电增压及EGR共同作用下对降低汽油机燃油消耗率的试验研究

基于光学定容燃烧弹试验平台,通过高速纹影摄像系统在相同甲烷燃料初始温度、压力及混合气浓度下,定量分析了不同结构预燃室湍流射流点火（turbulent jet ignition, TJI）的燃烧特性,包括火焰传播速度、火焰面积、火焰形态及燃烧压力等参数。研究结果表明,预燃室孔径越小,相同时间内火焰传播得越远,火焰传播速度和火焰面积增长速度越快,燃烧压力峰值越高。随着预燃室孔径减小,着火机理会由射流中带有火焰的火焰点火转变为火焰过孔时熄灭的喷射点火。喷射点火着火时刻延迟,初始火焰速度减慢,但燃烧压力峰值受影响不大。多级加速预燃室压力升高率与压力峰值与单孔预燃室相比变化不大。虽然火焰出口时速度较慢,但是火焰出口时刻提前且速度衰减较弱,因此多级加速预燃室火焰速度在短时间内超过单孔预燃室,并且压力和火焰面积也更早达到最大值。     

基于快速压缩机的预燃室式射流点火试验

为分析预燃室式射流点火的燃烧过程,通过全燃烧场可视的快速压缩机(RCM),采用同步压力传感和高速摄影方法,对单孔内置式预燃室进行了变工况试验,并在相同条件下与传统火花点火对比,结果表明:预燃室式射流点火能够大幅促进点火,并加速燃烧.与传统火花点火相比,预燃室式射流点火的滞燃期缩短比例可达40%,以上,且随负荷增加而提高;明显燃烧期比典型火焰传播燃烧可缩短60%,至70%,.火花点火引起的火焰传播速度与负荷无明显关系,而射流火焰发展速度随负荷增加而提高,各负荷下均为火焰传播速度的15倍以上,最高速度超过50,m/s,垂直于射流喷射方向的火焰发展也快于火焰传播.射流火焰在主燃室内由近喷口处的细长火舌和远端由火舌发展而成的类柱状火焰组成.预燃室对其内部的初始火焰发展具有明显促进作用,其内部的平均火焰发展速度高于传统火花点火火焰传播速度的2倍.     

船用低速双燃料发动机预燃室引燃火焰的模拟研究北大核心CSCD

以RT-flex50DF船用低速二冲程双燃料发动机为研究对象,通过对模型的仿真计算分析了引燃火焰的流速及火焰面积在燃烧过程中的影响,总结了该低压喷射双燃料发动机引燃火焰的特点及燃烧过程。通过对比预燃室通道直径的方案发现,增大通道直径可以增加缸内的着火面积,加速燃料燃烧;减小通道直径可以达到增强缸内涡流的效果,提高火焰传播速度,但通道直径过大或过小都会对缸内燃烧产生不利影响。预燃室出口结构的方案通过保持出口截面积不变而增大火焰射流的表面积来加快缸内燃烧,避免孔径对缸内的湍流等参数产生影响,结果表明在该方案中合适的小孔尺寸可以提高缸内放热率的峰值,并缩短燃烧持续时间。     

天然气发动机预燃室内混合气形成对点火射流的影响

针对船用天然气发动机预燃室内的混合气形成及射流点火特性进行了研究。基于试验标定和验证的喷雾燃烧模型,对预燃室内的柴油雾化–混合–着火过程进行了仿真计算,获得了混合气形成对点火射流特性的影响规律。结果表明,在同时考虑预燃室内燃油湿壁量与雾化质量时,存在一个最佳喷射压力匹配区间,且在相同喷射压力下采用两段喷射可以减少预燃室的燃油湿壁量;增大预燃室内混合气浓度分层并缩短初始着火点与射流孔的距离,可减小燃料损失,增长放热持续期,提高点火能力。     

