Erfassung und Vermarktung von Schlachttierfetten

Marketing of Animal Fats. A great decrease in the use of animal fats for human nutrition has occurred since many years. Therefore other markets had to be found, which led to large volume of export. Domestic use of animal fats is predominantly for technical purposes. Consequently, no new economical methods were developed for separating high- and low-melting fractions. In the field of animal nutrition, the prejudices are disappearing since several years, and increasing amounts of animal fats are being used. Since animal fats are subjected to the same regulations that govern the treatment of meat, in Germany the refining of animal fats is fundamentally prohibited with few exceptions. In all other countries of European Community refining is permitted. Such discrepancies should be eliminated within the scope of harmonization efforts that are being made in the new food legislation of the European Community.     

Automatische Erfassung von Ionenausbeutekurven zur Bestimmung von Ionisations- und Auftrittspotentialen

Automatic Acquisition of Ionization Efficiency Curves to the Determination of Ionization and Appearance Potentials In order to determine ionization and appearance potentials of organic compounds, a scanner was developed, continuously controlling the energy of the bombarding electrons from 30 to 5 eV in about 30 seconds. The automatic acquisition, accumulation and output of ionization efficiency curves with the described system scanner-mass spectrometer-computer requires only one-tenth of the time needed for manual work, thus allowing examination of thermally less stable or extremely volatile compounds.     

Gütesicherung bei Fertigung und Montage von Rohrleitungen

Quality assurance in the fabrication and assembly of pipelines . Apart from particular limiting conditions, defects caused by materials and certain restraining conditions, errors incurred in the fabrication and assembly of pipe-lines must be considered in order to ensure a sufficiently wide margin of technical and human safety in fabrication. The following topics are dealt with: details of ordering, production details, technical staff, production facilities, control steps for the assurance of satisfactory manufacture and the dependence of the degree of control on the required level of quality. Discussion of the necessary degree of control is illustrated by pipe-line welding defect-quotas compiled over many years. Comparison is made of the relative costs of personnel- and object-related surveillance. Reference is made to typical constructional defects. Time-tried practical working guide lines which contain clearly defined quality standards are presented. The basic principles for the self-accountability of manufacturers for the quality of their products are thus covered.     

Montage von Chemieanlagen — Vorbereitung und Durchführung

Construction of chemical plant – preparation and execution . The construction of chemical production plant must be carried out observing all factors necessary for reliability. Furthermore, it should be performed as rapidly as possible to minimize erection costs and to ensure that the plant comes on stream by the desired date. To meet these demands, large construction projects require careful preparation such as model construction, production of isometric drawings, estimates of material and labour requirements just as much as good organization of the construction site. Chemical companies with engineering departments mainly constructing plant for their own requirements and which, unlike engineering companies, do not have to pay attention to the individual wishes of their customers, are usually able to work more uniformly and effectively, and with less expenditure on coordination.     

Optical Multimode Online Probe: Erfassung und Analyse von Partikelkollektiven

The presented optical multimode online probe uses telecentric illumination with a high performance micro LED (493 lm) and objectspace‐telecentric objective to analyze particles online and in situ. The relative measurement errors are between <60; 2 – 5 % (transmitted light) and below 12 % (incident light, with regard to the particle diameter). The distance transform approach for transmitted‐light images is extended for the analysis of diffuse incident‐light images by an adaptive pre‐segmentation approach based on the random forest classifier algorithm. The error with regard to the pixel number is typically between 1 to 6 %, while the evaluation of particle diameters gives deviations up to 12.9 %.     

Objektive Bewertungskriterien bei der Beschaffung,Planung und Erstellung von Anlagen für die Öl- und Fettindustrie

Criteria of Assessment for Purchase, Design and Installation of Plants and Equipment in the Oil- and Fat-Industry Purchase of plants and plant-equipment requires mutual issue and disposal of characteristic data between tenderer, seller and purchaser. In normal practice, factual information ranges between a single letter of five lines and a tender of several hundred pages. Substantial and well defined criteria as essentials on part of the offering engineers and the comparability of offers on part of the tenderers, in fact are a problem of common mutual availability Deficiencies of this kind only are avoidable when either part has sufficient data in a well collected general account at their disposal. The authors are working out a catalogue of criteria comprising all relevant procedures of procurement and planning, together with computer-aided assessment facilities.     

Methoden zur Beschaffung von Information über Stoffeigenschaften

Methods of obtaining information about properties of materials . A knowledge of the properties of the materials and mixtures to be processed, and the materials of construction is essential for the process engineering design of plant and for dimensioning machines and apparatus. Inter alia, the thermal and calorific properties and the transport properties of fluid materials, and also the mechanical and chemical-corrosive properties of the materials of construction should be known. The desired information can initially only be found by experiment. Today it is (still) impossible to calculate the macroscopic properties of substances with the necessary degree of accuracy from the properties of the molecules or even the elementary particles with the aid of (generally imperfect and incomplete) physicochemical models. The microscopic concepts are nevertheless extremely important for setting up correlation equations with which the measured values can be interpolated and extrapolated.     

Die Anwendung der Norm DIN ISO 9001 bei der Beschaffung von Ölen und Fetten

Practical Application of the ISO 9001 Requirements for the Purchasing of Oils and Fats Close cooperation between supplier and customer offers the best opportunity for further quality improvement. The ISO requirement for purchasing has precisely and clearly started that: “The supplier shall establish and maintain documented procedures to ensure that purchase product confirms to specified requirements, evaluate and select subcontractors on the basis of their ability to meet subcontract requirements including quality system requirements, establish and maintain quality records”. For the oleochemical manufacturing industries engaged in the ISO certification process, this was regarded as a mean to stronger involve the supplier in the quality idea. Following steps are necessary for the implementing of an efficient quality management system: 1. to specify exactly all purchased products, 2. to define the criteria for the supplier rating, appraisal and selection, 3. to sign quality agreements with the supplier, 4. to perform supplier audits. This lecture refers to the experience of an oleochemical company and describes how to fulfill the ISO 9001 requirement with less effort and paper work.     

Gleichzeitige Erfassung von Partikelmerkmalen und Eigenschaften mehrphasiger Strömungen mit Hilfe der Phasen-Doppler-Anemometrie

While conventional phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) is already widely used for nonintrusive and simultaneous particle sizing and particle velocity measurements as well as for particle flux measurements in two phase and multiphase flows, there is a lack of knowledge surrounding the additional potential of PDA for particle material recognition and for concentration as well as temperature measurements on the base of rainbow angle displacements, for particle shape diagnosis and – if PDA extensions are used – for submicron sizing. This potential makes PDA most attractive to chemical enginering, i. e. to industrial processing and to research and development. Evaluation of recent PDA literature trends and procedures for setup optimisation as well as for raw data processing will be discussed.