Untersuchungen über die Fettverwertung der Regenbogenforelle (Salmo gairdnerii,R.) I: Einsatz von rohem und raffiniertem Sojaöl im Vergleich zu raffiniertem Sonnenblumenöl in einer synthetischen Futtermischung

Investigations of Fat Utilization of the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii, R.) I: Use of Raw and Refined Soya Bean Oil in Comparison to Refined Sunflower Oil in a Synthetic Feed Mixture Three vegetable oils (raw soya bean oil, refined soya bean oil and refined sunflower oil) were used as fat components in a synthetic feed mixture (standard diet. These three proved utilization figures of 0.08 and better as well as PER-values of more than 2.50 on an average could be achieved. Between raw and refined soya bean oil no differences were found, whereas sunflower oil showed a somewhat worse utilization.     

Untersuchungen über die Fettverwertung der Regenbogenforelle (Salmo gairdnerii,R.) VI: Vergleichender Einsatz von 18 unterschiedlichen Futterfetten in einer gereinigten Diät

Investigations about Fat Utilization of the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii, R.) VI: Comparative Use of 18 Different Feeding Fats in a Purified Diet In the submitted work the usability of different feeding fats as source of energy in rations for rainbow trouts is reported. In comparison to 10% of sunflower oil in a standard diet the same amount of examined fats (maize germ oil, rice oil, lard, Novitol-30) with a share of less than 3% of essential linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) produced a just so good utilization. Only olive oil with an unbalanced high content of oleic acid decreased significantly. If a share of 6–7% in 18:3, n-3, fatty acids was contained in the feeding fat (rape seed oil poor in erucic acid and rich in erucic acid, raw and refined soya bean oil, refined soya fatty acids) the utilization increased significantly. The best result was achieved by addition of refined soya fatty acids with 15% 18:3, n-3, or red perch oil with a share of 17% 20:5, n-3 and 22:6, n-3. If beef tallow and especially micronized hardened fatty acids were used whose melting point was far beyond 40°C, a significant decrease in utilization was noticed. These fats proved to be less suitable as source of energy in rations for rainbow trouts. The same good characteristics of utilizations as with soya bean oil and rape seed oil were found in case of use of mixed animal fats, though no essential fatty acids were contained. An explanation could not be found. Linseed oil came off badly, though a surplus of essential fatty acids 18:3, n-3 was contained. The high rate of oxidations of the three fold unsaturated linolenic acid and as result a lacking absorption might be the cause.     

Untersuchungen über die Wirkung synthetischer Antioxidantien im Vergleich zu Vitamin E und Selen im Futter von Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdnerii R.)

Investigations Concerning the Effect of Synthetic Antioxidants in Comparison to Vitamin E and Selen in Feed of Rainbow Trouts (Salmo gairdnerii R.) During a feeding test with rainbow trouts three groups have been fed with the technical antioxidants ethoxiquin, BHT, and Loxidan in comparison to a control group with selen and vitamin E as well as to a neutral group without a corresponding addition. concerning the fattening results, there were no differences among the various groups. The feed mixtures with antioxidant additives only showed a low increase of peroxid value up to maximal 20 mmol O₂/kg fat, whereas the increase in the control group and in the neutral group achieved values of more than 200 inspite of freezing storage. The haematrocrit and haemoglobin values showed a continuous increase during the tst period of 20 weeks. Only in the neutral group these values decreased quickly. As in this group also a significant refusal of feed occurred, feeding was finished after the 12 week. The GOT-, LDH and CK data, measured in blood serum, are higher in the group with technical antioxidants than i the control group. This is caused by the vitamin E-/selen additive. In the neutral group without any antioxidative addition an especially high increase of the GOT and LDH data was detected.     

Untersuchungen über die Zusammensetzung der Wachsbodensätze und des Sonnenblumenölwachses

Studies on the Composition of Tank Settlings and Wax of Sunflower Seed Oil The tank settlings formed by cooling sunflower oil under 15°C consist of 96% oil and 4% wax (mean values). The isolated pure wax has acid value 0.3, saponification value 88.5, iodine value 8, and m. p. 75°–76°C. It contains 1.9% hydrocarbons (from C₁₄ to C₃₀), acids (from C₁₆ to C₁₈) and alcohols from C₁₄ to C₃₂. In this investigation chemical, ion-exchange, adsorption and gas-liquid chromatographic methods were employed.     