柴油喷射压力对HCII燃烧过程影响的可视化

均质混合气引燃(HCII)的燃烧方式融合了柴油机与汽油机的优点,具有提高发动机指示热效率、改善排放的潜力.通过光学发动机,采用高速摄影和燃烧分析系统,研究纯柴油(缸内直喷)与汽油均质混合气柴油引燃两种工作模式下柴油喷射压力对燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:随着柴油喷射压力的提高,两种燃烧模式的燃油雾化质量改善,滞燃期缩短,着火时刻提前,缸内压力和放热率峰值增大,峰值位置提前,同时着火面积增大,燃烧速率加快.在相同柴油喷射压力下,HCII燃烧模式的着火点较为分散,着火时刻相比纯柴油更早,但火焰发展初期速度较慢.纯柴油模式在各喷射压力下均有扩散燃烧特征,中、高喷射压力时扩散燃烧现象更加明显,HCII燃烧模式在低喷射压力下为预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧共存.中等喷射压力下,视窗内分布大片蓝色火焰,着火面积较大,为典型的预混燃烧.高喷射压力下,前期燃烧主要为汽油均质混合气的预混燃烧,放热率峰值点之后以柴油的扩散燃烧为主.     

大空间尺度下预燃室射流火焰发展历程的光学诊断和模拟研究

基于定容燃烧弹,在与大型低速预燃室式双燃料船机相似的空间和热力学条件下,采用相似的点火过程,对主燃烧室内的射流火焰发展和引燃预混火焰的扩展历程进行光学测试;提出一种基于全网格映射,分阶段采用不同的燃烧模型的方法模拟不同燃烧阶段的火焰发展过程。基于定容装置试验数据验证了模型对燃烧火焰扩展速度预测的适用性和准确性。研究结果表明：预燃室燃油喷射量直接影响射流火焰的最大贯穿距离和火焰强度;主燃烧室内的混合气需要达到一定浓度才能被引燃。对燃烧过程的模拟,第一阶段燃烧采用均质搅拌反应器（well-stirred reactor, WSR）模型可以较为准确地模拟不同燃油喷射量下的射流发展速度和火焰射流的最大贯穿距离;第二阶段燃烧采用G方程可以较为准确地模拟火焰在各方向上的扩展速度。采用Mapping方法连接的两个模型对燃烧两个阶段的火焰扩展的整体速度具有较高的预测精度。     

被动预燃室汽油机当量燃烧特性的数值分析

对一台被动预燃室增压直喷汽油机的燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟分析,研究了预燃室的不同设计参数如预燃室容积、射流孔数量、射流孔直径、射流孔结构等对当量燃烧时燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,预燃室射流点火优于常规火花塞点火的重要原因是主燃烧室内着火点增多,同时点火后预燃室内产生的高速冲击射流会提升主燃室内的湍流强度,从而加快湍流火焰的传播。在2 000 r/min转速和1.2 MPa平均指示有效压力工况下预燃室发动机的50%燃烧角相对火花塞发动机提前约8.5°。不同结构参数的预燃室模拟分析表明燃烧初期预燃室喷入主燃室射流的动量越大,对主燃室湍流强度的提升效果会越大,燃烧相位也会更优,在上述工况下不同结构预燃室50%燃烧角的差异最高可达约5.8°。变更预燃室结构造成的燃烧相位差异主要体现在燃烧前中期,随着转速和负荷升高,该差异有降低的趋势。     

湍流射流点火甲醇发动机燃烧特性及预燃室喷射策略研究北大核心CSCD

基于一台四冲程单缸发动机开展湍流射流点火甲醇发动机的性能表现和燃烧特性研究。结果表明,湍流射流点火(turbulent jet ignition,TJI)燃烧模式放热率(heat release rate,HRR)曲线呈现“双峰”现象,放热率峰值明显高于火花塞点火(spark ignition,SI)模式,且具有更短的燃烧持续期。过量空气系数λ=1.0时,预燃室内不喷射甲醇的被动式TJI模式的平均指示压力略低于SI模式,指示燃油消耗率略高于SI模式。对于主动式TJI燃烧模式,λ=1.5,预燃室甲醇喷射时刻为压缩上止点前180°曲轴转角,喷射脉宽保持在350μs~600μs之间时,TJI甲醇发动机燃烧稳定性较好,同时动力性与经济性均有所提升。     

