压电执行器动态迟滞建模与LQG最优控制器设计

为提高空间天文望远镜稳像系统中压电快摆镜(Fast Steering Mirror,FSM)的动态性能,对压电执行器(Piezoelectric Actuator,PZT)动态迟滞补偿和控制进行研究。鉴于基于广义Play算子Prandtl-Ishlinskii(PI)模型的求逆复杂性和迟滞曲线的非对称性,构造一种基于广义Stop算子PI逆模型来补偿压电执行器迟滞非线性。采用Hammerstein模型对压电执行器动态迟滞特性进行建模,以广义PI模型和自回归遍历模型(Auto-regressive Exogenous Model,ARX)分别表征Hammerstein迟滞模型中的静态非线性和率相关性,并针对迟滞率相关模型不确定性问题,提出一种前馈补偿和线性二次型Gauss最优控制算法(Linear Quadratic Gaussian,LQG)相结合的复合控制策略。利用自适应差分进化算法(Adaptive Differential Evolution algorithm,ADE)辨识和整定模型及控制器参数。实验结果表明:该动态迟滞模型能够有效描述1～100Hz频率范围内压电执行器迟滞曲线,拟合均方根误差为0.077 1μm(@1 Hz)～0.512 3μm(@100Hz),相对误差为0.31%(@1Hz)～2.09%(@100Hz);实时跟踪幅值为24.5μm的变频目标位移,LQG控制算法的跟踪精度相比于直接前馈控制和PID控制分别提高48.6%和27.02%。     

压电陶瓷执行器的动态模型辨识与控制

为了提高精密定位系统中压电陶瓷的控制精度,研究了压电执行器的动态模型及逆模型。根据Weierstrass第一逼近定理,提出了以多项式函数逼近Duhem模型中的分段连续函数f(·)和g(·),并应用递推最小二乘算法辨识Duhem模型的参数α 及f(·)和g(·)的多项式系数,建立了压电陶瓷执行器的非线性参数化动态模型。利用辨识结果建立压电陶瓷执行器的动态逆模型,避免对压电陶瓷执行器进行复杂的模型求逆;介绍了通过逆补偿和PID复合控制对压电陶瓷系统进行的控制。实验结果表明:仅通过逆补偿,可在0~200 μm使得控制绝对误差小于0.8 μm;在前馈逆补偿和PID环控制下,绝对误差可小于40 nm,结果验证了算法的有效性。该算法结构简单,适应性强,便于工程实现。     

叠堆式压电陶瓷驱动器的复合控制

提出了逆Bouc-Wen前馈控制与反馈控制相结合的复合控制算法,用于改善压电陶瓷驱动器对目标轨迹的跟踪性能。建立了压电陶瓷驱动器的Bouc-Wen迟滞动力学模型,并用粒子群算法(PSO)对该模型的参数进行识别。基于Bouc-Wen迟滞模型,提出了逆Bouc-Wen前馈补偿控制。最后,为消除迟滞模型的不确定性,引入比例积分(PI)反馈控制,并与前馈补偿控制构成复合控制算法。建立了基于dSPACE实时系统的压电陶瓷驱动实验平台,迟滞实验结果表明:压电陶瓷的迟滞误差量几乎为0,线性度高达96.5%;目标轨迹跟踪实验结果表明:复合控制算法的最大跟踪误差为0.180 5μm,均方根(RMS-Root mean square)跟踪误差为0.055 4μm,跟踪精度达到了10-8 m。相比于开环控制、前馈控制及PI反馈控制,提出的复合控制算法能够基本消除压电陶瓷的迟滞非线性,同时具有很好的轨迹跟踪性能。     

