复合粘接结构脱粘缺陷全聚焦成像模拟及算法优化研究

针对材料声学参数差异较大的复合粘接结构脱粘缺陷检测困难的问题,研究了复合粘接结构的检测原理及难点,分析了脱粘尺寸对回波幅值的影响,提出了将全聚焦算法应用于复合粘接结构的成像检测方法。分别建立了复合粘接结构的常规PA成像检测和全聚焦算法成像检测的有限元检测模型,提出了基于指向性理论的分序列局部全聚焦加速算法,通过设定角度阈值筛选有效阵元序列来提高计算效率。研究结果表明:对于复合粘接结构脱粘缺陷的检测,全聚焦算法成像检测相对常规PA成像检测具有更高的检测精度;应用加速算法后,对于32阵元的相控阵探头,[-4 mm,4 mm]和[4 mm,8 mm]之间矩形目标区域的全聚焦成像检测,计算量降低了34.7%,且未降低成像质量。     

自适应解卷积方法抑制管道 TOFD 周向扫查盲区

利用超声衍射时差法(TOFD)沿管道外表面实施周向扫查时,受管道曲率和直达纵波脉冲宽度共同影响,在近表面区域形成分层盲区。本文采用自适应解卷积方法,选取与混叠信号主频接近的子带直达纵波信号作为参考信号,进行解卷积与自回归谱外推处理,拓宽有效频带范围,实现时域信号脉冲压缩,并结合周向扫查图像中端点衍射波确定缺陷深度。实验结果表明,对于外壁半径100.0 mm、壁厚30.0 mm,以及外壁半径148.0 mm、壁厚27.0 mm的碳钢管道,在中心频率5 MHz、探头中心距87 mm的检测条件下,自适应解卷积方法能够将管道近表面分层盲区范围减少约60%,且到直达纵波声线距离不小于4.0 mm缺陷的深度定量误差不超过10.6%。同常规频谱分析方法和自回归谱外推方法相比,自适应解卷积方法具有更优的盲区抑制效果,且能够准确定量前者难以检测的缺陷,测量误差不超过5.8%。     

基于变焦技术的三维微纳表面形貌测量算法研究

利用变焦原理,通过控制步进电机的运动,不断改变成像CCD与被测物体的z向间距,拍摄获取一维、二维图像序列。通过比较分析各种聚焦评价和搜索算法,采用抗噪性和处理速度较好的Tenengrad聚焦评价函数和高斯曲线拟合搜索方法,通过空间域的像素融合得到被测物体的全景深图像。实验结果表明,采用上述算法能够较好地重现被测物体的三维结构,纵向分辨率能够满足测量精度要求。     

基于偏振分像的制冷器件晶粒双面等光程共焦成像缺陷检测装置

针对待测晶粒大的情况,为解决晶粒双面检测时双面之间产生光程差导致的的成像清晰度问题,提出了一种基于偏振分光成像法的半导体制冷器件晶粒相邻双面同时成像缺陷检测的装置。利用偏振分光器与直角转像棱镜对采用偏振分束器与偏振相机的晶粒天面和侧面同时等光程共焦成像检测装置进行了光学设计,完成了晶粒相邻双面同时等光程偏振成像缺陷检测的实验验证。结果表明,该偏振分光成像检测技术可以实现晶粒相邻面的同时缺陷检测,并能很好地满足相邻面等光程成像缺陷检测的性能要求。当晶粒相邻面等光程共焦时,检测分辨率可达到110 lp/mm以上,而当晶粒相邻面离焦（准共焦）仅±0.20 mm时,分辨率则降至45 lp/mm以下。本检测装置具有双面成像清晰度好、成像光路共焦调整方便、检测装置结构简单可靠,以及提高的缺陷检测性能等优点。     

基于全模式全聚焦方法的裂纹超声成像定量检测

利用超声成像方法对关注区域成像,对获取缺陷形状、尺度和取向等特征具有重要意义。考虑了21种不同声束路径的模式波,复合叠加各重建点能量最强信号,提出全模式全聚焦方法(FTFM)。利用一组探头楔块,通过一次信号采集实现未知裂纹的轮廓重建与定量检测。针对厚度40 mm碳钢中长度4 mm,中心深度25 mm,取向角度分别为0°、±20°、±50°和±80°的裂纹,采用64阵元、中心频率5 MHz线阵探头配合45°纵波楔块实施全矩阵捕捉(FMC)和FTFM成像,仿真和实验均重建了裂纹完整轮廓,裂纹长度、取向和中心深度定量误差分别不超过0.60 mm、2.39°和0.73 mm。最后,为保证FTFM成像质量,检测时应合理选择相控阵探头参数,并移动探头至最佳位置处采集FMC信号。     