预燃室火焰射流点火对汽油机性能影响的研究

在一款增压直喷小型强化废气涡轮增压汽油机上,进行了加装预燃室与传统点火在低速外特性、中转速负荷特性的燃烧特性、经济性和排放特性对比试验,分析了预燃室火焰射流点火过程与传统点火对汽油机性能影响的规律.研究结果表明,在1500 r/min、平均有效压力为2 M Pa工况,采用预燃室点火后缸内燃烧等容度提高,最高燃烧压力增大...     

射流控制压缩着火正时可控性试验

预混合压燃发动机能够实现低PM、低NO_x排放和高热效率,但着火正时的可靠控制仍是其应用的主要障碍.射流控制压燃(JCCI)通过点火室火焰射流控制主燃烧室着火正时,这种控制方式直接有效、环境适应性强.通过一台改装的重载发动机对JCCI工作过程进行了试验,验证了JCCI控制着火正时的原理,研究了点火室点火正时、进气温度和EGR率对JCCI工作过程的影响.结果表明:JCCI的主燃烧室着火直接受控于点火室点火;相同点火正时条件下,进气温度为60～80℃时的CA 10变化只有2°CA,因而着火正时控制鲁棒性好;加入EGR率能够降低JCCI燃烧速率和燃烧噪声,但会造成热效率降低以及HC和CO排放升高.     

Effect of pre-chamber geometrical parameters and operating conditions on the combustion characteristics of the hydrogen-air mixtures in a pre-chamber spark ignition system

The pre-chamber spark ignition system is a promising advanced ignition system adopted for lean burn spark ignition engines as it enables stable combustion and enhances engine efficiency. The performance of the PCSI system is governed by the turbulent flame jet ejected from the pre-chamber, which is influenced by the pre-chamber geometrical parameters and the operating conditions. Hence, the current study aims to understand the effects of pre-chamber volume, nozzle hole diameter, equivalence ratio, and initial chamber pressure on the combustion and flame jet characteristics of hydrogen-air mixture in a passive PCSI system. Pre-chamber with different nozzle hole diameters (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm) and volumes (2%, 4%, and 6% of the engine clearance volume) were selected and manufactured in-house. The experimental investigation of these pre-chamber configurations was carried out in a constant-volume combustion chamber with optical access. The flame development process was captured using a high-speed camera at a rate of 20000 fps, and the images were processed in MATLAB to obtain quantitative data. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen-air mixtures with the PCSI system improved when compared to the conventional SI system; however, the improvement was more significant for ultra-lean mixtures. Early start of combustion and shorter combustion duration were observed for PCSI – D2 and PCSI – D3 configurations, respectively and improved combustion and flame jet characteristics were also noted for these configurations. With the increase in pre-chamber volume, ignition energy associated with the flame jet increases, which reduces the combustion duration and the ignition lag.     

The ignition characteristics of the pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition of the hydrogen and methane based on different orifices

In this paper, the combustion characteristics of premixed CH₄-air and H₂-air mixtures with different excess air coefficients ignited by hot jet or jet flame are investigated experimentally in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). The small volume pre-chambers with different orifices (2 or 3 mm in diameter) in the passive or active pre-chamber were selected. Both the high-speed Schlieren and OH1 chemiluminescence imaging are applied to visualize the turbulent jet ignition (TJI) process in the main chamber. Results show that the variation of orifice has diverse influences on the turbulent jet ignitions of methane and hydrogen. Smaller orifices will reduce the temperature of the jet due to the stronger stretch and throttling effect, including change of lean flammability limit, ignition delay, and re-ignition location. Furthermore, shock waves and pressure oscillations were captured in the experiments with hydrogen jets. The former is related to the jet velocity, while the latter is mainly affected by the mixture thermodynamic states in the main chamber. Furthermore, the re-ignition location is discussed. If the mixture reactivity and the jet energy are sufficiently high, the reaction will be initiated at the tip of the jet in a short time. On the contrary, a relatively long time is required to prepare the mixture during the entrainment when the reactivity is not high enough, and the corresponding re-ignition location will move towards the orifice exit owing to the temperature decline at the tip. Finally, the ignition mode transition of hydrogen jet in lean cases with a 2 mm orifice is explained.     

