纳米氧化镍的制备与应用

纳米氧化镍具有优异的催化性能、电学性能,在催化剂、传感器及电池电极等方面得到了广泛的应用。综述了纳米氧化镍的制备方法及其优缺点,指出了纳米氧化镍在制备及其表面改性方面尚待解决的问题。     

氧化镍微纳米结构的模板法制备及应用研究进展

综述了近年来利用模板法制备氧化镍微纳米结构的研究进展,同时介绍了其目前在催化材料、电池材料、光电材料、陶瓷添加剂和玻璃染色剂以及气敏传感材料等方面的应用情况。     

纳米氧化镍在铁镍蓄电池中的应用研究

采用均相沉淀法,以硝酸镍溶液和尿素溶液为原料,制备出纳米氧化镍;将纳米氧化镍取代传统的普通氧化镍和碳棒一起制成纳米氧化镍电极,应用于铁镍蓄电池中,研究了其电化学性能;比较了纳米氧化镍蓄电池和非纳米氧化镍蓄电池的充放电特性,发现前者的放电性能明显优于后者,其充电性能也表现出更好的态势。     

纳米氧化镍研究进展

纳米氧化镍是过渡金属氧化物中不多见的p型半导体之一，具有稳定而较宽的带隙，作为一种新型功能材料受到人们关注。介绍了纳米氧化镍的化学沉淀法、电化学和溶胶-凝胶综合法、喷雾热解法、高分子网络法、醇溶剂法、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）前驱体法、水热法及低热固相法等多种合成方法，简要分析了各方法的影响因素及优缺点。综述了纳米氧化镍在催化材料、光电材料、气敏传感材料及电池材料等方面的应用情况，展望了其今后在生物、催化、能源、医药等领域的发展应用前景。     

热处理对微乳液法制备纳米氧化镍的影响

微乳液法是近年来制备纳米颗粒的有效方法之一，具有装置简单，操作容易，微粒可控等优点。以氯化镍和氨水为原料，以Triton X-100／环己彬正己醇／水为反相微乳体系，成功制备出纳米氧化镍前驱体，然后对前驱体进行热处理，得到纳米氧化镍粉末，系统考察了热处理对纳米氧化镍颗粒形貌、粒径分布的影响。结果显示，利用微乳液法制备的氧化镍纳米颗粒大小、形态及分散性优于经热处理后的粉末；X射线衍射谱及透射电镜显示，热处理后的氧化镍粉末粒径随着热处理温度的升高而增大。     

介孔氧化镍应用与制备进展

介绍了介孔氧化镍的结构与特点,阐述了介孔氧化镍在敏感材料、催化剂和电化学领域的应用.介绍了介孔氧化镍的主要制备方法直接热解法与模板法,其中直接热解法是介孔氧化镍最简便的制备方法,但该法难以制备得到特定形貌的介孔氧化镍,只能用于催化及敏感等领域.模板法能够得到特定形貌的介孔氧化镍,但实际收率不高,且在制备过程中易引入些杂质.开发易操作、设备易实现的模板法生产工艺是未来制备介孔氧化镍的主要方向.     

纳米氧化铁的制备

纳米氧化铁是一种多功能材料,在催化、磁介质、医药等方面具有广泛的应用。综述了纳米氧化铁的各种制备方法,对各种制备方法优缺点进行了分析和比较。     

微/纳米胶囊相变材料的制备及应用进展

微/纳米胶囊相变材料是将微胶囊化技术和纳米胶囊化技术应用到相变材料中而形成的新型复合相变材料。系统地介绍了微/纳米胶囊相变材料的制备方法、研究进展和应用领域;分析了各种制备方法的优缺点,并指出了制备微/纳米胶囊相变材料中存在的问题及今后发展方向。最后对微/纳米胶囊相变材料的发展前景进行了展望。     

纳米四氧化三铁的化学制备方法研究进展

阐述了纳米四氧化三铁在磁性材料、多功能材料、催化材料以及医学领域的应用现状。对纳米四氧化三铁的制备方法如沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、微乳液法、水热与溶剂热法、热分解法、静电纺丝法等做了介绍。分析了各种纳米四氧化三铁材料的形态如纳米颗粒、纳米棒、纳米线、纳米膜、杂化、核壳结构纳米晶等的适用领域。总结了各种制备方法的研究进展,分析了其优缺点并结合作者课题组在纳米四氧化三铁制备方面的研究工作,对纳米四氧化三铁的今后的研究方向作了展望：制备特殊形貌的纳米四氧化三铁材料、减少纳米四氧化三铁的团聚和氧化、多种制备方法的结合以及如何实现大规模工业化生产。     

超增溶自组装制备纳米氧化镍

采用超增溶自组装合成了纳米氧化镍,并通过透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、N2吸附脱附BET法和热重分析（TG）表征了其结构。结果表明,形成的纳米粒子分散性良好,粒径分布较窄(10～20 nm),晶粒度良好,微晶晶化比较完全,氧化镍纳米粒子具有较大的孔径,比表面积和孔容符合纳米粒子特性。确定了超增溶自组装制备纳米氧化镍的最佳工艺条件。     

基于先验知识的杂交方法的设计及其在化工问题中的应用

Three-layer feedforward networks have been widely used in modeling chemical engineering processes and prior-knowledge-based methods have been introduced to improve their performances.In this paper,we propose the methodology of designing better prior-knowledge-based hybrid methods by combining the existing ones. Then according to this methodology,two hybrid methods,interpolation-optimization (IO) method and interpolation penalty-function (IPF) method,are designed as examples.Finally,both methods are applied to modeling two cases in chemical engineering to investigate their effectiveness.Simulation results show that the performances of the hybrid methods are better than those of their parents.     