Über die Möglichkeiten der Raffination von Sonnenblumenöl mittels Molekulardestillation

The Possibilities of Refining Sunflower Oil with Molecular Distillation The experiment on the deacidification of sunflower oil with molecular distillation was extended to the total refining of the oil. The elimination curve of cold pressed oil is determined, the region of deacidification found out, the distillates and the residues, obtained after distillation, analysed and also the vitamine-E contents of the same are examined. The possibility of refining the cold pressed oil by repeated distillations in a small laboratory apparatus as well as in a semi-industrial plant was studied. The sunflower oil can be refined by molecular distillation in a one step process even at 40° to 50° C. At this temperature, the acid value of the oil remains under 1 and the peroxide value under 10.     

Autoxidationsverhalten von Tritetradecylglycerinäther im Vergleich zu Trimyristin und Kokosöl

Autoxidation Behaviour of Tritetradecyl Glycerol Ether in Comparison with Glyceryl Myristate and Coconut Oil Tritetradecyl glycerol ether is considerably less stable towards atmospheric oxygen than glyceryl myristate and coconut oil: During the storage of tritetradecyl glycerol ether at 60°C up to 96 hours, the peroxide value increases continuously after an incubation time. Under the same conditions, the peroxide value of a reference sample containing 500 ppm of α-tocopherol did not increase. Upon heating to 180°C the tritetradecyl glycerol ether is degraded much more rapidly than glyceryl myristate and coconut oil. Chiefly polar reaction products are being formed, according to liquid and gel permeation chromatography presumably mono- and dialkyl glycerol ethers, tetradecanal, tetradecanol and further compounds not yet identified. The reaction products, in part, possess a higher molecular weight than the original compound. The resolution of the reaction products by liquid chromatography is described.     

Zum Einsatz von Rapsöl im Vergleich zu Sojaöl im Mischfutter für Mastschweine und zum Einfluß dieser Futteröle auf das Fettsäurenmuster des Schweinefettes

The Employment of rapeseed Oil in Compounded Rations for Fattening Pigs in Comparison with Soya Bean Oil, and the Influence of these Feeding Oils on the Fatty Acid Pattern of Pig Fat Feeding oils improve the energy content of rations for fattening pigs in consequence of their high concentration of energy, and they prevent the formation of milling diet. Their part of the ration is de- limited by the content of polyen acid, above all the content of linoleic acid. In soya bean oil it amounts about 2.0–2.5 per cent. According the Swiss results the polyen acid content must not be higher than 12 per cent of all fatty acids; sometimes there are recommended 15 per cent. Rapeseed oil of 00–seed contents only 50 per cent of polyen acid and only 40 per cent of linoleic acid of their part in soya bean oil. The present tests confirm anew the close relation between the polyen acid content of the ration and that of the fatty tissue of pigs. Female slaughter pigs tend to higher contents of linoleic acid as castrated males. By mean of an addition of 4 per cent rapeseed oil there were caused content of linoleic acid in the tested fatty tissues, which may acceptable in processed products.     

Untersuchungen zum α-Tocopherol- und Selenbedarf von Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdnerii,R.) und pathologische Mangelerscheinungen bei Aufnahme einer polyensäurereichen Ration

