Fe2+–thioureadioxide-H2O2-induced polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and its mixtures with acrylamide (Aam), acrylonitrile (AN), butylmethacrylate (BMA), or styrene was investigated at different temperatures (50–95°C), for different periods of time (5–130 min) using different concentrations of Fe2+-thioureadioxide and H2O2. The add-on increased by increasing the thioureadioxide concentration up to 0.05% then decreased. H2O2 concentration of 0.005% constituted the optimal for GMA and GMA/Aam mixtures, and 0.02% H2O2 for GMA/AN, GMA/BMA and GMA/styrene mixtures. Increasing the concentration of GMA either alone or in admixtures resulted in improved add-ons; the magnitude of this improvement relied on the nature of the monomer used along with GMA. The polymerization reaction was characterized by an initial fast rate followed by a slower one irrespective of monomer or monomer mixtures used. Presence of Aam along with GMA offset the fast termination observed with the latter at higher temperatures (above 60°C). GMA/Aam mixtures produced higher add-ons than Aam alone irrespective of their rations in the mixtures, indicating activation of Aam with GMA. On the other hand, Aam deactivated GMA. Similar situation was encountered when styrene or acrylonitrile was used instead of Aam except that the percent add-ons obtained with GMA/AN mixtures decreased upon raising the polymerization temperature above 80°C. Contribution of GMA in the add-ons obtained with the different mixtures was also examined. For instance, the add-on was composed mainly of poly(GMA) when GMA/Aam at a ratio of 8:2 was used. On the other hand, using GMA/Aam at a ratio of 2:8 brought about add-ons of poly(GMA/Aam) in which the concentration of GMA and Aam were roughly equal. 相似文献
The ability of Fe2+-thioureadioxide-H2O2 redox system to induce polymerization of perfluoroheptyl methacrylate (PFHMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) individually as well as in binary mixtures was investigated under different conditions. Results obtained indicated that (a) PFHMA monomer could substantially be polymerized with cotton cellulose only in presence of GMA, (b) maximum contribution of PFHMA in the polymer add-on occurred upon using PFHMA mixture at a ratio of 50:50 at 80°C, (c) presence of PFHMA along with GMA offsets the fast termination rate of the latter as temperature increased from 60° to 90°C, (d) GMA activated PFHMA while the latter adversely affected GMA, (e) none of the PFHMA/GMA mixtures at ratios 2:8, 5:5, 8:2 showed synergetic effects, (f) H2O2 concentration of 0.01% and thioureadioxide concentration of 0.04% constituted the optimal concentrations for polymerization of PFHMA/GMA at a ratio of 5:5, and (g) the polymerization reaction proceeded initially very fast, then levelled off. (h) The water/oil repellency of the copolymerized cotton samples relied on the percent of PFHMA in total percent polymer add-on; these properties attained maximum at 4.25% PFHMA in a total polymer add-on of 22.5%. 相似文献
Fe+2–H2O2 redox system initiated polymerization reactions of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) from aqueous solution with poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (PET) were investigated. The polymer add-on is greatly influenced by H2O2 concentration, GMA concentration, as well as reaction time and temperature. Polymer add-on was directly related to H2O2 concentration up to 30 meq/L and GMA concentration up to 4%. Further increase in concentrations of H2O2 and GMA resulted in lower polymer add-on. Raising the reaction temperature from 65°C to 95°C caused a significant enhancement in the rate of polymerization, the latter follows the order 95 > 85 > 75 > 65°C. However, at 65°C, the polymerization reaction showed an induction period of about 120 min, in contrast with reactions at 75°C, 85°C, and 95°C, where no induction period was observed though the polymer add-on was quite low at 75°C during the initial stages of the reaction. Using dimethylformamide (DMF) alone or mixed with water as polymerization medium offset the polymerization reaction. Incorporation of thioureadioxide in the polymerization system decreased the polymer add-on significantly. 相似文献
Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto cotton fabric using tetravalent ceric ion (CeIV)–cellulose thiocarbonate redox system was investigated under different conditions including pH of the polymerization medium
(1–4), ceric sulphate (CS) concentration (4–20 m mole/l), MAA concentration (1%–6%), polymerization time (1/4–2 h) and polymerization
temperature (0–70°C). Results obtained indicated that the optimal conditions for MAA grafting onto cotton fabric using the
said redox system consisted of: [CS], 20 m mole/l; [MAA], 4%; pH of the medium, 2; time, 2 h; temperature, 60 °C keeping a
material-to-liquor ratio at 1:0. Applying optimized conditions to different monomers, namely, acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic
acid (MAA), acrylamide (Aam), acrylonitrile (AN), butyl acrylate (BuA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA)
and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto the same substrate, the rates of grafting followed the order:
A scheme for the mechanism of initiation, propagation and termination reactions was proposed. 相似文献
Summary: Five new crosslinkers for use in dental composites were synthesized. Four are based on TBHMA: 1 via reaction of TBBr and Bisphenol A; 2 by hydrolysis of t‐butyl groups of the first monomer to give a diacid derivative; 3 by conversion of the first monomer to an amide derivative using benzyl amine; 4 by conversion of the first monomer to amide derivative using APTES. The AHM‐based monomer 5 was synthesized from the Michael addition of APTES to AHM. The photopolymerization behaviors of the synthesized monomers with Bis‐GMA, TEGDMA and HEMA were investigated using photodifferential scanning calorimetry at 40 °C using DMPA as photoinitiator. The polymerization rates and degrees of conversion for mixtures of any of the monomers 1 – 4 with Bis‐GMA:TEGDMA were found to be similar to Bis‐GMA:TEGDMA, higher than Bis‐GMA:HEMA, and also higher than mixtures with Bis‐GMA:HEMA. The incorporation of TBHMA‐based monomers into the conventional resin mixture (Bis‐GMA and TEGDMA) reduced the polymerization shrinkages. Monomer 5 and its mixtures polymerized much faster and to higher degrees of conversion than the other investigated systems, however, this system exhibited the largest volume shrinkage.