特殊结构双子表面活性剂的合成进展

按照离子形态,分类介绍了一些有别于传统结构的双子(gemini)表面活性剂,包括阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型及两性型的合成方法。提出了可降解、复配性能良好的特殊结构表面活性剂必然成为日后的发展趋势。     

分子模拟方法在环氧树脂研究中的应用

分子模拟方法是一种新型的科学研究的方法,而环氧树脂材料是一类重要的高分子材料。近年来,分子模拟方法被应用于环氧树脂及其固化剂的分子设计中并且引起了极大的关注。笔者根据相关文献从研究的主要问题和方法对分子模拟法在环氧树脂中的应用作一综述。     

Melting point,solidification, and consistency

Summary There are probably as many methods or variations of methods for melting points, solidification, and consistency as there are producers in the fats and oil industry. I have tried to review the more important ones. The interpretation of results and importance attached to each test will vary widely from producer to producer. My presentation and interpretation have been primarily of methods used by our company and related to the shortening field. In our experience the data obtained from Wiley Melting Points, Penetration Values, and % solids from dilations are the primary controls for the consistency of our products.     

Complex formation of polymethacrylic acid with random copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and vinylamine in solutions

Summary By IR-Spectroscopic, conductometric, potentiometric and viscometric methods the formation of interpolymer complexes in polymethacrylic acid-random copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and vinylamine (VP/VAm, 88 mol.% of VP) systems in water and methanol have been shown. The properties of copolymer complexes (PMAA-VP/VAm) are compared with ones of homopolymer complexes of polymethacrylie acid-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PMAA-PVP).     

含锌废水处理研究进展

含锌废水的传统处理方法,如物理法和化学法的不足之处在于费用高,2次污染大。微生物法在含锌废水处理方面的研究取得了显著进展,一些研究成果已投放工程应用。生物吸附法对含锌废水的处理有着广阔的应用前景。     

含砷废水处理研究进展

含砷废水的传统处理方法如物理法和化学法的不足之处是费用高、二次污染大、工程化程度小。微生物法在含砷废水处理方面的研究取得了显著进展,研究成果已投人工程应用。作者全面介绍了各种微生物方法,着重论述了活性污泥法处理含砷废水的可行性及其主要的影响因素,认为活性污泥法对含砷废水的处理有着广阔的应用前景。     

From Metallurgical-Grade to Solar-Grade Silicon: An Overview

The non-renewable nature of fossil fuels as an energy source means its future availability is a cause for concern. The world’s energy demand is ever increasing and there is a growing interest in finding alternative renewable, environmentally benign and cheap energy sources like solar energy. This has resulted in the shortage of silicon feedstock for the photovoltaic industry. This is mainly due to the non-availability of a dedicated solar silicon production and the growing demand for silicon feedstock. There has been tremendous research in a quest to develop methods for the production of solar-grade silicon in a cheap and environmentally friendly way. The metallurgical and chemical routes for the production of solar-grade silicon from metallurgical-grade silicon have evolved. The chemical methods are the most researched ones and they are mostly preferred than the metallurgical ones since the former are capable of producing silicon of higher purity. This review discusses some of the available methods so far for the production of solar-grade silicon using metallurgical-grade silicon as a starting material.     

Preparation and characterization of successively deposited Pt/Ru bimetallic electrocatalysts for the methanol oxidation

Two types of Pt/Ru electrocatalysts, which have different structural characteristics, were prepared with different synthetic routes. That is, Pt/Ru electrocatalysts were synthesized by the coreduction and successive deposition methods, respectively. The structural and catalytic properties of Pt/Ru electrocatalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, voltammetry and chronoamperometry. From the XRD analysis, coreduced and successively deposited Pt/Ru electrocatalysts had an alloyed structure. TEM analyses showed that all the electrocatalysts had a highly dispersed state on the Vulcan XC-72R substrate. From the voltammetry, the coreduced electrocatalysts displayed higher catalytic activity than the successively deposited electrocatalysts for the electrooxidation of methanol. These results explain why coreduced catalysts are better able to dehydrogenate methanol and have a greater CO tolerance than the successively deposited ones. But chronoamperometry showed that successively deposited Pt/Ru electrocatalysts had stability similar to that of the coreduced ones. Although the successively deposited electrocatalysts showed lower catalytic activity than the coreduced ones, their enhanced catalytic activity was obtained by the successive deposition method in the comparison of methanol oxidation current density with pure platinum electrocatalyst.     

Preparation of platinum-based electrode catalysts for low temperature fuel cell

We have studied systematically the effects of synthesis parameters in both precipitation and colloidal methods to obtain highly dispersed Pt/carbon catalyst and compared the characteristics of prepared catalysts with commercial ones. The average Pt particle size at optimum condition for 10–60 wt.% Pt/carbon was in the range 1.7–3.8 nm which was about 70–80% of the commercial catalysts at the same Pt loading. The Pt surface area was also 20–40% higher than those of the commercial catalysts. The activities of prepared catalysts, measured by a single cell unit, were comparable with those of commercial ones.