Investigations of the α-Tocopherol and Selen Need of Rainbow Trouts (Salmo gairdnerii, R.) and Pathological Deficiency Symptoms in Case of Ratios which are Rich in polyen Acids Basing on first investigations about the need of α-tocopherol and selen of rainbow trouts (Oberbach and Hartfiel 1987) further tests with different ratios of selen and tocopherol have been carried out. The additions in a synthetic diet were 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ppm selen in comparison to a standard ration of 0.2 ppm Se and 40 IE dl-α-tocopherol (1st test) and 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 IE dl-α-or 20, 40, 60, and 80 IE d-α-tocopherol (2nd test). Because of the parameters mortality and haematocrit value a unique addition of Se of 0.3 ppm in the last third part of the test was sufficient. A new feeding of the deficiency groups without selen and 0.1 ppm selen with 1.5 ppm Se or 400 I% dl-α-tocopherol showed that a success could only be achieved by vitamin E. the test with vitamin E showed in the 18th test week that those trouts which had got no or only 20 IE of tocopherol addition/kg feed, had significantly lower haematocrit values and haemoglobin contents. The criteria were normalized, however, during the further test procedure up the 44th week. The haemolysis tendency of the erythrocyts decreased with increasing vitamin E supply up to the 30th test week. After 308 days only in the group without or with 20 IE dl-α or d-α-tocopherol/kg feed a light tendency to haemolysis could be detected. For the parameters GOT, CK and LDH amounts were found in the serum, which showed a dependency on the amount of tocopherol additions. The results demonstrate a detriment of liver and muscles in case of vitamin E deficiency. By light microscopy an increase of rabdomyolyses was found in case of such a dificiency.     

Untersuchungen zur Sulfochlorierung von Paraffinen. I Kinetische Untersuchungen über die Erstsulfochlorierung der n-Paraffine C6–C16

Studies on Sulphochlorination of Paraffins. I. Kinetic Studies on the Monosulphochlorination of the n-Paraffins C₆ C₁₆ The monosulphochlorides in the reaction mixtures of the sulphochlorination of n-paraffins may be transformed into the gaschromatographic separable sulphonic acid dimethyl amides by reaction with dimethylamine in ether. So the analysis of the isomers in the mixtures from sulphochlorination of n-paraffins C₅ C₁₆ becomes possible. The results together with the relative rates of sulphochlorination of n-paraffins C₆ C₁₆ (determined by competitive reaction) allow the calculation of sulphochlorination rates of the different C H-bonds in the n-paraffins C₆ C₁₆ relative to one primary C H-bond in n-octane. For the n-paraffins C₆ C₈ the relative rates of sulphochlorination of different C H-bonds agree with the corresponding relative rates of chlorination.     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Lipide in menschlichen Geweben,Organen, im Serum und in der Frauenmilch

Comparative Studies on the Lipids in Human Tissues, Organs and Serum as well as in Female Milk The author investigated the fatty acid composition of the total lipids as well as of individual lipid fractions of the fat tissues, heart, liver and brain in 31 cases where death occurred due to accident. Furthermore the lipid composition of serum and female milk was determined.     

Untersuchungen über die Struktur dimerer Fettsäuren III: Zur Frage der Diels-Alder-Reaktion bei der thermischen Polymerisation von Linolsäure-methylester

Investigations on the Structure of Dimeric Fatty Acids, Part III: Diels-Alder-Reaction in the Thermal Polymerization of Methyl Linoleate To start with, the literature involving the role of Diels-Alder-reaction in the thermal polymerization of methyl linoleate is summarized. It is shown experimentally that methyl-9^c,12^c-linoleate undergoes conjugation only in the presence of free radicals. In this reaction, radicals with conjugated diene systems are formed, which, in contrast to molecules with conjugated diene systems, do not enter into Diels-Alder-reaction. The conjugated radicals get stabilized at 135°C under the formation of acyclic dimers.     

Untersuchungen über die Autoxidation verzweigter Olefine. I,Autoxidation von 2-Methylalk-1-enen und 2-Methyalk-2-enen

Studies on the Autoxidation of Branched-chain Olefins. I. Autoxidation of 2-Methylalk-1-enes and 2-Methylalk-2-enes The products of the autoxidation of 2-methylpent-1-ene, 2-methylpent-2-ene, 2-methylhex-1-ene, 2-methylhex-2-ene, 2,4,4-trimethylpent-1-ene, and 2,4,4-trimethylpent-2-ene were analyzed by gas chromatography. The identification of the products corresponding to the individual peaks was possible by comparison with authentic substances or by preparative gaschromatographic separation and n.m.r.-spectroscopy of the isolated samples. In this way not only the epoxides and the products of the oxidative cleavage of the CC-double bond but also the allylic alcohols formed by LiAlH₄-reduction of the oxidation mixtures could be identified and analyzed. From the results the compositions of the original oxidation mixtures were calculated.     