压电执行器的非对称动态迟滞特性建模研究

传统Bouc-Wen模型难以精确表征压电执行器固有非对称率相关动态迟滞非线性,因此提出一种广义Bouc-Wen(GBW)迟滞模型用于精确表征压电执行器的迟滞非线性。首先,基于传统Bouc-Wen迟滞模型引入两项非对称项和二阶IIR滤波器表征压电执行器非对称迟滞及高频相位滞后特性,进一步分析了模型参数值与频率变化规律并确定了模型的率相关参数。然后,搭建了基于NI CompactRIO测控系统的压电执行器精密定位实验平台,通过粒子群优化算法完成GBW模型的参数辨识,并对提出的GBW模型进行实验验证。实验结果表明,对于变频率正弦激励信号,GBW模型的最大误差为0.190 6μm,均方根误差为0.043 1μm仅占压电执行器位移行程的0.65%,相较于传统Bouc-Wen(CBW)模型及改进Bouc-Wen(EBW)模型分别下降了82.07%和62.10%。对比CBW模型和EBW模型,所提出的GBW模型精度和宽频性能均有显著提升,并且解析逆模型存在易于控制器设计,有助于实现压电执行器在超精密仪器设备中宽频、高速精密定位。     

压电陶瓷驱动器的复合控制方法研究

针对压电陶瓷驱动器中的迟滞非线性特性,提出一种提高压电陶瓷执行器定位精度的复合控制方法。建立了非等间隔阈值的Prandtl-Ishilinskii(PI)迟滞模型,通过自适应差分进化算法进行系统辨识,求取参数并建立逆模型。考虑到压电陶瓷迟滞非线性特性随输入信号频率变化的特点,采用融合PI逆模型前馈控制与滑模控制的复合控制方法用于压电陶瓷的精密驱动。实验结果表明,相比逆模型前馈和PID结合的复合控制方法,采用逆模型前馈和滑模复合控制方法,平均误差下降了0.0300μm,均方根误差下降了0.0346μm,能有效克服压电陶瓷迟滞非线性,提高系统跟踪性能。     

压电陶瓷作动器非对称迟滞建模与内模控制

压电陶瓷作动器被广泛应用于精密定位和控制中,但其本身存在的非对称迟滞非线性特性,严重影响了系统的定位和控制精度。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于广义Bouc-Wen模型的非对称迟滞建模方法,并利用差分进化算法辨识模型参数;基于所建的广义Bouc-Wen模型构建了其具有解析形式的迟滞逆模型,并设计了内模控制方案实现对压电陶瓷作动器的精密跟踪控制;最后在压电陶瓷作动器实验平台,对所提出的建模和控制方案进行了实验验证。对压电陶瓷作动器的建模结果表明,系统建模误差均小于0.051 0,比经典Bouc-Wen模型的建模误差降低约21%～46%;对100 Hz内幅值为20μm的期望位移信号的控制实验结果表明,所提出的控制方法具有良好的实时跟踪性能和跟踪控制精度。对100 Hz期望信号的跟踪控制均方根误差为0.491 6μm,相对误差为0.040 2μm,可以很好地满足实际工程需要。     

压电微定位台的率相关动态迟滞建模及参数辨识

针对压电微定位台固有的率相关迟滞非线性严重限制其微定位精度的问题,研究了基于Backlash-Like的Hammerstein率相关迟滞非线性模型及其建模方法。以改进的Backlash-Like分段辨识模型描述压电微定位台的静态非线性特性,结合ARX(Auto Regressive eXogenous)模型,建立描述压电微定位台的率相关动态迟滞模型。同时,针对传统的粒子群算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)进行模型参数辨识时易陷入局部最优的问题,提出一种具有交叉变异策略的改进型粒子群算法进行模型的参数辨识。实验结果表明:与传统的Backlash-Like模型相比,改进的Backlash-Like分段辨识模型在输入电压为60V,频率为2Hz的信号时,模型辨识的最大误差由0.68μm下降到了0.104μm,最大相对误差由2.69%下降为0.35%。当压电微定位台输入电压为60V,频率分别为30Hz,60Hz和90Hz的单频信号时,Hammerstein率相关迟滞模型较Backlash-Like分段辨识模型,均方根误差由0.393 1～0.700 6μm下降至0.054 1～0.190 4μm,相对误差由1.721%～3.087%下降至0.236%～0.831%。验证了基于改进Backlash-Like的Hammerstein率相关迟滞模型较传统的Backlash-Like静态迟滞模型能精确地描述压电微定位台的率相关动态迟滞特性,具有较好的频率泛化能力,提高了压电微定位平台的定位精度。     

