependence among adolescents, based on the modified Fagerstr?m Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ) and the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC). A survey was conducted among 33 Dutch secondary schools, resulting in 2,041 smokers who completed the questionnaire. Motivation to quit and number of quit attempts were assessed and used as convergent construct variables for the construct of nicotine dependence. The findings show that combining the items of the mFTQ and the HONC results in three distinct dimensions: behavioral aspects of nicotine dependence, craving, and nervousness during abstinence. We examined this new multidimensional model in a second sample using confirmatory factor analysis. The new multidimensional measure fitted the data satisfactorily and showed good psychometric properties. Results of this study support the notion that nicotine dependence among adolescents is multidimensional.     

Tobacco industry research and protection of human subjects: a case study of R. J. Reynolds.

Companies that conduct research are under no obligation to follow guidelines regarding treatment of human subjects in clinical trials. By contrast, clinical researchers funded by federal agencies or under U.S. Food and Drug Administration authority are required to follow federal regulations, and academics must adhere to their institutions' standards. We examined how one tobacco company, R. J. Reynolds, treated human subjects in internal research conducted from 1985 to 2000. We then compared this treatment with standards of the time. We focused on R. J. Reynolds because the company conducted a significant amount of research using human subjects. Tobacco industry documents were retrieved from the UCSF/Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, Tobacco Documents Online, and industry Web sites. Materials from 73 research projects, including informed consent forms, were analyzed. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 45 Part 46, Protection of Human Subjects (the Common Rule) was the primary source for human subjects research guidelines and standards. R. J. Reynolds formed a human subjects review committee in 1985. The committee's structure and procedures did not meet generally accepted practices of the time regarding community representation, written procedures for adverse events, and other factors. In all 73 studies, consent procedures failed to meet five or more human subjects research standards. Policymakers should consider expanding the scope of federal human subjects research regulations to cover research undertaken by private firms such as tobacco companies.     

Tobacco use and acculturation among Californians of Korean descent: a behavioral epidemiological analysis.

This study presents population estimates of cigarette use among adults of Korean descent residing in California. Data were drawn from telephone interviews with adults (N=2,830) developed from a random sampling of listed persons in California with Korean surnames. A total of 86% of attempted interviews were completed, and 85% of the interviews were conducted in Korean. Less acculturated men and more acculturated women reported higher present and predicted future rates of smoking after multivariate statistical controls were applied. Sharply divergent rates of cigarette use were found between the genders. Although men did not smoke their first cigarette or smoke cigarettes regularly earlier than women, both groups began smoking later than adults born in the United States. To be effective, tobacco intervention efforts must be tailored specifically to cultures of each minority. Results suggest that acculturation processes influence tobacco use differentially by gender, and future research is needed to identify the implications of processes in tobacco initiation and cessation.     

烟草及其制品中砷的形态分析

为了测定烟草中砷(As)的形态,采用超声溶剂萃取、高效液相色谱(HPLC)与电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用技术建立了亚砷酸[As(III)]、砷酸[As(V)]、二甲基胂酸(DMA)、甲基胂酸(MMA)、砷甜菜碱(AsB)和砷胆碱(AsC)6种形态As的分离分析方法。结果表明:采用Hamilton PRPX-100(250 mm×4.1 mm,10μm)阴离子交换柱、15 mmol/L(NH4)2HPO4(pH6.0)等度洗脱,6种不同形态As在15 min内实现了基线分离,线性范围不小于两个数量级,检出限0.44~0.98μg/L,加标回收率85.19%~87.31%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=5)2.45%~3.56%。烟草中As含量较低,且部分以低毒的DMA、MMA形态存在;超声溶剂提取能同时提取烟草中的有机As和无机As,较客观地反映样品中As的形态分布。该方法准确、可靠,适合于评价烟草中As的形态,可为烟草的安全性评价提供参考。     

自然发酵烤烟叶面微生物区系的分离鉴定

分析了红大、NC89、K326 3个烤烟品种不同陈化时间的10个烟样叶面微生物的数量、种类.结果表明,在自然发酵烤烟叶面微生物中,细菌占绝对优势,放线菌和霉菌尤其是放线菌数量较少.细菌中芽孢杆菌属为优势菌群,霉菌中曲霉为优势菌群.自然发酵烤烟叶面微生物的数量和种类与烤烟品种、产地、等级和陈化时间有关.不同品种的烤烟中,优良品种烤烟叶面微生物的数量较大,种类较多.自然发酵烤烟叶面的微生物可能是推动烟叶自然发酵过程中物质转化和品质改良的生物催化剂之一.     