Structures of some of the new crosslinkers synthesized. 相似文献
A capto-dative monomer, 2-acetamidoacrylic acid (AAA), was homopolymerized through RAFT polymerization method using 2-(2-cyanopropanyl dithiobenzoate) (CPDB) as a chain transfer agent and AIBN free radical initiator in DMF at 70 °C. DFT calculations were performed in the selection of the CTA for this unique monomer as well as to elucidate the influence of cd-stabilized growing radical on the kinetic parameters in comparison to methacrylic acid (MAA) and N-(prop-1-en-2-yl)acetamide (NPAA), which represent the captive and dative groups of AAA, respectively. Keq for these three monomers is in the order of AAA < MAA < NPAA. While kβ > k−add for NPAA and MAA, for AAA k−add is about four orders of magnitude larger than kβ. This is the major disadvantage in the RAFT process of AAA using CPDB. Yet, poly(AAA) could be achieved with PDI as low as 1.49. Molecular weight of the polymer can be tuned by the monomer/AIBN ratio. First block copolymers of AAA with MAA and MMA using poly(AAA) as a macro-CTA were also synthesized, indicating the presence of active chain ends. 相似文献
In this work, a convenient surface-initiated free radical graft-polymerization method, by which polymethacrylic acid (PMAA)
with a high grafting density was grafted on silica gel particles, was put forward, and it was feasible and effective. The
coupling agent γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AMPS) was first bound onto the surfaces of silica gel particles, obtaining the modified particles
AMPS-SiO2. So a redox initiation system was constituted with the amino groups on the surfaces of AMPS-SiO2 particles and ammonium persulphate in the solution. A great deal of primary free radicals on the surfaces of AMPS-SiO2 particles is produced via the redox initiating reaction, so that the surface-initiated free radical graft- polymerization
of methacrylic acid (MAA) on the silica gel particles was realized, giving the grafted particles PMAA/SiO2 with a high grafting degree (about 30 g/100 g) of PMAA. The effects of the main factors on the surface initiated graft polymerization were examined and the corresponding mechanism
was investigated in depth. The experimental results show that for this surface-initiated free radical graft-polymerization
of MAA, the suitable temperature is 40 °C. If the temperature is over 40 °C, the graft polymerization will be affected negatively,
and the grafting degree of PMAA will decline because of the intense heat decomposition of ammonium persulphate. During the
graft polymerization, the grafted polymer layer that has formed is a hindrance to the subsequent graft polymerization. The
used amount of initiator and the monomer concentration affect the graft polymerization greatly. The appropriate reaction conditions
are as follows: reaction time of 10 h, initiator persulphate amount of 1.1% (it implies the mass percent of the monomer),
and monomer MAA concentration of about 5% (it drives at the mass percent of the solution). 相似文献
Preparation of composite membranes by plasma polymerization is affected not only by the type of monomer and the mode of discharge but also by the interaction of plasma–polymer substrate. Consequently, the reverse osmosis characteristics of composite membranes are dependent on the combination of substrate and monomer(s). The interactions of plasma and polymer are investigated using porous polysulfone film and cellulose nitrate–cellulose acetate (CNCA) porous film as the substrates, and acetylene/H2O/N2 and acetylene/H2O/CO as the monomer systems. The effects of plasma pretreatment of the substrates on the chlorine resistance of the membranes are also investigated. 相似文献
Reverse osmosis characteristics of composite membranes prepared by the plasma polymerization of acetylene/CO/H2O mixtures with various ratios of components are investigated; porous film of cellulose nitrate-cellulose acetate is used as the substrate. This monomer system seems to have the following advantages: (1) A relatively short deposition time (1–2 min) is enough to produce reasonably good reverse osmosis membranes; and (2) good chemical stability of membranes can be obtained, especially in the case of chlorine resistance. 相似文献