Aufklärung der Molekülstruktur von Rohölinhaltstoffen durch NMR-Spektroskopie. III. Quantitative Analyse von Erdölfraktionen im Siedebereich über 220°C

Elucidation of the Molecular Structure of Petroleum Constituents by N.M.R. Spectroscopy. III. Quantitative Analysis of Crude Oil Fractions in the Boiling Range above 220°C A method is presented which permits a quantitative analysis of crude oil products boiling > 220°C by means of the data of the ¹H n.m.r. spectrum. Besides of the quantitative analysis (aromatics, paraffins/naphthenes), further structural informations for both of these groups are given, concerning the number of carbon atoms in aromatic rings, the degree of substitution of the aromatic rings, and the CH₃-share of paraffins/naphthenes.     

Untersuchungen über die Eignung von Leindotterpreßkuchen als Futtermittel, 2. Mitteilung: Futterwert und Einsatzgrenzen bei der Fütterung von Wiederkäuern

Studies on the suitability of false flax expeller as feedstuffs. 2nd Communication: Feeding value and incorporation limits for ruminants. Feeding value and acceptability of false flax expeller for ruminants were studied in experiments with four castrated wethers, six rumen fistulated and 18 intact lactating cows. As to the acceptability false flax expeller can be fed to wether without any difficulties in a quantity up to 0.24kg per day and to dairy cows up to 2.4kg/d. Based on the results of the digestibility trial with wether the energetic feeding value was calculated to be 15,4 MJ ME/kg DM or 9,5 MJ NEL/kg DM. The intact and fistulated cows were fed concentrates containing 0%, 15% or 30% of false flax expeller and a grass/corn-silage as roughage. Due to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in false flax expeller the ratio between acetic and propionic acid in the rumen fluid declined, decreasing from 3.1:1 to 3.0:1 to 2.7:1. The other parameters of rumen fermentation (pH-value, NH₃-N content) were not affected significantly. In lactating cows yielding 22.7 kg FCM per day increasing amounts of false flax expeller led to a strong decrease of fat content from 3.73% to 3.28% to 2.46%, respectively. Milk protein content was affected as well decreasing from 3.20% to 3.18% or 3.05%, respectively. Feeding false flax expeller changed milk fat composition (i.e. quality of butter fat) remarkably. The percentage of saturated fatty acids up to C₁₈ decreased from 75.3% to 62.7% and the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids increased from 21.5% to 33.5% in contrast to the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The content of the latter was not affected, amounting on average 2.7%. An influence on the palatability of the milk was not detected.     

Über Viskositäten und das Viskosität-Temperatur-Verhalten von Alkylcycloalkanen,Alkylbenzolen, Alkenen und einigen Äthylenglykoläthern im Vergleich zu den n-Alkanen

Viscosities and Viscosity-Temperature-Relationships of Alkyl Cycloalkanes, Alkyl Benzenes, Alkenes and some Ethyleneglycol Ethers Compared to n-Alkanes Kinematic viscosities of a few alkyl cycloalkanes were determined at different temperatures. The viscosities at 20°C and the viscosity-temperature-relationship of alkyl cycloalkanes are compared to those of alkyl benzenes, alkenes, alkanes and some ethyleneglycol ethers.     

Untersuchungen über die Struktur dimerer Fettsäuren II: Herstellung und Strukturaufklärung von Diels-Alder-Dimeren aus 9t, 11t-Octadecadiensäure-methylester

Investigations on the Structure of Dimeric Fatty Acids, Part II: Preparation and Structure Determination of Diels-Alder Dimers from Methyl-9^t,11^t-Octadecadienoate From the reaction product resulting from 6 hrs of treatment of methyl-9^t,11^t-octadecadienoate at 250°C under argon 35% by weight of dimers were obtained. The thin-layer chromatogram of the dimers showed the presence of four components, which could be isolated in preparative scale as colourless liquids. All these components exhibited a refractive index n_D²⁰ = 1.4762 ± 0.0002, iodine value 86 ± 1 and mol weight 588. The mass spectra corresponded to those of tetrasubstituted cyclohexene derivatives. Hence, the product is a mixture of various positional isomers. The complete hydrogenation of the dimers could be accomplished only after the addition of a small quantity of perchloric acid. This behaviour appears to be typical for cyclohexenoic dimers with long chain rests.