卷烟端部落丝量与烟丝结构的相关性分析

通过制备不同结构的烟丝并进行旋转箱、旋转笼两种端部落丝量测定方法的试验,分析叶、梗丝掺配比例及不同烟丝结构对两种测定方法检测值的影响。讨论了两种方法检测结果的差异性,分析卷烟端部落丝量指标对卷烟工艺的指导作用。试验结果表明：梗丝掺配比例与两种测定方法测定值无显著相关性;6目至8目叶丝比例与两种测定方法测定值有显著相关性;18目下梗丝与两种测定方法测定值无显著相关性;旋转笼法和旋转箱法的测定结果显著相关。     

淀粉改性烟草保润剂的制备

以淀粉为研究对象,通过化学反应将强亲水性基团引入淀粉分子内,大幅度提高其吸水和保水能力,制备了改性淀粉保润剂;确定制备反应条件为：过氧化氢用量10%、反应温度60℃、反应时间3 h;通过对平衡含水率的测定,对改性淀粉保润剂与常见的烟用保润剂的保润性能进行了比较。结果表明：该改性淀粉保润剂的保润性能优于常见的烟用保润剂（丙二醇、甘油和山梨醇）。     

美国烟叶分级标准体系中类、型和组的划分

简要介绍了美国条法的编纂发布规则以及烟叶分级标准在其编排体系中的位置和编码方式;论述了美国烟叶分级标准中类、型、组的概念以及分类、分型、分组的依据、原则和特点;阐明了美国烟叶分级标准与各类、型的对应关系,并对分类和分型在我国烟叶分级标准制订工作中的意义作了讨论。     

浅谈工艺技术的有效性与简单性

从生产实际出发论述了生产工艺技术的有效性与简单性问题。指出工艺的有效性优先于工艺的简单性,任何工艺都是有效性与简单性的统一体。     

Form of calf diet and the rumen. I: Impact on growth and development

Preweaning diet is known to affect rumen tissue appearance at the gross level. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate effects of different preweaning diets on the growth and development of the rumen epithelium and on putative rumen epithelial stem and progenitor cell measurements at the gene and cell levels. Neonatal Holstein bull calves (n = 11) were individually housed and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets. The diets were milk replacer only (MRO; n = 5) or milk replacer with starter (MRS; n = 6). Diets were isoenergetic (3.87 ± 0.06 Mcal of metabolizable energy per day) and isonitrogenous (0.17 ± 0.003 kg/d of apparent digestible protein). Milk replacer was 22% crude protein, 21.5% fat (dry matter basis). The textured calf starter was 21.5% crude protein (dry matter basis). Water was available ad libitum and feed and water intake were recorded daily. Putative stem and progenitor cells were labeled by administering a thymidine analog (5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, BrdU; 5 mg/kg of body weight in sterile saline) for 5 consecutive days and allowed a 25-d washout period. Calves were killed at 43 ± 1 d after a 6 h exposure to a defined concentration of volatile fatty acids. We obtained rumen tissue from the ventral sac and used it for immunohistochemical analyses of BrdU (putative stem and progenitor cells) and Ki67 (cell proliferation), gene expression analysis, and morphological measurements via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Epithelial stem and progenitor cell gene markers of interest, analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, were β1-integrin, keratin-14, notch-1, tumor protein p63, and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5. Body growth did not differ by diet, but empty reticulorumens were heavier in MRS calves (MRS: 0.67 ± 0.04 kg; MRO: 0.39 ± 0.04 kg). The percentage of label-retaining BrdU basale cells was higher in MRO calves than in MRS calves (2.0 ± 0.3% vs. 0.3 ± 0.2%, respectively). We observed a higher percentage of basale cells undergoing proliferation in MRS calves than in MRO calves (18.4 ± 2.6% vs. 10.8 ± 2.8%, respectively). Rumen epithelial gene expression was not affected by diet, but the submucosa was thicker in MRO calves and the epithelium and corneum/keratin layers were thicker in MRS calves. Presumptive stem and progenitor cells in the rumen epithelium were identifiable by their ability to retain labeled DNA in the long term, changed proliferative status in response to diet, and likely contributed to observed treatment differences in rumen tissue thickness.