The effect of turbulent jet induced by pre-chamber sparkplug on combustion characteristics of hydrogen-air pre-mixture

Effect of turbulent jet ignition induced by pre-chamber sparkplug (PCSP), a simper version of turbulent jet ignition pre-chamber system without fuel injection, on the air-hydrogen combustion characteristics was conducted based on an optical constant volume chamber under varied equivalence ratio conditions. The dynamic pressure sensor and schlieren system were used to evaluate the heat release and flame propagation characteristics. The results confirm the feasibility of PCSP type turbulent jet. The jet increase the flame propagation speed significantly compared to standard ignition, which shorten ignition delay and combustion duration, advance T50 largely, and increase the maximum combustion pressure slightly. As a result, the combustion intensity is increased largely, especially under lean regime, the combustion intensity index can be as high as 1.7 at certain equivalence ratio. In addition, the PCSP turbulent jet reduces the sensitivity of heat release to variation of equivalence ratio, which is helpful to simplify the combustion controlling strategy. Furthermore, with the enhancement of the flame propagation, the tendency of knocking combustion can be suppressed potentially.     

Modelling auto ignition of hydrogen in a jet ignition pre-chamber

Spark-less jet ignition pre-chambers are enablers of high efficiencies and load control by quantity of fuel injected when coupled with direct injection of main chamber fuel, thus permitting always lean burn bulk stratified combustion. Towards the end of the compression stroke, a small quantity of hydrogen is injected within the pre-chamber, where it mixes with the air entering from the main chamber. Combustion of the air and fuel mixture then starts within the pre-chamber because of the high temperature of the hot glow plug, and then jets of partially combusted hot gases enter the main chamber igniting there in the bulk, over multiple ignition points, lean stratified mixtures of air and fuel. The paper describes the operation of the spark-less jet ignition pre-chamber coupling CFD and CAE engine simulations to allow component selection and engine performance evaluation.     

Reactivity controlled turbulent jet ignition (RCTJI) for ammonia engine

Ammonia (NH₃) fuel is a promising hydrogen carrier for engine carbon neutrality. However, the high auto-ignition temperature and low flame velocity of NH₃ substantially restrain its application in internal combustion engines (ICE). In previous works, hydrogen and pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition (TJI) have shown the potential abilities to solve critical combustion issues. Therefore, in this work, a concept of reactivity controlled turbulent jet ignition (RCTJI) for ammonia engines is proposed, where a newly designed air-assisted pre-chamber system with scavenging and hydrogen injection is adopted.     

Pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition of methane/air mixtures with multiple orifices in a large bore constant volume chamber: effect of air-fuel equivalence ratio and pre-mixed pressure

Liquefied natural gas (LNG), mainly composed of methane, is in progress to substitute diesel fuel in heavy-duty marine engine for practical, economic, and environmental considerations. However, natural gas is relatively difficult to be ignited in a large bore combustion chamber. A combustion enhancement technique called pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition (TJI) can permit combustion and flame propagation in a large-bore volume. To investigate the effect of air-fuel equivalence ratio and pre-mixed pressure on pre-chamber TJI of methane/air mixtures with multiple orifices in a large bore volume, experimental tests and computational simulations were implemented to study the discharge of hot turbulent jets from six orifices of the pre-chamber. Different initial pressures and air-fuel equivalence ratios were considered to analyze the characteristics of TJI. The asymmetry of the turbulent jet actuated from six different orifices were found due to the asymmetric orientation of the spark plug, resulting in the inhomogeneous distribution of combustion in the constant volume chamber, which should be considered seriously in the marine engine design. Besides, as the premixed pressure increases, it has more effect on the flame propagation and plays a more important role, as it further increases.     