压电作动器的率相关迟滞建模与跟踪控制

为了降低率相关迟滞特性对压电作动器的影响,研究了基于Hammerstein模型的建模方法和实时跟踪控制策略。以改进的Prandtl-Ishlinskii(MPI)模型表示静态非线性部分,以外因输入自回归模型(Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Input ARX)表示动态线性部分,建立了能够描述压电作动器率相关迟滞特性的Hammerstein模型。基于所建Hammerstein模型,设计了基于前馈自适应逆补偿和PI反馈的复合控制策略。最后,设计并实现了基于前馈逆补偿和PI反馈的复合控制策略来对比和验证所设计的控制策略的有效性。验证实验显示:采用文中设计的控制策略实时跟踪100Hz以内,幅值为11μm的单一频率信号和扫频信号以及变幅值的复合频率信号和正弦扫描信号时,均方根误差为0.280 8~0.437 3μm,相对误差为0.016 5~0.024 4,并且具有良好的实时性能。与基于前馈逆补偿和PI反馈的复合控制策略相比,提出的基于前馈自适应逆补偿和PI反馈的复合控制策略具有更高的跟踪精度。     

压电定位平台Hammerstein建模与反馈线性化控制

压电定位平台以压电陶瓷、柔性铰链作为驱动及放大机构,具有高定位精度和快响应速度,被广泛应用于各种精密/超精密定位领域。压电定位平台面临的主要挑战是压电陶瓷的固有迟滞非线性特性,这严重影响平台的定位和跟踪精度。针对此问题,提出一种基于Hammerstein结构的迟滞建模方法及基于此模型的输入-输出反馈线性化控制策略。首先,建立Hammerstein结构的迟滞模型,并进行模型参数估计。接着,以基于Hammerstein模型的输入-输出反馈线性化控制策略设计跟踪控制器。最后,在压电定位平台上对建立的模型和设计的跟踪控制器进行实验验证。模型辨识实验结果表明：提出的Hammerstein模型能有效地拟合压电定位平台输入量与输出量之间的迟滞非线性特性,其均方根误差小于0.5μm。轨迹跟踪实验结果表明：设计的跟踪控制器对期望信号（幅值60μm,频率100 Hz）的跟踪均方根误差为0.926 6μm,相较于基于改进的速率相关PI(Modified Rate-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii,MRPI)模型的前馈补偿跟踪控制、基于MRPI模型的前馈补偿与PID反馈复合跟踪控制,精...     

压电陶瓷执行器迟滞补偿及复合控制

快速倾斜镜是星间激光通信终端精瞄系统的核心部件,其驱动装置为压电陶瓷执行器,而压电陶瓷具有迟滞特性,其严重影响了快速倾斜镜的定位精度,进而对星间通信链路的稳定性造成不利影响。为解决这一问题,本文设计了一种改进Prandtl-Ishlinskii(P-I)模型对压电陶瓷执行器进行建模。在此基础上,提出了压电陶瓷执行器前馈线性化方法,以对迟滞特性进行前馈逆补偿。接着,提出了一种结合改进的P-I模型与增量式PID算法的复合控制算法,并在DSP中实现了该复合控制算法。最后,在试验平台上对该算法进行了验证。结果显示:当分别对系统输入10Hz和100Hz减幅正弦、等幅正弦曲线时,模型误差在0.59%以内,在输入同频100Hz以下的减幅正弦曲线时,传统PID算法的最大误差为59.31μrad,而该复合算法的最大误差为14.22μrad。实验数据表明,本文复合控制方法的动态跟踪性能明显优于传统PID方法,改进Prandtl-Ishlinskii(P-I)模型可以精确描述压电陶瓷的迟滞特性。本文设计的复合控制方法满足实际应用对快速倾斜镜的要求。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.