多光谱3D成像方法

已有3D成像方法难以实现单目、单帧图像条件下同时获取场景图像及深度信息,也不能兼具时间效率高、体积紧凑、能耗低等优点。为此,创新地提出多光谱3D成像方法,通过具有纵向色散的光学成像镜头与快照式多光谱图像传感器两部分构成图像采集系统,使用离焦深度还原算法获取深度信息。其基本原理为:首先,增强纵向色差光学镜头使得同一物点在不同光谱波段图像上的成像离焦程度不同;其次,快照式窄带多光谱图像传感器单帧曝光同时获取多幅窄带光谱图像;再通过离焦深度还原算法根据多光谱图像边缘梯度获取3D信息。实验采用纵向色散增强型光学成像系统及快照式多光谱相机捕获450±10 nm、525±10 nm、620±10 nm 3通道光谱图像,对5 m内场景进行3D深度恢复,获得了深度误差不高于5 cm的测量结果。实验结果表明多光谱3D视觉方法可以实现单目、所提单帧图像的深度估计。该方法能同时获得视觉及深度信息且无需空间位置配准及预先深度刻度,单帧图像处理平均耗时0. 186 s,图像采集系统尺寸为120 mm×77 mm×65 mm,其工作功率约为10 W,兼具时间效率高、体积紧凑、能耗低等优点。因此,所提方法有望在无人驾驶及智能机器人等领域获得广泛应用。     

接管焊缝超声相控阵多模全聚焦检测技术

接管角焊缝是承压设备的关键部位,也是易于出现危害性缺陷的薄弱环节,因此,针对该薄弱区域的定期检测非常重要。相对于传统超声无损检测,超声相控阵全聚焦对焊缝内部缺陷的定位和定量具有优势。提出了一种针对焊缝内部缺陷的超声相控阵全聚焦方法,将多模成像方法应用于小口径接管焊缝的缺陷检测,实现对焊缝内部缺陷的有效检出。同时,根据检测对象的实际尺寸,通过智能算法计算声束入射参数,选择最佳成像区域,获得了一种有效区域多模融合成像方法。试验结果表明,本方法可检出直径为0.53 mm的角焊缝内部气孔缺陷,相对于单视图成像和普通超声能够有效提高缺陷定量和定位的准确性。     

皮肤反射式共聚焦显微成像自适应图像亮度调节

在皮肤反射式共聚焦显微成像过程中,为了实现图像亮度的快速调节,提出了一种图像亮度自适应调节方法。通过实验建立光强控制电压与图像亮度之间的关系模型,划分图像极端亮度区间与适度亮度区间,采用分段调节策略,将初始图像从极端亮度区间快速调整至适度亮度区间,在适度亮度区间内通过线性补偿调节至目标灰度均值。对不同深度、不同位置的皮肤组织进行实时成像,图像初始亮度存在着过亮、过暗和适中等各种情况,上述亮度自适应调节方法均能实现快速亮度调节,调节迭代次数为2～3,调节后图像灰度均值达到最优值70左右。实验结果表明,这种自适应图像亮度调节方法快速、有效,能够满足皮肤共聚焦成像检测的需要。     

基于TOFD周向扫查图像特征的管道缺陷超声检测

利用超声衍射时差法(Time-of-flight diffraction,TOFD)对管道进行周向扫查检测时,直达纵波传播路径与管道表面不平行,需分别对直达纵波上下区域内缺陷进行识别和定位检测。特别地,管道结构导致TOFD近表面盲区增大,缺陷衍射波与直达纵波发生混叠。针对上述问题,理论分析极坐标系下的管道TOFD周向扫查图像中缺陷衍射波特征,借此确定缺陷与直达纵波的相对位置。在此基础上,对盲区外缺陷进行定位检测,并结合自回归谱外推方法计算盲区内缺陷深度。试验结果显示,对于外壁半径100.0 mm,壁厚30.0 mm碳钢管道,在5 MHz中心频率和不同探头中心距(Probe center separation,PCS)的检测条件下,埋深4.0 mm的上表面开口槽与埋深16.0 mm的下表面开口槽均可检出,且定位误差不超过0.36 mm。缺陷衍射波特征与PCS直接相关,对管道进行周向扫查检测时应合理调整参数。     

非开挖钻杆管端内成像检测装置的设计与应用

非开挖钻杆管端存在内部变径区,传统的无损检测方式难以准确检测出该区域缺陷,故目前多为人工手持内窥镜检测,检测效率极低。为解决该区域内部缺陷检测效率低的问题,通过分析非开挖钻杆结构的特殊性,提出了采用成像技术获取管端内变径区图像的方法,设计了一套内成像检测装置,实现了内部图像的自动获取,便于检测人员对该部位进行检测。现场应用结果表明:该装置能清晰、快速的获取内部图像,大幅度提高了检测效率并降低了漏检率。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.