Ignition and boost effects on large-bore engine in-cylinder heat transfer

One cylinder of the Colorado State University large-bore test engine was instrumented with fast-response surface thermocouples for heat-transfer analysis. Probes were installed at several locations progressively farther from the ignition source and their outputs were recorded along with combustion pressure using a high-speed data-acquisition system. The engine was operated with two different ignition methods and the manifold boost pressure and cylinder jacket water temperature (JWT) were varied. The recorded surface temperature data were processed to calculate in-cylinder heat transfer.Combustion initiated with a screw-in type pre-combustion chamber resulted in significantly different characteristics than that initiated by a conventional spark plug. The differences in peak heat-flux value could likely be attributed to flame quench distance. Differences in other portions of the cycle could have been caused by significantly increased flame velocities associated with the pre-chamber jet. Increasing boost pressure from 25 to 54 kPa decreased peak heat-flux values about 20–30% and steady-state values about 13%. Increasing JWT 14 K had an insignificant effect on heat flux and combustion pressure.     

Ignition and heat radiation of cryogenic hydrogen jets

In the present work release and ignition experiments with horizontal cryogenic hydrogen jets at temperatures of 35–65 K and pressures from 0.7 to 3.5 MPa were performed in the ICESAFE facility at KIT. This facility is specially designed for experiments under steady-state sonic release conditions with constant temperature and pressure in the hydrogen reservoir. In distribution experiments the temperature, velocity, turbulence and concentration distribution of hydrogen with different circular nozzle diameters and reservoir conditions was investigated for releases into stagnant ambient air. Subsequent combustion experiments of hydrogen jets included investigations on the stability of the flame and its propagation behaviour as function of the ignition position. Furthermore combustion pressures and heat radiation from the sonic jet flame during the combustion process were measured. Safety distances were evaluated and an extrapolation model to other jet conditions was proposed. The results of this work provide novel data on cryogenic sonic hydrogen jets and give information on the hazard potential arising from leaks in liquid hydrogen reservoirs.     

Autoignited laminar lifted flames of propane in coflow jets with tribrachial edge and mild combustion

Characteristics of laminar lifted flames have been investigated experimentally by varying the initial temperature of coflow air over 800 K in the non-premixed jets of propane diluted with nitrogen. The result showed that the lifted flame with the initial temperature below 860 K maintained the typical tribrachial structure at the leading edge, which was stabilized by the balance mechanism between the propagation speed of tribrachial flame and the local flow velocity. For the temperature above 860 K, the flame was autoignited without having any external ignition source. The autoignited lifted flames were categorized in two regimes. In the case with tribrachial edge structure, the liftoff height increased nonlinearly with jet velocity. Especially, for the critical condition near blowout, the lifted flame showed a repetitive behavior of extinction and reignition. In such a case, the autoignition was controlled by the non-adiabatic ignition delay time considering heat loss such that the autoignition height was correlated with the square of the adiabatic ignition delay time. In the case with mild combustion regime at excessively diluted conditions, the liftoff height increased linearly with jet velocity and was correlated well with the square of the adiabatic ignition delay time.     

预燃室式柴油-天然气双燃料船用发动机热效率优化燃烧控制策略仿真研究

基于CONVERGE软件建立了预燃室式柴油/天然气双燃料船用二冲程发动机的三维计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）模型,研究了压缩比、引燃柴油质量和喷射压力、引燃柴油喷射角度对燃烧过程的影响,探索了提高柴油/天然气双燃料船用发动机热效率的燃烧策略。结果表明：提高压缩比可以提高缸内的最大爆发压力,从而有效提高热效率,但受发动机机械强度的限制,压缩比为12.5时可以获得较佳的效果;适当增大引燃油量和喷射压力,可以使射流火焰的着火点增加,点火能量增强,对热效率略有改善;调节引燃柴油的喷射角度,将引燃油喷射到CH4浓度较高区域可以获得更好的引燃效果,降低指示燃料消耗率;提高压缩比至12.5结合推迟喷油策略对热效率的改善效果更为明显。